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A Psychometric Toolbox for Testing Validity and Reliability
Abstract
Purpose To review the concepts of reliability and validity, provide examples of how the concepts have been used in nursing research, provide guidance for improving the psychometric soundness of instruments, and report suggestions from editors of nursing journals for incorporating psychometric data into manuscripts. Methods CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases were searched using key words: validity, reliability, and psychometrics. Nursing research articles were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the last 5 years, quantitative methods were used, and statistical evidence of psychometric properties were reported. Reports of strong psychometric properties of instruments were identified as well as those with little supporting evidence of psychometric soundness. Findings Reports frequently indicated content validity but sometimes the studies had fewer than five experts for review. Criterion validity was rarely reported and errors in the measurement of the criterion were identified. Construct validity remains underreported. Most reports indicated internal consistency reliability (alpha) but few reports included reliability testing for stability. When retest reliability was asserted, time intervals and correlations were frequently not included. Conclusions Planning for psychometric testing through design and reducing nonrandom error in measurement will add to the reliability and validity of instruments and increase the strength of study findings. Underreporting of va…
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“Questions were derived from the two previous studies on the topic (Wilson et al. 2010(Wilson et al. , 2013)), thus contributing to both content and face validity (DeVon et al. 2007).”
From Understanding skill acquisition among registered nurses: the ‘perpetual novice’ phenomenon (2015) · cites this paper as DeVon et al. 2007
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“7 is generally regarded as satisfactory [15].”
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MethodMackison, D., Wrieden, W. L., & Anderson, A. S. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.126 · Cited by 83
Psychometric Evaluation of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities–Arabic (SDSCA-Arabic)
Aljohani, K. A., Kendall, G. E., & Snider, P. D. (2014) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659614526255 · Cited by 66
“The minimum acceptable alpha score for the internal consistency was .70 (DeVon et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMorris, L. D., Grimmer, K. A., Louw, Q. A., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-137 · Cited by 71
Scott, D., Ferguson, G. D., & Jelsma, J. M. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0590-3 · Cited by 90
Hoogendoorn, M. E., Margadant, C. C., Brinkman, S., Haringman, J. J., Spijkstra, J. J., & de Keizer, N. F. (2019) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103408 · Cited by 73
Sendlbeck, M., Araujo, E. G., Schett, G. A., & Englbrecht, M. (2015) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000140 · Cited by 65
“70 were considered reliable.(26) In patients undergoing a change in antirheumatic therapy, for example, owing to side effects or lack of efficacy, we investigated the internal responsiveness of the pain scales to changes of antirheumatic treatment by Figure 1 The visual analogue scale, the numerical rating scale and t…”
MethodBergström, A., Skeen, S., Đức, D. M., Blandón, E. Z., Estabrooks, C. A., Gustavsson, P. J., Hoa, D. T. P., Källestål, C., Målqvist, M., Nga, N. T., et al. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-015-0305-2 · Cited by 77
“Following retention of items, we examined corrected total item correlation and average inter-item correlation [53, 54].”
MethodSalem, G. A., Bowie, P., & Morrison, J. M. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3167-x · Cited by 86
“Conversely, Discriminant Validity represents the extent to which measures of different constructs show correlation with one other [78].”
BackgroundMethodBusiness and innovation resources: Determinants for the survival of new technology-based firms
Löfsten, H. (2016) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-04-2015-0139 · Cited by 66
Investigating the role of an enterprise architecture project in the business-IT alignment in Iran
Alaeddini, M., & Salekfard, S. (2011) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-011-9332-y · Cited by 66
“The reliability of a study design refers to the ability of an instrument to consistently measure an attribute (DeVon et al .”
BackgroundValidation of the UNESP-Botucatu pig composite acute pain scale (UPAPS)
Luna, S., de Araújo, A. L., da Nóbrega, P. I., Brondani, J., de Oliveira, F. A., Azerêdo, L. M. D. S., Telles, F. G., & Trindade, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233552 · Cited by 65
“The dimensions and domains of the tool were determined by principal component analysis, which is normally used to relate the tool’s variables in a grouped manner [62].”
MethodTao, X., Chow, S. K. Y., & Wong, F. K. Y. (2014) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/1471-2369-15-115 · Cited by 67
The Communicative and Critical Health Literacy Scale – Swedish Version
Wångdahl, J. M., & Mårtensson, L. I. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494813500592 · Cited by 66
“To make sufficient evaluations of the use of interventions, reliable and valid instruments are needed [3].”
BackgroundInstruments measuring interprofessional collaboration in healthcare – a scoping review
Peltonen, J., Leino‐Kilpi, H., Heikkilä, H. C., Rautava, P. T., Tuomela, K., Siekkinen, M., Sulosaari, V., & Stolt, M. (2019) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2019.1637336 · Cited by 79
“As instrument development and testing is a lengthy process (DeVon et al., 2007), their further testing might be still under progress.”
BackgroundResultScience Parks, talent attraction and stakeholder involvement: an international study
Cadorin, E., Klofsten, M., & Löfsten, H. (2019) · Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-019-09753-w · Cited by 63
“700 is acceptable for a new instrument (DeVillis 1991; DeVon et al. 2007).”
BackgroundEnglbrecht, M., Tarner, I. H., van der Heijde, D. M. F. M., Manger, B., Bombardier, C., & Müller‐Ladner, U. (2012) · Journal of Rheumatology Supplement · doi:10.3899/jrheum.120335 · Cited by 64
Liaw, S. Y., Rashasegaran, A., Wong, L. F., Deneen, C. C., Cooper, S., Levett-Jones, T., Goh, H. S., & Ignacio, J. (2018) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.12.009 · Cited by 65
Mohammadsalehi, N., Mohammadbeigi, A., Jadidi, R., Anbari, Z., Ghaderi, E., & Akbari, M. (2015) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.21560 · Cited by 58
Validation of the Social Inclusion Scale with Students
Wilson, C., & Secker, J. (2015) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.v3i4.121 · Cited by 70
“The mean scores of the two groups should differ significantly in the expected direction if the instrument is valid (e.g. DeVon et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPuspitasari, W., & Febrinita, F. (2021) · Factor M · doi:10.30762/factor_m.v4i1.3254 · Cited by 59
Johnson, M. J., Mueller, M., Eliason, M. J., Stuart, G. W., & Nemeth, L. S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13414 · Cited by 64
Asadi, Z., Abdekhoda, M., & Nadrian, H. (2019) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-019-09932-0 · Cited by 67
Assessing patient reported outcome measures: A practical guide for gastroenterologists
Alrubaiy, L., Hutchings, H. A., & Williams, J. G. (2014) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1177/2050640614558345 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle‐Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara, D. J., Savoy, S. M., & Kostas‐Polston, E.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University Northwest (US)
- Corresponding author
- DeVon, Holli A.
- Block, Michelle E.
- Moyle‐Wright, Patricia
- Ernst, Diane M.
- Hayden, Susan J.
- Lazzara, Deborah J.
- Savoy, Suzanne M.
- ORCID
- DeVon, Holli A.
- Venue
- Journal of Nursing Scholarship
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-05-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-164
- ISSN
- 0363-2792 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-6546
- 1547-5069
- OpenAlex
- W2162602057
- Cited by
- 1,889
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 144 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 15.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Nursing Scholarship (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePublications at Regis University (Regis University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, nursing equipment, nursing research
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Mathematics, Periodicals as Topic, Planning Techniques, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Research Design, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Bias, Discriminant Analysis, Guidelines as Topic, Peer Review, Research, Statistics, Nonparametric, Editorial Policies
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