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Quality control parameters on a large dataset of regionally dissected human control brains for whole genome expression studies
Open accessAbstract
We are building an open-access database of regional human brain expression designed to allow the genome-wide assessment of genetic variability on expression. Array and RNA sequencing technologies make assessment of genome-wide expression possible. Human brain tissue is a challenging source for this work because it can only be obtained several and variable hours post-mortem and after varying agonal states. These variables alter RNA integrity in a complex manner. In this report, we assess the effect of post-mortem delay, agonal state and age on gene expression, and the utility of pH and RNA integrity number as predictors of gene expression as measured on 1266 Affymetrix Exon Arrays. We assessed the accuracy of the array data using QuantiGene, as an independent non-PCR-based method. These quality control parameters will allow database users to assess data accuracy. We report that within the parameters of this study post-mortem delay, agonal state and age have little impact on array quality, array data are robust to variable RNA integrity, and brain pH has only a small effect on array performance. QuantiGene gave very similar expression profiles as array data. This study is the first step in our initiative to make human, regional brain expression freely available.
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“Expression profiling during human brain aging is particularly challenging since it can take hours to days before postmortem tissue is stabilized (Melé et al., 2015; Soreq et al., 2017; Trabzuni et al., 2011).”
From Atlas of the aging mouse brain reveals white matter as vulnerable foci (2023) · cites this paper as Trabzuni et al., 2011
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InfluentialGenetic Variation in the Psychiatric Risk Gene CACNA1C Modulates Reversal Learning Across Species
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CDK5RAP2 gene and tau pathophysiology in late‐onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease
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MethodInfluentialTranscriptome-wide piRNA profiling in human brains for aging genetic factors.
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PTPRS is a novel marker for early Tau pathology and synaptic integrity in Alzheimer’s disease
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“Further details regarding RNA isolation, quality control, and processing are reported in Trabzuni et al (26) .”
A novel missense variant in the LMNB2 gene causes progressive myoclonus epilepsy
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“To do so, we obtained mRNA expression values from the following (additional) sources of gene expression in the human brain: BrainCloud (Supplementary, Colantuoni et al. 2012; Jaffe et al. 2015), Brain eQTL Almanac (BrainEAC; Trabzuni et al. 2011), BrainSpan (Li et al. 2018), and Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx; Ardli…”
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HnRNP Pathologies in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Jiang, X., Gatt, A. P., & Lashley, T. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12121633 · Cited by 13
“HnRNP K is one of the most widely expressed hnRNPs and accordingly its expression has been found in a wide range of brain regions, including frontal and temporal cortices and the hippocampus [91,92].”
BackgroundSpatial and temporal expression patterns of genes around nine neuroticism-associated loci
Ohi, K., Shimada, T., Yasuyama, T., Kimura, K., Uehara, T., & Kawasaki, Y. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.019 · Cited by 12
“…in multiple tissues from human brains, i.e., whether these SNPs are in eQTLs, using the BRAINEAC dataset from the UK Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC) [http://www.braineac.org/(Beach et al., 2008; Millar et al., 2007; Ramasamy et al., 2014; Trabzuni et al., 2011), Supplementary Meth- ods].”
MethodWang, Z., Zhao, S., Zhang, L., Yang, Q. Y., Cheng, C., Ding, N., Zhu, Z., Shu, H., Liu, C., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12833 · Cited by 12
Grima, N., Henden, L., Watson, O. T., Blair, I. P., & Williams, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlab129 · Cited by 11
Wahltinez, S. J., Kroll, K. J., Nunamaker, E. A., Denslow, N. D., & Stacy, N. I. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11071847 · Cited by 11
“However, the RIN was not a good predictor of microarray performance [74].”
BackgroundAlmli, L. M., Lori, A., Meyers, J. L., Shin, J., Fani, N., Maihofer, A. X., Nievergelt, C. M., Smith, A. K., Mercer, K. B., Kerley, K. A., et al. (2017) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12569 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, rs1433375 is reportedly a suggestive expression quantitative trait locus for SCLT1 in the frontal cortex (BRAINEAC, Trabzuni et al. 2011).”
