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A Psychometric Toolbox for Testing Validity and Reliability
Abstract
Purpose To review the concepts of reliability and validity, provide examples of how the concepts have been used in nursing research, provide guidance for improving the psychometric soundness of instruments, and report suggestions from editors of nursing journals for incorporating psychometric data into manuscripts. Methods CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases were searched using key words: validity, reliability, and psychometrics. Nursing research articles were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the last 5 years, quantitative methods were used, and statistical evidence of psychometric properties were reported. Reports of strong psychometric properties of instruments were identified as well as those with little supporting evidence of psychometric soundness. Findings Reports frequently indicated content validity but sometimes the studies had fewer than five experts for review. Criterion validity was rarely reported and errors in the measurement of the criterion were identified. Construct validity remains underreported. Most reports indicated internal consistency reliability (alpha) but few reports included reliability testing for stability. When retest reliability was asserted, time intervals and correlations were frequently not included. Conclusions Planning for psychometric testing through design and reducing nonrandom error in measurement will add to the reliability and validity of instruments and increase the strength of study findings. Underreporting of va…
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“Questions were derived from the two previous studies on the topic (Wilson et al. 2010(Wilson et al. , 2013)), thus contributing to both content and face validity (DeVon et al. 2007).”
From Understanding skill acquisition among registered nurses: the ‘perpetual novice’ phenomenon (2015) · cites this paper as DeVon et al. 2007
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“The generally accepted time interval for retesting is 2 weeks to 1 month (DeVon et al., 2007; Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2005).”
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“According to Devon et al.37 a tool is valid if it accurately reflects meaning of a particular phenomenon under study.”
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“This procedure is referred to content validity which is also an important technique to make the scale as much valid as possible before the actual data collection (Devon et al., 2007).”
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“Therefore, even though the psychometric properties were strong in the original validated questionnaire, psychometric testing is essential, since there is never a certainty that the same psychometric properties will apply in the novel context.(43) Insufficient psychometric assessment of questionnaires may lead to missi…”
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“Content validity is performed by experts with different backgrounds, usually seven or more experts [13].”
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“Adopting suggestions from (DeVon et al., 2007; Fornell & Lacker, 1981), minimum Composite reliability value of 0.60 and Bland & Altman (1997) recommended a minimum Cronbach’s value of 0.70 for good or acceptable reliabilities.”
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“also said that validity is efficient as the ability of the instrument to measure the attributes of the construct under study [40].”
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Self-citationTesting the readiness of an organisational culture profile to a TQM implementation
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Kazykhankyzy, L., & Alagözlü, N. (2018) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2019.12160a · Cited by 15
“However, it is suggested that an alpha coefficient of 0.70 is acceptable for a new instrument (DeVellis 2003; DeVon et al. 2007).”
InfluentialSaeed, K. M., Ismail, S. A. M. M., & Eng, L. S. (2018) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2019.12168a · Cited by 6
“Such a test must discriminate across groups that are theoretically known to differ, referred to as “known-group” validity (Hattie & Cooksey, 1984), which is a form of construct validity (DeVon et al., 2007; Portney & Watkins, 1993).”
BackgroundDhawan, P., Singh, A., Agarwal, A., & Aeran, H. (2019) · Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research · doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.08.001 · Cited by 14
“Construct validity was tested by comparing its relationships with other measures such as perceived satisfaction with mouth, perceived oral health status and toothache experience in the previous 3 months.(16,17) The entire instrument was developed in accordance with the standard guidelines established for quality of li…”
MethodCompetence Assessment Instruments in Perianesthesia Nursing Care: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Jeon, Y., Lakanmaa, R., Meretoja, R., & Leino‐Kilpi, H. (2017) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2016.09.008 · Cited by 16
“One of the essential issues in evaluating the quality of an assessment instrument is validity; the ability to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.(22) In this review, content, criterion, and construct-related validity were considered to describe the validity of the instruments.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZongo, A., Guénette, L., Moisan, J., Guillaumie, L., Lauzier, S., & Grégoire, J. (2016) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312116674850 · Cited by 15
Assessment of the Tobacco Dependence Screener Among Smokeless Tobacco Users
Mushtaq, N., & Beebe, L. A. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv283 · Cited by 14
The Revised Index for Social Engagement in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Psychometric Study
Yoon, J. Y., & Kim, H. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000156 · Cited by 13
“Correlation values Q .45 were considered substantial and high for convergent validity with a similar construct (DeVon et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNursing home adjustment scale: a psychometric study of an English version
Lee, G., Yoon, J., & Bowers, B. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0836-z · Cited by 14
“70) demonstrates excellent reliability [20].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAngell, K. (2015) · Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian · doi:10.1080/01639269.2015.996481 · Cited by 12
“CVI is calculated by adding all the scores of threes and fours for each item and dividing the sum by the total number of responses (DeVon et al. 2007).”
