Effect of balance training on recovery of stability in children with cerebral palsy
Abstract
This study examined the effect of massed practice in balance recovery of stability in six children (four males, two females; mean age 9 years 2 months, SD 2 years, range 7 years 5 months to 12 years 11 months) with cerebral palsy (CP). Four children were diagnosed with spastic diplegia (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level II) and two with spastic hemiplegia (GMFCS level I). A single‐subject, multiple‐baseline experimental design involving three pairs of children matched for diagnosis was used. A moveable forceplate system was used to test and train reactive balance control. Area per second (i.e. area covered by the center of pressure over a one second period) and time to stabilization from center of pressure measures were calculated following perturbations. The intervention phase consisted of massed practice on the moving platform (100 perturbations/day for 5 days). Analysis included hierarchical linear modeling and a repeated measures ANOVA. All children demonstrated a significant improvement in their ability to recover stability as demonstrated by reduced center of pressure area and time to stabilization following training. These improvements were still present 30 days following completion of training. Results suggest that postural control mechanisms in school‐age children (7 to 13 years) with CP are modifiable.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Three studies of reactive balance training were identified, of which two were level II.
“Three studies were identified, of which two were level II (Table I). 50,52”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [52]
Cites
Palisano, R. J., Rosenbaum, P., Walter, S. D., Russell, D., Wood, E. P., & Galuppi, B. E. (1997) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x · Cited by 6,728 · see citing works
Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings
Hayes, S. C. (1983) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(83)90018-6 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
MULTIPLE‐PROBE TECHNIQUE: A VARIATION OF THE MULTIPLE BASELINE1
Horner, R. D., & Baer, D. M. (1978) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-189 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Russell, D. J., Avery, L. M., Rosenbaum, P., Raina, P. S., Walter, S. D., & Palisano, R. J. (2000) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/80.9.873 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Shumway‐Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (1985) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1985.10735341 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citationNashner, L. M., Shumway-Cook, A., & Marin, O. (1983) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238781 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ThE CEREBRAL PALSIES
Scherzer, A. L. (1985) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19850901-12 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Reliability of the gross motor function measure in cerebral palsy
Nordmark, E., Hägglund, G., & Jarnlo, G. (1997) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/1650197719972528 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cherng, R., Su, F., Chen, J. J., & Kuan, T. (1999) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-199907000-00008 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Butler, P. B. (1998) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/026921598667577442 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Park, E. S., Park, C. I., Lee, H. J., & Cho, Y. S. (2001) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2001.16.3.347 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Review of research on therapeutic interventions for children with cerebral palsy
Hur, J. J. (2009) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00441.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Practice modifies the developing automatic postural response
Sveistrup, H., & Woollacott, M. H. (1997) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/pl00005621 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuromuscular Approach to the Motor Deficits of Cerebral Palsy
Pape, K. E., Kirsch, S. E., Galil, A., et al. (1993) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/01241398-199313050-00014 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gordon, A. M., & Duff, S. (1999) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00576.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Changes in the Gross Motor Function Measure in Children with Different Types of Cerebral Palsy
Trahan, J., & Malouin, F. (1999) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/00001577-199901110-00003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Woollacott, M. H., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2005) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.2005.211 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Dewar, R., Love, S., & Johnston, L. M. (2015) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12660 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Jelsma, J., Pronk, M., Ferguson, G., & Jelsma-Smit, D. (2013) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2012.711781 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Virtual reality based therapy for post operative rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy
Sharan, D., Ajeesh, P. S., Rameshkumar, R., Mathankumar, M., Paulina, R. J., & Manjula, M. (2012) · WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/wor-2012-0667-3612 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Ledebt, A., Becher, J., Kapper, J., Rozendaal, R. M., Bakker, R., Leenders, I. C., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2005) · Motor Control · doi:10.1123/mcj.9.4.459 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Grecco, L. A. C., Tomita, S. M., Christovão, T. C. L., Pasini, H., Sampaio, L. M. M., & Oliveira, C. S. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552012005000066 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Gharibzadeh, S., Eghlidi, J., Ziaee, V., & Moshayedi, P. (2013) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.010 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
El-Shamy, S. M., & Abd El Kafy, E. M. (2014) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.833312 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Effect of Hippotherapy on Postural Control in Sitting for Children with Cerebral Palsy
Hamill, D., Washington, K., & White, O. R. (2007) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/j006v27n04_03 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Unger, M., Jelsma, J., & Stark, C. (2013) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2012.715313 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Harris, S. R., & Roxborough, L. (2005) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.2005.229 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Woollacott, M., Shumway-Cook, A., Hutchinson, S., Ciol, M., Price, R., & Kartin, D. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01171.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Shumway‐Cook, A., Hutchinson, S., Kartin, D., MSME, R. P., & Woollacott, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- ORCID
- Woollacott, Marjorie
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 591-602
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W2121851520
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (6T18 MC 00007-15-01)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS038714, 1R01 NS38714)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, balance training, postural stability, reactive balance control, center of pressure, massed practice, spastic diplegia, spastic hemiplegia, children, postural control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Child Welfare, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Movement, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Posture, Psychomotor Performance, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Washington, Observer Variation, Linear Models, Treatment Outcome, Children with Disabilities, Recovery of Function, Physical Therapy Modalities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
