Gene–environment contributions to the development of infant vagal reactivity: the interaction of dopamine and maternal sensitivity
Abstract
This study investigated dopamine receptor genes (DRD2 and DRD4) and maternal sensitivity as predictors of infant respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and RSA reactivity, purported indices of vagal tone and vagal regulation, in a challenge task at 3, 6, and 12 months in 173 infant–mother dyads. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) revealed that at 3 and 6 months, RSA withdrawal in response to maternal separation was greater (suggesting expected physiological regulation) in infants without the DRD2 risk allele than those with the risk allele. At 12 months, infants with the risk allele who were also exposed to maternal sensitivity showed levels of RSA withdrawal comparable to infants who were not at genetic risk. Findings demonstrate the importance of developmental analysis of gene–environment interaction.
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Many genes that can affect stress response system functioning show widespread allelic variation.
“widespread allelic variation exists in many genes that can affect SRS functioning”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
This developmental shift is likely marked by increased parasympathetic tone and responsivity.
“At the physiological level, this shift is likely to be marked by increased parasympathetic tone and responsivity (e.g., Propper et al., 2008).”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
Maternal sensitivity moderates the relation between purported genetic risk for behavior problems and development of infants' vagal regulation.
“In a separate published report of the same study from which participants were drawn for the current article, maternal sensitivity was found to moderate the relation between purported genetic risk for behavior problems and development of infants' vagal regulation (Propper et al., 2008).”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
Infants carrying the risk A1+ allele failed to show expected RSA withdrawal in response to mothers' disengagement in the still-face episode at 3 and 6 months of age.
“Infants carrying the risk A 1 + allele of the dopamine receptor D2 gene, which has been associated with novelty seeking, aggressiveness, and impulse control disorders in adolescents and adults, failed to show expected RSA withdrawal in response to mothers' disengagement in the still-face episode of the FFSFP at 3 and 6 months of age.”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
Infants at genetic risk whose mothers were rated lower in sensitivity continued to show a failure to withdraw RSA.
“Infants at genetic risk whose mothers were rated lower in sensitivity continued to show a failure to withdraw RSA.”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
A sensitive caregiver may promote the development of effective vagal regulation in infants at risk for problems related to self-regulation.
“As RSA withdrawal in response to challenge is a purported indicator of effective physiological regulation, these findings suggest that a sensitive caregiver may promote the development of effective vagal regulation in infants at risk for problems related to self-regulation.”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
By 12 months of age, infants with the risk allele who were also exposed to earlier sensitive maternal caregiving displayed RSA withdrawal when separated from mothers, reaching levels comparable to infants who were not at genetic risk.
“By 12 months of age, however, infants with the risk allele who were also exposed to earlier sensitive maternal caregiving now displayed RSA withdrawal when separated from mothers, reaching levels that were comparable to infants who were not at genetic risk.”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
Maternal sensitivity predicted a developmental increase between 6 and 12 months in RSA withdrawal for infants carrying a genetic risk allele associated with behavioral regulatory disorders.
“That infants of highly sensitive mothers showed a greater decrease in RSA in the reunion episode is consistent with findings from our research group with 12-month-old infants, in which maternal sensitivity predicted a developmental increase between 6 and 12 months in RSA withdrawal (i.e., decrease in RSA from baseline) for infants carrying a genetic risk allele associated with behavioral”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Propper et al., 2008
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Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences
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The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity
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Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment
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Holzman, J. B., & Bridgett, D. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
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Infants’ and mothers’ vagal reactivity in response to anger
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- Authors
- Propper, C., Moore, G. A., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Halpern, C. T., Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Calkins, S. D., Carbone, M. A., & Cox, M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Propper, Cathi
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-09-01
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1377-1394
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2152216913
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- gene-environment interaction, dopamine receptor genes, DRD2, DRD4, maternal sensitivity, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, vagal tone, vagal regulation, maternal separation, infant development, risk alleles
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alleles, Child, Preschool, Dopamine, Environment, Female, Genotype, Humans, Infant, Male, Mothers, Vagus Nerve, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptors, Dopamine D4
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