Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha: Table 1

Bland, J Martin; Altman, Douglas G

doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572

Cited by 5,300Psychometric Methodologies and TestingReliability and Agreement in MeasurementHealth Education and Validation

Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha: Table 1

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Bland, J Martin, Altman, Douglas G·1997·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572PMC PMC2126061

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Abstract

Many quantities of interest in medicine, such as anxiety or degree of handicap, are impossible to measure explicitly. Instead, we ask a series of questions and combine the answers into a single numerical value. Often this is done by simply adding a score from each answer. For example, the mini-HAQ is a measure of impairment developed for patients with cervical myelopathy.1 This has 10 items (table 1)) recording the degree of difficulty experienced in carrying out daily activities. Each item is scored from 1 (no difficulty) to 4 (can't do). The scores on the 10 items are summed to give the mini-HAQ score. View this table: Table 1 Mini-HAQ scale in 249 severely impaired subjects When items are used to form a scale they need to have internal consistency. The …

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The Cronbach's alpha values for each measured variable were above 0.7, indicating the survey questions' internal reliability.
“The Cronbach's alpha values [69] for each measured variable were above 0.7, indicating the survey questions' internal reliability.”
From Integrating AI in engineering education: A comprehensive review and student-informed module design for U.K. students (2025) · cites this paper as [69]
The Statistics notes section (p. 1) identifies Cronbach’s alpha as a measure of internal consistency, supporting the reliability interpretation. It does not report alpha values for the citing study’s measured variables or establish that each exceeded 0.7. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The alpha value of 0.9 found in the present study may be acceptable to some sources, while others may deem it problematic.
“The alpha value found in the present study (α = 0.9) may thus be acceptable to some sources, while others may deem it problematic [42,59]”
From The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
The Cronbach’s alpha discussion (p. 1) says that α = 0.90 is desirable for clinical applications, supporting the claim that some sources may accept it. It does not say that 0.90 is problematic or identify a reason another source would deem it so. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Higher alpha values may suggest redundancies on item level, meaning that the items may test the same construct.
“the higher alpha values may suggest redundancies on item level, which means that the items may test the same construct.”
From The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
The internal consistency of the instrument was satisfactory, with all alpha coefficients above 0.7.
“The internal consistency of this instrument was measured with the alpha coefficient for each division of use of AI in the writing process.All alpha coefficients were above 0.7 which is considered satisfactory (Bland & Altman, 1997).”
From Not quite eye to A.I.: student and teacher perspectives on the use of generative artificial intelligence in the writing process (2023) · cites this paper as Bland & Altman, 1997

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Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931 · see citing works
Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in whitehall ii (prospective cohort) study
Bosma, H., Marmot, M. G., Hemingway, H., Nicholson, A., Brunner, E. J., & Stansfeld, S. A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7080.558 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of a new measure of patient satisfaction with out of hours primary medical care in the united kingdom: development of a patient questionnaire
McKinley, R. K., Manku-Scott, T., Hastings, A., et al. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7075.193 · Cited by 241 · see citing works

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

1 Casey ATH, Crockard HA, Bland JM, Stevens J, Moskovich R, Ransford AO. Development of a functional scoring system for rheumatoid arthritis patients with cervical myelopathy Ann Rheum Dis (in press).
3 McKinley RK, Manku-Scott T, Hastings AM, French DP, Baker R. hours primary medical care in the United Kingdom: development of a patient questionnaire. BMJ 1997;314:193-8.

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Authors: Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G.
Affiliations: St George's Hospital (GB)
ORCID: Altman, Douglas G
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 1997-02-22
Volume: 314
Issue: 7080
Pages: 572
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
PMC: PMC2126061
OpenAlex: W2140739497
Cited by: 5,300
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 200 · 2025: 310 · 2024: 373 · 2023: 399 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 376 · 2020: 388 · 2019: 314 · 2018: 306 · 2017: 247 · 2016: 243 · 2015: 214 · 2014: 222 · 2013: 216 · 2012: 177
FWCI: 33.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: Cronbach's alpha, internal consistency, scale reliability, cervical myelopathy, disability assessment, questionnaire scoring, inter-item correlation
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Statistics as Topic

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