The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments*
Open accessAbstract
The difference and system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators are growing in popularity. As implemented in popular software, the estimators easily generate instruments that are numerous and, in system GMM, potentially suspect. A large instrument collection overfits endogenous variables even as it weakens the Hansen test of the instruments’ joint validity. This paper reviews the evidence on the effects of instrument proliferation, and describes and simulates simple ways to control it. It illustrates the dangers by replicating Forbes [American Economic Review (2000) Vol. 90, pp. 869–887] on income inequality and Levine et al. [Journal of Monetary Economics] (2000) Vol. 46, pp. 31–77] on financial sector development. Results in both papers appear driven by previously undetected endogeneity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8 · Cited by 22,571
Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models
Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d · Cited by 19,880
Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects
Nickell, S. (1981) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1911408 · Cited by 8,735
Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments
Staiger, D., & Stock, J. (1994) · doi:10.3386/t0151 · Cited by 5,302
Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence
Beck, T., & Levine, R. (2004) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(02)00408-9 · Cited by 2,067
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- 10.2307/1392447 · doi:10.2307/1392447 · Paper page
- 10.2307/1392446 · doi:10.2307/1392446
- 10.1016/0304-4076(82)90095-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1093/0199245282.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
- Arellano M, 2003, Modeling Optimal Instrumental Variables for Dynamic Panel Data Models,
- 10.2307/2297968 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/07474930008800475 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15003-0 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1920/wp.cem.2002.0902 · DOI · Paper page
- Bond S. R., 2001, GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models
- 10.1016/S0165-1765(02)00130-1 · DOI · Paper page
- Calderón C. A., 2002, Determinants of current account deficits in developing countries, Contributions to Macroeconomics, 2
- Carkovic M., 2005, Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?, 195
- 10.1093/wber/10.3.565 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1928442 · DOI
- 10.1086/260400 · DOI
- 10.1257/aer.90.4.869 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1912775 · DOI · Paper page
- Hayashi F., 2000, Econometrics
- 10.2307/1913103 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0304-3932(00)00017-9 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1924403 · DOI · Paper page
- Roodman D., How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata, Stata Journal
- Ruud P. A., 2000, Classical Econometrics
- 10.2307/1907619 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2171753 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00487.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/2282137 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1391493 · doi:10.2307/1391493
- 10.2307/2282539 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005 · DOI · Paper page
- Wooldridge J. M., 2002, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data
- 10.2307/1392488 · doi:10.2307/1392488
Cited by
How to do Xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata
Roodman, D. (2009) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900106 · Cited by 9,848
Self-citationDoes too much finance harm economic growth?
Law, S. H., & Singh, N. (2014) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.12.020 · Cited by 789
Inequality, ICT and financial access in Africa
Tchamyou, V. S., Erreygers, G., & Cassimon, D. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.11.004 · Cited by 653
Blunt Instruments: Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Identifying the Causes of Economic Growth
Bazzi, S., & Clemens, M. A. (2013) · American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.5.2.152 · Cited by 640
Democracy, foreign direct investment and natural resources
Asiedu, E., & Lien, D. (2011) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.12.001 · Cited by 627
Metadata
- Authors
- Roodman, D.
- Venue
- Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-01-16
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 135-158
- ISSN
- 0305-9049 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0084
- OpenAlex
- W3126027997
- Cited by
- 5,084
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 147.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments*. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x
- The paper
- Roodman, D. (2009). A Note on the Theme of Too Many Instruments*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.