MethodWellens, N. I. H., Milisen, K., Flamaing, J., & Moons, P. (2011) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01685.x · Cited by 14
Fatigue In Collegiate Aviation
Levin, E., Mendonca, F., Keller, J., & Teo, A. (2019) · International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace · doi:10.15394/ijaaa.2019.1351 · Cited by 14
“The student’s comments and suggestions were used to render the CAFI more understandable and readable as suggested by DeVon et al. (2007), and Sartori (2009).”
MethodLaw, M., Pickering, I., Humphrey, G., Sebaratnam, G., Schamberg, G., Simpson, K., Varghese, C., Du, P., Daker, C., Huang, I., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1389671 · Cited by 17
Nurse educator competence in four European countries—A comparative cross‐sectional study
Elonen, I., Kajander-Unkuri, S., Cassar, M., Wennberg-Capellades, L., Kean, S., Sollár, T., Saaranen, T., Pasanen, M., & Salminen, L. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.2033 · Cited by 13
“Cronbach's alpha was also tested in the current study and found to be in line with the pre - vious study (Table 3) and close to the ideal value of 0.95 (DeVon et al., 2007).”
ResultInfluentialSallam, M., & Hamdan, A. (2023) · Journal of Integrated Health · doi:10.51219/jih/mohammed-sallam/13 · Cited by 12
“Reliability analysis for the 22-item questionnaire was completed using Cronbach’s alpha measure 73 .”
MethodKusuma, I. Y., Triwibowo, D. N., Pratiwi, A. D. E., & Pitaloka, D. A. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416753 · Cited by 12
“The content validity index (CVI) approach was used to measure experts’ feelings about the content validity of the scales [18].”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment and preliminary validation of a questionnaire to measure parental support for drawing
de Groot, B., Gorr, N. D., Kret, M. E., Rieffe, C. J., Tsou, Y., & Straffon, L. M. (2022) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101228 · Cited by 11
Machado, V., Mendonça, A., Proença, L., Mendes, J. J., Botelho, J., McNeill, D. W., & Delgado, A. S. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12050672 · Cited by 14
“70 was acceptable for the items in the OHVS-PT [13].”
MethodAl-Sharaa, A., Adam, M., Nordin, A. S. A., Alhasan, A., & Mundher, R. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12030364 · Cited by 14
Jafari, F., Azadi, H., Abdi, A., Salari, N., & Faraji, A. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1534_20 · Cited by 13
“It evaluates the appearance of the questionnaire in terms of feasibility, readability, consistency of style and formatting, and the clarity of the language used.[16] Face validity thus is a form of usability rather than reliability.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle‐Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara, D. J., Savoy, S. M., & Kostas‐Polston, E.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University Northwest (US)
- Corresponding author
- DeVon, Holli A.
- Block, Michelle E.
- Moyle‐Wright, Patricia
- Ernst, Diane M.
- Hayden, Susan J.
- Lazzara, Deborah J.
- Savoy, Suzanne M.
- ORCID
- DeVon, Holli A.
- Venue
- Journal of Nursing Scholarship
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-05-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-164
- ISSN
- 0363-2792 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-6546
- 1547-5069
- OpenAlex
- W2162602057
- Cited by
- 1,889
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 144 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 15.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Nursing Scholarship (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePublications at Regis University (Regis University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, nursing equipment, nursing research
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Mathematics, Periodicals as Topic, Planning Techniques, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Research Design, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Bias, Discriminant Analysis, Guidelines as Topic, Peer Review, Research, Statistics, Nonparametric, Editorial Policies
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