The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene–environment interaction
Open accessAbstract
Genetic influences on antisocial behavior were more important in adolescents in socioeconomically more advantaged environments, whereas shared environment was higher in socioeconomically less advantaged environments.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 15 No full text of the sources · 11 Own method · 8 Own interpretation · 4 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also fitted two additional models to test for qualitative differences, i.e., different genes and shared environments in boys compared to girls (Models III and IV); none of these models fitted the observed data any better than Model II.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for sex differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For girls, dropping the genetic interaction effect (ba) for ethnic diversity resulted in a significant deterioration in the fit of the model (p ¼ .02),compared with the full model.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When using the continuous measures of socioeconomic status, our results indicated that in socioeconomically more advantaged environments, the influence of genetic effects on antisocial behavior was higher and the shared environment was lower.”
- Also stated in: § Shared environment · plain
“Shared environmental influences were lower in better-off families and higher in less advantaged families.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Shared environment · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no significant interaction effects for occupational status.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The phenotypic correlations between antisocial behavior and the moderator variables were, as expected, modest: Family socioeconomic status: (occupational status: ).06, p £ .001;educational level: ).05, p £ .001);Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions: (ethnic diversity: .11,p £ .001;basic educational level: ).07, p £ .001;unemployment level ).03, ns; buying power: .02,ns; crime-rate: .07,p £ .001).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model that estimated different parameters in the sexes (Model II) fitted the observed data significantly better (Dv 2 ¼ 29.52; Ddf ¼ 3; p £ .001)than the model that constrained the parameters to be equal across gender (Model I).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for sex differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For educational level, no significant interaction effects were found for either sex.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no significant differences with regard to zygosity were found (boys: t 699 ¼ )1.09, p ¼ .28;girls: t 768 ¼ )1.24, p ¼ .21).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Descriptive statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When using the continuous measures of socioeconomic status, our results indicated that in socioeconomically more advantaged environments, the influence of genetic effects on antisocial behavior was higher and the shared environment was lower.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Genetic effects seems to be more important for variation in antisocial behavior for adolescents from more advantageous socioeconomic environments”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant interaction effects for basic educational level.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also a decrease in the fit of the model when we dropped the shared (bc) and the nonshared environmental interaction effects (be), (p ¼ .05)and (p £ .00),respectively.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For boys, when dropping the genetic interaction effect (ba) for occupational status, there was a significantly worse fit of the model (p ¼ .05)compared to the full model, indicating that adolescent boys' sensitivity to display antisocial behavior differ as a function of the environment.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the analyses where socioeconomic status measures were used continuously, heritability was higher in the more advantaged neighborhood group (A ¼ 37%) compared to the less advantaged neighborhood group (A ¼ 1%).Conversely, the shared environment was higher in the less advantaged neighborhood group (C ¼ 69%) compared to the more advantaged neighborhood group (C ¼ 13%).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > More advantaged and less advantaged neighborhoods
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also plotted neighborhood ethnic diversity for boys, as the p-value for the shared environmental interaction (bc) was .08,and a similar pattern emerged for boys as for girls (Diagram 1c).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The influence of genetic effects on antisocial behavior was higher in low crime areas, while the shared environmental factor was lower, compared to high crime areas (Diagram 1d).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For boys, there were no significant interaction effects for ethnic diversity or basic educational level.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For girls, genetic effects were also higher in more advantaged neighborhoods (A ¼ 69%) compared to less advantaged neighborhoods (A ¼ 61%), and the shared environment was higher in less advantaged neighborhoods (C ¼ 16%) compared to more advantaged neighborhoods (C ¼ 6%), but the estimates could be constrained across the two neighborhood groups (Dv 2 ¼ .68;Ddf ¼ 3; p ¼ .88).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > More advantaged and less advantaged neighborhoods
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean values were consistently higher in boys compared to girls; (t 2102 ¼ 5.87, p £ .001).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Descriptive statistics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Plotting the variance component as a function of the moderator variable neighborhood ethnic diversity for girls indicated that the influence of genetic effects on antisocial behavior was higher and the influence of shared environmental effects was lower in areas with low levels of ethnic diversity as compared to areas with high levels of ethnic diversity (Diagram 1b).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen, there were gender differences; for boys, shared environment (C ¼ 52%) was more important than genetic effects, whereas for girls genetic factors were more important (A ¼ 59%) than shared environmental effects.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for sex differences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intraclass correlations on antisocial behavior were all significant (p £ .001):MZ/ DZ male: .60/.51; MZ/DZ female: .73/.49; and opposite-sex twins: .27.The DZ correlations were greater than half the MZ correlations, indicating the presence of genetic and shared environmental influences on antisocial behavior.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Descriptive statistics
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diagram 1a illustrates that the influence of genetic effects on antisocial behavior was higher in families with high occupational status, while the shared environmental effects were lower.”
