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Culturally competent treatments for Asian Americans: The relevance of mindfulness and acceptance‐based psychotherapies.
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The development of effective treatments for Asian Americans is important because treatment disparities continue to exist for this population. Because of their theoretical grounding in East Asian philosophies, mindfulness and acceptance-based psychotherapies appear to constitute promising ways to provide culturally responsive mental health care to Asian Americans. However, in practice these approaches often reflect conceptions of mental health that are more consistent with Western world views. We review points of intersection and divergence between Western-based mindfulness and acceptance psychotherapies and Asian American cultural values. We then propose a culturally syntonic approach that accentuates certain components of mindfulness and acceptance psychotherapies and adapts other components of these approaches to be more consistent with Asian American cultural values.
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“Third, the present study did not consider potential cultural factors that influence the role mindfulness plays in the Chinese context [57].”
From Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—short form in cancer patients: a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
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“For example, ACT's individualistic emphasis on personal values often clashes with collectivist relational duties, and clients may find Western mindfulness and acceptance strategies foreign or incompatible with their cultural coping styles.17,35,36”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
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“This raises clinical challenges regarding how to adapt core metaphors without losing treatment fidelity, and highlights a critical gap in our understanding of how specific ACT processes actually operate and produce outcomes across diverse cohorts.35”
From Differential associations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes with psychological distress across racial groups. (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
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“students of mindfulness in the United States are often admonished when learning about mindfulness that they must not pass judgment on an action; instead, they are instructed to watch it, and recognize it as fleeting (King 2019; Hall et al. 2011; Michal et al. 2007; More and Malinowski 2009; Baer 2003; Praissman 2008; Nauriyal et al. 2006).”
From Mindfulness or Sati? An Anthropological Comparison of an Increasingly Global Concept (2021) · cites this paper as Hall et al. 2011
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“these treatments tend to be centered on the realities and experiences of the majority group such as the conceptualization of self versus others (Hall, Hong, Zane, & Meyer, 2011).”
From Guest Editors' Introduction to the Special Section: Cultural Adaptation of Mental Health Interventions for Americans of East Asian Descent (2019) · cites this paper as Hall, Hong, Zane, & Meyer, 2011
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A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mindfulness Program for Filipino Children
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“Mindfulness interventions have shown to be appropriate for different cultural populations and ethnic minorities, but adaptations to heighten cultural relevance are recommended (Hall et al. 2011; Woods-Giscombé and Gaylord 2014).”
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“Their observations mirror related findings in the literature: the concept of mindfulness, which emphasizes deliberate non-judgmental attention to present moment experiences, has roots in Buddhism and Asian philosophies, and has been gaining support among mental health professionals as a viable component of mental heal…”
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“Furthermore, Dr. Morgan teaches Celeste to practice mindfulness with an external focus (Hall et al., 2011).”
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“…and culture, language concordance, understanding cultural importance of food), education, and training 51,74 • Reduces treatment disparities 75,76 • Can improve health outcomes, patient satisfaction, patient self-efficacy, and patient-provider relationships 77,78 Engage in open,…”
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“In addition, mindfulness and acceptance-based psychothera-pies may resonate with AAPI students because of their theoretical roots in Asian philosophies (Hall et al., 2011).”
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A survey of body practices and primary health care in a district of São Paulo, Brazil
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“The effect of such practices is already acknowledged in the treatment of drug abuse and clinical psychology in general (cf. Hall et al., 2011; Price et al., 2012).”
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“Even as its advocates are very passionate about the potential of mindfulness as a moral tool, students of mindfulness in the United States are often admonished when learning about mindfulness that they must not pass judgment on an action; instead, they are instructed to watch it, and recognize it as fleeting (King 201…”
BackgroundQualitative study on the virtual reality-based empty-chair technique in middle-aged South Korean men
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“…human service providers can utilize interventions such as narrative therapy or acceptance-based psy-chotherapies to help AAW identify their strengths, take con-trol of their story, and develop effective coping mechanisms in managing their symptoms of depression and the impacts of GRM [69].”
