Cited by 530Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

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Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder

Miller, Joshua D., Dir, Ally, Gentile, Brittany, Wilson, Lauren, Pryor, Lauren R., Campbell, W. Keith·2010·Journal of Personality

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x

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Abstract

Paulhus and Williams (2002) identified a "Dark Triad" comprising the following related personality styles: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The heterogeneity found in narcissism and psychopathy raises the possibility of a second triad made up of emotional vulnerability and dark traits (i.e., the vulnerable dark triad; VDT). Along with vulnerable narcissism and Factor 2 psychopathy, the third member of the hypothesized VDT is borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using a sample of 361 undergraduates, we examine the relations between these constructs and their relations with criterion variables, including personality, environmental etiological factors (e.g., abuse), and current functioning (e.g., psychopathology, affect). The results suggest that the VDT constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks, particularly vulnerable narcissism and BPD. Although the VDT members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition. Ultimately, it seems there is a "dark continuum" of pathological personality traits that differ primarily in relation to negative and positive emotionality and disinhibition.

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A Trifurcated Model of Narcissism: On the pivotal role of trait Antagonism
Weiss, B., Campbell, W. K., Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814627-9.00015-3 · Cited by 96
The Co-occurrence of Self-Harm and Aggression: A Cognitive-Emotional Model of Dual-Harm
Shafti, M., Taylor, P. J., Forrester, A., & Pratt, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586135 · Cited by 105
“Research has also shown that these constructs are signiﬁcantly linked to one another (Skeem et al., 2007; Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Examining the Effects of Controlling for Shared Variance among the Dark Triad Using Meta–Analytic Structural Equation Modelling
Vize, C. E., Collison, K. L., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2137 · Cited by 97
“The overlap between DT constructs, which appears to be related to interpersonal antagonism (e.g. Egan & McCorkindale, 2007; Lynam & Derefinko, 2005; Miller et al., 2010), presents unique challenges for studying how these constructs relate to relevant outcomes.”
Background
The Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI): A test of the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of FFNI scores in clinical and community samples.
Miller, J. D., Few, L. R., Wilson, L. F., Gentile, B., Widiger, T. A., MacKillop, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0032536 · Cited by 96
Parallel syndromes: Two dimensions of narcissism and the facets of psychopathic personality in criminally involved individuals.
Schoenleber, M. L., Sadeh, N., & Verona, E. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0021870 · Cited by 94
“Finally, as described earlier, research has suggested that psychopathy is also multidimensional (Cooke & Michie, 2001; Hare, 2003; Hill, Neumann, & Rogers, 2004), with the primary and secondary variants of psychopathy representing separable etiological pathways to the disorder.”
Background
Pathological personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties
Pollock, N. C., McCabe, G. A., Southard, A. C., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.049 · Cited by 90
Somebody that I (used to) know: Gender and dimensions of dark personality traits as predictors of intimate partner cyberstalking
March, E., Litten, V., Sullivan, D. H., & Ward, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110084 · Cited by 97
The Interpersonal Nature of Dark Personality Features
Southard, A. C., Noser, A. E., Pollock, N. C., Mercer, S. H., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.7.555 · Cited by 92
“Research examining the personality features of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism has increased dramatically following the introduction of the Dark Triad by Paulhus and Williams (2002) more than a decade ago (Furnham, Richards, & Paulhus, 2013).”
Background
Interpersonal Perception of Pathological Narcissism: A Social Relations Analysis
Lukowitsky, M. R., & Pincus, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.765881 · Cited by 83
“Although themes of vulnerability are not unique to narcissism (Miller et al., 2010), there is now an accumulating body of empirical research that demonstrates that the two phenotypic expressions of narcissistic pathology have divergent relationships with a variety of constructs supporting the validity of this distinct…”
Background
Examining Dark Triad traits in relation to mental toughness and physical activity in young adults
Brand, S., Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Bahmani, D. S., Lemola, S., Clough, P., Kalak, N., Shamsi, M., & Holsboer‐Trachsler, E. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s97267 · Cited by 83
Dangerous dating in the digital age: Jealousy, hostility, narcissism, and psychopathy as predictors of Cyber Dating Abuse
Branson, M., & March, E. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106711 · Cited by 101
Examining Dark Triad traits in relation to sleep disturbances, anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in young adults
Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Lemola, S., Becker, S. P., Shamsi, M., Shakouri, Z., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Kalak, N., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.012 · Cited by 77
“Whereas the personality constructs of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy have long been acknowledged within various areas of psychology and psychiatry [10,11], Paulhus and Williams [1] linked these three dimensions together and introduced the descriptor ‘dark’ to highlight the somewhat problematic and socia…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
An expert consensus approach to relating the proposed DSM-5 types and traits.
Samuel, D. B., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Ball, S. A. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0023787 · Cited by 77
Seeking a Common Framework for Research on Narcissism: An Attempt to Integrate the Different Faces of Narcissism within the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits
Rogoza, R., Cieciuch, J., Strus, W., & Baran, T. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2206 · Cited by 83
Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder
Martin, S. S., Zabala, C., Del-Monte, J., Graziani, P., Aizpurúa, E., Barry, T. J., & Ricarte, J. J. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.009 · Cited by 92
Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder
Yakeley, J. (2018) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2018.20 · Cited by 77
Inauthentic self-presentation on facebook as a function of vulnerable narcissism and lower self-esteem
Grieve, R., March, E., & Watkinson, J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.020 · Cited by 76
Further evidence of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory’s validity problems: A meta-analytic investigation—Response to Miller, Maples, and Campbell (this issue)
Rosenthal, S. A., Montoya, R. M., Ridings, L. E., Rieck, S. M., & Hooley, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.06.004 · Cited by 78
“On the one hand, the DSM criteria on which most of these measures are based ''entirely or primarily'' reflect aspects of grandiose narcissism (Miller & Campbell, 2008, p. 456; see also Miller et al., 2010).”
Background
Dark Personality Features and Emotion Dysregulation
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Vonk, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.8.692 · Cited by 75
“sistent with previous results showing that Factor 1 psychopathy— which captures callousness—is positively associated with emotion dysregulation (Miller et al., 2010), as well as a large body of research demonstrating that individuals with high levels of Factor 1 psychopathy often have difficulty processing certain emo…”
Result
Childhood physical abuse and aggression: Shame and narcissistic vulnerability
Keene, A. C., & Epps, J. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.012 · Cited by 74
Gender and factor-level interactions in psychopathy: Implications for self-directed violence risk and borderline personality disorder symptoms.
Verona, E., Sprague, J., & Javdani, S. (2012) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0025945 · Cited by 73
The response modulation hypothesis of psychopathy: A meta-analytic and narrative analysis.
Smith, S. F., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000024 · Cited by 81
Romantic attachment style and borderline personality pathology: A meta-analysis
Smith, M. S., & South, S. C. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101781 · Cited by 72
Gender, psychopathy factors, and intimate partner violence.
Mager, K. L., Bresin, K., & Verona, E. (2014) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000072 · Cited by 70
“Finally, both borderline personality disorder and substance use are linked to psychopathy (e.g., Fanti, 2013; Howard, McCarthy, Huband, & Duggan, 2013; Miller et al., 2010; Palmer et al., 2013; Salekin et al., 1997; Sprague, Javdani, Sadeh, Newman, & Verona, 2012).”
Background
Narcissism and Romantic Relationships: Understanding the Paradox
Brunell, A. B., & Campbell, W. K. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch30 · Cited by 65
The structure of pathological narcissism and its relationships with adult attachment styles: A study of Italian nonclinical and clinical adult participants.
Fossati, A., Feeney, J., Pincus, A., Borroni, S., & Maffei, C. (2015) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037175 · Cited by 64
Mentalization-Based Treatment for Pathological Narcissism
Drozek, R. P., & Unruh, B. T. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.177 · Cited by 64
“Research has also shown that the parental tendencies toward psychological control and coldness are associated with vulnerable narcissism (Barry et al., 2007; Capron, 2004; Cramer, 2015; Horton et al., 2006; Miller & Campbell, 2008; Miller et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResult
An examination of the perceptions of social network characteristics associated with grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
Lamkin, J., Clifton, A. D., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2013) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000024 · Cited by 66
The Higher the Score, the Darker the Core: The Nonlinear Association Between Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Jauk, E., & Kaufman, S. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01305 · Cited by 74
Vulnerable narcissism and addiction: The mediating role of shame
Bilevicius, E., Neufeld, D. C., Single, A. N., Foot, M., Ellery, M., Keough, M. T., & Johnson, E. A. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.035 · Cited by 66
The relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and psychopathic personality characteristics.
Donahue, J. J., McClure, K. S., & Moon, S. M. (2013) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000025 · Cited by 67
“Finally, Miller et al. (2010)”
Ratings of affective and interpersonal tendencies differ for grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A replication and extension of Gore and Widiger (2016)
Hyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12325 · Cited by 69
Psychopathy and emotion dysregulation: More than meets the eye
Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., Kosson, D. S., & Velotti, P. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113160 · Cited by 59
Can the Five Factor Model of Personality Account for the Variability of Autism Symptom Expression? Multivariate Approaches to Behavioral Phenotyping in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder
Schwartzman, B., Wood, J. J., & Kapp, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2571-x · Cited by 67
“Our data do not permit a test of whether the mostly average agreeableness facet and near borderline-high neuroticism scores in areas key to BPD (e.g., trust, cooperation and immoderation, anger, respectively) guard against the intensely angry, impulsive reactions to others that are diagnostic of BPD and may appear sim…”
ResultInfluential

Authors: Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K.
Affiliations: University of Georgia (US)
Corresponding author: Miller, Joshua D.
ORCID: Miller, Joshua D.
Gentile, Brittany
Wilson, Lauren
Campbell, W. Keith
Venue: Journal of Personality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-09-01
Volume: 78
Issue: 5
Pages: 1529-1564
ISSN: 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x
OpenAlex: W1566765103
Cited by: 530
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 22.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1826 d)
Locations: Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords: vulnerable narcissism, borderline personality disorder, dark personality traits, negative affectivity, disinhibition, introversion, antagonism, abuse, psychopathology, affect, nomological network
MeSH terms: Adult, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Machiavellianism, Male, Narcissism, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Desirability, Students, Temperament, Young Adult

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Searching for a Vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing Factor 2 Psychopathy, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Borderline Personality Disorder

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