- Also stated in: § Test for interaction · plain
“genetic effects were lower and the shared environmental effects were higher.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for interaction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Test for interaction · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shared environmental influences were lower in better-off families and higher in less advantaged families.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Shared environment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same pattern was found for ethnic diversity for girls, ethnic diversity for boys and for crime-rate for girls (i.e., neighborhood socioeconomic conditions).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Shared environment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found significant interaction effects between the non-shared environment and family occupational status on antisocial behavior for boys, neighborhood rate of crime for boys and neighborhood ethnic diversity for girls.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Non-shared environment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar to other studies, mean values for antisocial behavior were found to be consistently higher in boys compared to girls (Rutter, Caspi, & Moffitt, 2003).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sex differences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rutter, Caspi, & Moffitt, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the best-fitting model for antisocial behavior indicated that the same genes and environments are important for boys and girls, but the relative importance of the genetic and environmental influences are different.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for sex differences
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been found to moderate the effects of a risk environment on the development of antisocial behavior (Caspi et al., 2002;Foley et al., 2004).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Abstract
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There are several risk factors for the development of antisocial behavior and even though both family socioeconomic status and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions are established risk factors (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000;Rutter, Giller, & Hagell, 1998), they only explain a fraction of the variance.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Abstract
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The items have been shown to have high validity (e.g., not being confused by the questions: 97.5%) and reliability (e.g., test-retest: 90%) (Junger-Tas et al., 1994).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Junger-Tas et al., 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study by Wichers et al. (2002) using this approach found that children with high genetic vulnerability for behavior problems were less sensitive to the effects of being small for gestational age.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wichers et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic influences on antisocial behavior were more important in adolescents in socioeconomically more advantaged environments, whereas the shared environment was higher in adolescents in socioeconomically less advantaged environments.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,133- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study used data from the wave 3 self-report questionnaire, to which 2,368 (82%) of the adolescents responded, and from the wave 3 parent-report questionnaire, to which 1,067 (74%) of the parents responded.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies have demonstrated that the association between family socioeconomic status and antisocial behavior is relatively weak (Hawkins et al., 1998).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hawkins et al., 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were found for unemployment level (t 2925 ¼ )1.13, p ¼.26), basic educational level (t 2925 ¼ )1.65, p ¼ .10),buying power (t 2925 ¼ )1.27, p ¼ .21)or neighborhood crime-rate (t 2937 ¼ .97,p ¼ .33).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Representativeness of the sample.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These studies provide evidence that neighborhood socioeconomic conditions and antisocial behavior is significantly, but weakly, correlated (Elliott et al., 1996;Lynam, Caspi, Moffitt, Wikstro ¨m, & Loeber, 2000).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zygosity for same-sex twins was determined using discriminant analysis of DNA-validated questionnaire items concerning the twins' physical similarity and the frequency with which people confuse them.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“whereas Miles and Carey (1997) reported in their meta-analysis that the magnitude of genetic influences on aggression was higher for males than for females.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sex differences
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miles and Carey (1997)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although self-report of delinquency includes instances that are not captured by official records, there could be biases, such as poor memory, exaggeration and concealment.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sampson et al. (1997) have demonstrated that collective efficacy affects the levels of violent street crime.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Shared environment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sampson et al. (1997) source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The model suggests that the less affected sex, i.e., females, may need a greater liability to express antisocial behavior, and so relatives of an affected female are at greater risk of developing antisocial behavior than relatives of an affected male.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sex differences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rhee & Waldman, 2002 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies have demonstrated that it is those individuals who are at genetic risk who show the greatest vulnerability to environmental adversities.