Assessing and Treating Asian Americans
Okazaki, S., & Ling, A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394420-7.00016-3 · Cited by 4
Behavioral Health Service Delivery with Asian Americans
Hall, G. C. N., & Huang, E. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32229-8_10 · Cited by 4
Self-citationKim, K., Kung, W. W., & Hong, I. (2020) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12313 · Cited by 4
Cultural Competence Issues in Counseling and Therapy for Asian Americans
Thao, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_21 · Cited by 4
Kumar, R., Basnyat, I., Hingle, A., Pham, B., & Bui, B. (2025) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2025.2543763 · Cited by 3
“These models fail to align with the collectivist values, indirect communication styles, and cultural stigmas prevalent in many Asian communities (Do et al., 2020; Hall et al., 2011; Su-Kubricht et al., 2024).”
Asmamaw, A. T. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006518 · Cited by 3
Zhang, M., Yang, F., Chen, C., Huang, N., Guo, J., & Fan, J. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02761-2 · Cited by 3
“In this regard, mindfulness [70], intentional growth interventions [71”
Religious and Gender Effects on Psychosocial Adaptation Among Japanese Immigrants
Ando, S. (2014) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2014.900379 · Cited by 3
“To encourage professional help seeking, culturally competent social workers should approach them from a strengths-based perspective that addresses both physical and mental health needs in the context of community health (Hall et al., 2011; Spencer et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCheng, D., Young, D. K. W., Carlbring, P., Petrus Yat-nam, N. G., & Hung, S. L. (2022) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315221137137 · Cited by 3
“Training on emotional expressions and describing and differentiating thoughts and emotions from feelings and body sensations, as such abilities are relatively less accustomed to Asian cultures (Hall et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCultural adaptation of CBT as a human rights issue: A UK study
Dalmia, H., Bhattacharjee, S., & Calia, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2023.1.369.75 · Cited by 4
Bryson, S. A. (2019) · The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare · doi:10.15453/0191-5096.4227 · Cited by 7
Ju, Y., Chen, T., Hu, G., & Mi, F. (2025) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f16061014 · Cited by 2
Kelly, C., & Robinson, D. M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119375395.ch7 · Cited by 2
A Review of Factors Contributing to Asian Americans' Underutilization of Mental Health Services
Kim, C., & Gonzales, C. (2024) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v13i1.6398 · Cited by 1
Jo, D., Pan, M. C., & Masuda, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02536-5 · Cited by 1
“…diverse sample that include Asian American and Multiracial American groups may offer empirical evidence that can be used for developing and refining culturally responsive assessment and treatments for these diverse and underreported groups through the lens of mindfulness (Hall et al., 2011).”
Cheng, D., Shirley, H. S.-L., Powell, C., Daniel, L. W. L., & Sugarman, H. (2025) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2025.2491069 · Cited by 1
“ACT aligns with various cultures, including Asian cultures, due to its theoretical roots in Eastern philosophies including mindfulness, acceptance and interconnectedness (Hayes et al., 2016; Nagayama Hall et al., 2011).”
The History and Theoretical Framework of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Zhu, Z., Chao, M., Gaskin, J., Cao, H., & Luo, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00353-9_5 · Cited by 2
Imtiaz, S., Yu, C., Chen, X., & Pan, S. W. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251412044 · Cited by 1
Social connectedness can lead to happiness: Positive psychology and Asian Americans.
Fu, M., & Vong, S. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14799-011 · Cited by 1
Frisby, C. L., & O’Donohue, W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78997-2_28 · Cited by 1
Tietjen, A. M. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615211058346 · Cited by 3
Invisibility of Asians, Asian Americans, and Buddhist roots in Western psychology
Wang, V., & Stone, B. M. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100064 · Cited by 1
Shonin, E. (2015) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hall, G. C. N., Hong, J. J., Zane, N. W. S., & Meyer, O. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-231
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- PMC
- PMC3208524
- OpenAlex
- W2126005657
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1P50MH073511-01A2)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- Asian Americans, mindfulness-based psychotherapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, treatment disparities, cultural values, East Asian philosophy
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