BackgroundExpression of vasopressin mRNA in the hypothalamus of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Busch, J. R., Jacobsen, C., Lynnerup, N., Banner, J., & Møller, M. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1355 · Cited by 11
“…line above average is the standard error of mean (SEM) the postmortem interval and preservation of mRNA in autopsy materials has been investigated in several studies (Birdsill, Walker, Lue, Sue, & Beach, 2011; Durrenberger et al., 2010; Stan et al., 2006; Trabzuni et al., 2011; White et al., 2018).”
BackgroundIntegration of eQTL and Parkinson’s disease GWAS data implicates 11 disease genesPreprint
Kia, D. A., Zhang, D., Guelfi, S., Manzoni, C., Hubbard, L., Reynolds, R. H., Botía, J. A., Ryten, M., Ferrari, R., Lewis, P. A., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/627216 · Cited by 11
“Braineac eQTL data The UKBEC Braineac dataset contains data from 10 brain regions obtained from 134 control individuals: frontal cortex, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, putamen, substantia nigra, medulla, cerebellum, and white matter, together with the average expression across all 10 regions…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationGene variations of glutamate metabolism pathway and epilepsy
Feng, Y., Zhang, C., Wei, Z., Li, G., Gan, Y., Liu, C., & Deng, Y. (2022) · Acta Epileptologica · doi:10.1186/s42494-022-00103-2 · Cited by 10
“2 and widely expressed in all brain regions since early development, especially in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum [8, 9].”
BackgroundMulvey, B., Wang, Y., Divecha, H. R., Bach, S. V., Montgomery, K. D., Cinquemani, S., Chandra, A., Du, Y., Miller, R. A., Kleinman, J. E., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116877 · Cited by 10
Duda, J., Fauler, M., Gründemann, J., & Liss, B. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7558-7_19 · Cited by 10
Salpietro, V., Maroofian, R., Zaki, M., Wangen, J., Ciolfi, A., Barresi, S., Efthymiou, S., Lamaze, A., Aughey, G., Mutairi, F. A., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.11.012 · Cited by 7
“15”
A genome wide association study of fast beta EEG in families of European ancestry
Meyers, J. L., Zhang, J., Manz, N., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Wetherill, L. F., Chorlian, D. B., Kang, S. J., Bauer, L. O., HESSELBROCK, V. M., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.008 · Cited by 9
“…of EA and assesses 10 different regions of the brain, including: cerebellar cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, medulla (inferior olivary nucleus), occipital cortex (primary visual cortex), putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus, temporal cortex, and intralobular white matter (Trabzuni et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSimpson, J. E., Wharton, S. B., & Heath, P. R. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7558-7_16 · Cited by 9
Replicated Risk Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Genes for Nicotine Dependence
Zuo, L., García-Milian, R., Guo, X., Zhong, C., Tan, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Wang, X., Kang, L., Lu, L., et al. (2016) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes7110095 · Cited by 9
de Vargas, D. M., Bastiani, M. A. D., Parsons, R. B., & Klamt, F. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02203-x · Cited by 9
Shwani, T., Zhang, C., Owen, L. A., Shakoor, A., Vitale, A. T., Lillvis, J. H., Barr, J. L., Cromwell, P., Finley, R. C., Husami, N. J., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12232668 · Cited by 9
Age‐related telomere attrition in the human putamen
Schreglmann, S. R., Goncalves, T., Grant‐Peters, M., Kia, D. A., Soreq, L., Ryten, M., Wood, N. W., Bhatia, K. P., & Tomita, K. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13861 · Cited by 7
“Sample demographics, procedures, DNA microarray analysis and quality control measures were described before (Trabzuni et al., 2011).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationGuebel, D. V. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16081 · Cited by 7
“In fact, the inferences obtained from post-mortem samples can provide a good proxy for the in vivo stage when adequate protocols are fulfilled (Trabzuni et al., 2011; White et al., 2018).”
BackgroundWu, C. J., Bendriem, R. M., Freed, W. J., & Lee, C. (2021) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-211161 · Cited by 7
“7A) (Trabzuni et al., 2011).”