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings suggest that an explanation for this could be that both family socioeconomic status and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions are important, but that they moderate the influence of genetic and environmental effects on antisocial behavior.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are inconsistencies in the literature regarding sex differences in heritability of antisocial behavior.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sex differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might seem like a contradiction, but it should be noted that the focus of the previous studies and ours differs: the former evaluate mean differences while ours, based on a twin design, focuses on population variance.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, interaction effects are generally quite small and hence difficult to identify (Rowe, 2003), suggesting that a larger sample might be required.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rowe, 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, the competence of the family to provide sufficient parenting is probably of more importance, whereas in higher socioeconomic areas other structural factors, for example neighbors and strong school attachment, might compensate for poor parenting.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Shared environment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using cross-sectional data makes it difficult to distinguish between normative or adolescent-limited antisocial behavior and more serious, persistent antisocial behavior.”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rhee and Waldman (2002) concluded in their meta-analysis that the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior is equal for both sexes”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Sex differences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rhee and Waldman (2002) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“SES has also been found to moderate the relative influence of genetic factors on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”
From Human Aggression Across the Lifespan (2011) · cites this paper as Tuvblad et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“In a sample of Swedish 16–17-year-old twins, heritability for antisocial and aggressive behavior was higher in the more affluent neighborhoods (boys, 37%; girls, 69%) compared to the less advantaged neighborhoods (boys, 1%, girls, 61%). Conversely, the shared environment was higher in the less advantaged neighborhoods (boys, 69%; girls, 16%) compared to better-off neighborhoods (boys, 13%; girls,”
From Human Aggression Across the Lifespan (2011) · cites this paper as Tuvblad et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Thus far, twin studies have found no evidence of significant sex differences in the genetic and environmental etiology of psychopathology and normal personality (Jang, 2005; Bouchard & Loehlin, 2001) with the exception of antisocial behavior (Tuvblad, 2006; Heiman, et al., 2004; Moffitt, Caspi, Rutter & Silva, 2001).”
From Genetic and environmental influences on impulsivity: A meta-analysis of twin, family and adoption studies (2011) · cites this paper as Tuvblad, 2006
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Test for sex differences
“The model that estimated different parameters in the sexes (Model II) fitted the observed data significantly better (Dv 2 ¼ 29.52; Ddf ¼ 3; p £ .001)than the model that constrained the parameters to be equal across gender (Model I).”
§ Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction > Limitations
“2124.21 (2187) 61.51 (3)** | - | .42 (1) | .00 (1)”
Citations
Cites
Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918 · Cited by 11,999
Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072290 · Cited by 4,842
Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families
Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8018-2 · Cited by 4,005
Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.309 · Cited by 3,550
Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.568 · Cited by 2,973
Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions
Janson, C.-G., Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (1999) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655346 · Cited by 1,893
Early predictors of male delinquency: A review.
Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.68 · Cited by 1,534
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.3.490 · Cited by 1,266
Relationships Between Poverty and Psychopathology: A Natural Experiment
Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.15.2023 · Cited by 1,079
Variance Components Models for Gene–Environment Interaction in Twin Analysis
Purcell, S. (2002) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/136905202762342026 · Cited by 924
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Neale M.C., 1997, Mx: Statistical modeling
- Ring J., 1999, Hem och skola, kamrater och brott [Home and school, peers and delinquency]
- Statistics Sweden, 1995, Reports on statistical co‐ordination 1982, Swedish socio‐economic classification
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–101 of 101
Wang, F. L., Chassin, L., Bates, J. E., Dick, D., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941700058x · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuvblad, C., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Tuvblad, Catherine
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-09-28
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 734-743
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2138307882
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap (2001-2368)
- Vetenskapsrådet (2001-4231)
- Stockholms Universitet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- antisocial behavior, adolescents, heritability, gene-environment interaction, socioeconomic status, shared environment, genetic factors, neighborhood socioeconomic status, sex differences, prevention policy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Twins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