Transcriptomic analyses reveal neuronal specificity of Leigh syndrome associated genes
Wahedi, A., Soondram, C., Murphy, A. E., Skene, N., & Rahman, S. (2022) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1002/jimd.12578 · Cited by 6
Hill, W. D., Weiß, A., McIntosh, A. M., Galé, C. R., & Deary, I. J. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/146787 · Cited by 6
Johnson, E. C., Lai, D., Balbona, J. V., Miller, A. P., Hatoum, A. S., Deak, J. D., Jennings, M. V., Baranger, D. A. A., Galimberti, M., Sanichwankul, K., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725100883 · Cited by 7
Laser microdissection and gene expression profiling in the human postmortem brain
Sonntag, K., & Woo, T.-U. W. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00018-9 · Cited by 6
Peng, Q., Schork, N. J., Wilhelmsen, K. C., & Ehlers, C. L. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32533 · Cited by 5
“All individuals were neurologically normal during life (Trabzuni et al., 2011).”
Testing for the presence of significant covariates through conditional marginal regression
Tang, Y., WANG, H. J., & Barut, E. (2017) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/asx061 · Cited by 5
A review of brain biorepository management and operations
Zielke, H. R., & Mash, D. C. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00006-2 · Cited by 5
A New Online Portal Will Match Eye Banks With Researchers Seeking Human Ocular Tissues
Curcio, C. A. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25632 · Cited by 5
“For example, brain (analogous to retina) has much better RNA quality with rapid versus delayed recovery.(6,7) 5.”
BackgroundThe α-synuclein proteostasis network and its translational applications in Parkinson’s disease
Lim, C. M., & Vendruscolo, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2513317123 · Cited by 4
“Two independent datasets [UKBEC (38) and GSE7307] including samples from multiple brain regions of nondisease patients were also analyzed to study regional vulnerability.”
InfluentialAssociation between NT5C2 rs11191580 and autism spectrum disorder in the Chinese Han population
Xie, X., Fangfang, L., Xue, Q., Zhou, Y., Liu, Q., Tang, S., Zhu, K., Wan, Z., Zhang, J., Pengxiang, Z., et al. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102231 · Cited by 4
Pergola, G., Rampino, A., Carlo, P. D., Marakhovskaia, A., Quarto, T., Fazio, L., Papalino, M., Torretta, S., Amoroso, N., Castro, M. N., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.230227 · Cited by 4
“(BrainEAC (54) Frontal Cortex [N=123], Braincloud PFC BA46 [N=59](13) and GTEx (55) PFC”
BackgroundInsights into the Influence of Specific Splicing Events on the Structural Organization of LRRK2
Vlachakis, D., Labrou, N. E., Iliopoulos, C. S., Hardy, J., Lewis, P. A., Rideout, H. J., & Trabzuni, D. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19092784 · Cited by 3
“Further details regarding RNA isolation, quality control and processing are reported in Reference [14].”
MethodSelf-citationA pH-eQTL Interaction at the RIT2–SYT4 Parkinson’s Disease Risk Locus in the Substantia Nigra
Patel, S., Howard, D., & French, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.690632 · Cited by 4
“Using quantum chemical methods, Umek et al. (2018) determined that an acidic environment is required to prevent dopamine autoxidation.”
MethodGuo, X., Fu, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Lu, L., Luo, X., Wang, K., Huang, J., Xie, T., Zheng, C., et al. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Expression microdissection isolation of enriched cell populations from archival brain tissue
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Peng, S., Zeng, L., Haure-mirande, J.-V., Wang, M., Huffman, D. M., Haroutunian, V., Ehrlich, M. E., Zhang, B., & Tu, Z. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446628 · Cited by 2
Enhancing Guest Experience With Data-Driven Customization: Path to Customer Loyalty
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Trabzuni, D., Ryten, M., Walker, R., Smith, C., Imran, S., Ramasamy, A., Weale, M. E., & Hardy, J.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Guy's Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hardy, John
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-20
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 275-282
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- PMC
- PMC3664422
- OpenAlex
- W2066399252
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (089698)
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
- Medical Research Council (MC_G1000735)
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- postmortem delay, agonal state, brain age, RNA integrity number, brain pH
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Brain Chemistry, Cause of Death, Exons, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Male, Middle Aged, Quality Control, RNA, Sex Characteristics, Tissue Banks, United States, Reproducibility of Results, DNA, Complementary, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling, Databases, Genetic, Microarray Analysis, Young Adult
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