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A Psychometric Toolbox for Testing Validity and Reliability
Abstract
Purpose To review the concepts of reliability and validity, provide examples of how the concepts have been used in nursing research, provide guidance for improving the psychometric soundness of instruments, and report suggestions from editors of nursing journals for incorporating psychometric data into manuscripts. Methods CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases were searched using key words: validity, reliability, and psychometrics. Nursing research articles were eligible for inclusion if they were published in the last 5 years, quantitative methods were used, and statistical evidence of psychometric properties were reported. Reports of strong psychometric properties of instruments were identified as well as those with little supporting evidence of psychometric soundness. Findings Reports frequently indicated content validity but sometimes the studies had fewer than five experts for review. Criterion validity was rarely reported and errors in the measurement of the criterion were identified. Construct validity remains underreported. Most reports indicated internal consistency reliability (alpha) but few reports included reliability testing for stability. When retest reliability was asserted, time intervals and correlations were frequently not included. Conclusions Planning for psychometric testing through design and reducing nonrandom error in measurement will add to the reliability and validity of instruments and increase the strength of study findings. Underreporting of va…
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ADAPTAÇÃO TRANSCULTURAL DE UM INSTRUMENTO DE AVALIAÇÃO DE FERIDAS
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InfluentialGenerative Psycho-Lexical Approach for Constructing Value Systems in Large Language ModelsPreprint
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“To benchmark LLM value systems, we propose three tasks based on psychometric principles (DeVon et al., 2007) and AI priorities (Anwar et al., 2024): Confirmatory Factor Analysis for assessing structural validity, LLM Safety Prediction for examining predictive validity, and LLM Value Alignment for…”
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“Components with an eigenvalue greater than one were retained, and scale items with item-total correlations less than 0.40 were removed (DeVon et al., 2007).”
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“Therefore, it can be considered a stable and reliable questionnaire because the test– retest correlation coefficient is above 0.70 (DeVon et al., 2007).”
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“It is also important that a psychometrically sound measurement instrument is the foundation of rigorous research design [26].”
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“On the other hand, items’ reliability refers to the ability of an instrument to consistently measure an attribute (DeVon et al., 2007).”
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Brief Intervention on Nurses’ Knowledge and Behavior Regarding Smoking Cessation
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“45 for discriminant validity.(48) For this study, a coefficient of 0.”
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Translation and validation of the Arabic version of generic medicines scale
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“This could also be due to the fact that Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is sample-specific, and it measures internal consistency for the test responses from current respondents only.(40) However, the overall alpha value (0.”
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Cornally, N., Coffey, A., Daly, E., McGlade, C., Weathers, E., O’Herlihy, E. A., Ó’Caoimh, R., McLoughlin, K., Svendrovski, A., & Molloy, W. (2015) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2015.05.015 · Cited by 6
“Content, face and construct validity, are essential to establish scale validity (DeVon et al., 2007; Streiner & Kottner, 2014).”
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Reliability of a seminar grading rubric in a grand rounds course
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Evaluating a new scale for infertility psychological distress: psychometric evidence from China
Jiang, L., Yang, L., Yao, J., Yang, J., Wu, M., Yuan, M., Zhang, K., Chen, Y., Hu, Z., Zhu, Z., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02991-8 · Cited by 6
“The sample size was estimated based on the sample requirements for factor analysis [29], taking into account the number of questionnaire items and potential invalid responses.”
Mao, T., Yorke, J., Shi, Y. X., Shen, N., Wang, H., Wong, F. K. Y., Lam, K. K. W., Tang, L. N., Liu, Q., Abu‐Odah, H., et al. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09515-5 · Cited by 3
“In our updated systematic review, we used the psychometric toolbox for testing reliability and validity that proposed by DeVon et al. [40] in 2007 to summarize the psychometric properties of the identified tools.”
Methodological Recommendations for Content Validation of Community Resilience Indicators
Gerst, M. D., Dillard, M., & Loerzel, J. (2025) · Natural Hazards Review · doi:10.1061/nhrefo.nheng-2179 · Cited by 6
“1) as one part of an overall process of assessing an indicator framework ’ s soundness or adequacy (Broniatowski and Tucker 2017; DeVon et al. 2007; Ferguson 2004).”
Han, N., Kim, G. S., Kim, S., Lee, T., & Chung, W. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/jonm/4683994 · Cited by 6
“As the test criterion of DeVon et al. [48], a correlation coefcient of 0.70 or higher is acceptable as a stable tool.”
InfluentialRisk perception scale for laboratory safety: Development and validation
Lin, C.-H., Zheng, K., & Man, S.-S. (2025) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2024.103689 · Cited by 6
Marlina, T. T., Haryani, H., & Widyawati, W. (2024) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871241276816 · Cited by 7
“Cronbach’s alpha was determined with an acceptable coefficient of > 0.70 (Devon et al., 2007).”
InfluentialLi, J., Zhu, Y., Zhu, G., Qiu, Z., Wang, J., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Adedeji, A., Liu, Y., Wu, D., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01876-6 · Cited by 7
“The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used, specifically the ICC (two-way mixed-effects model, single measure, and consistency type) [63, 85, 86], with an ICC value > 0.70 generally considered acceptable [25, 76, 88, 109].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMartikainen, R., Kuivila, H., Koskenranta, M., Kamau, S., Oikarainen, A., Matinlompolo, N., Juntunen, J., & Mikkonen, K. (2024) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104129 · Cited by 6
Rasi, M., Hanssen, T. A., Norbye, B., Mikkonen, K., & Kvande, M. E. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106322 · Cited by 6
Setiyorini, A., Sitaresmi, M. N., & Nisman, W. A. (2024) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2024-0073 · Cited by 8
Spiritual assessment models for palliative care chaplains: a narrative review
Galchutt, P. (2024) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2024.2368999 · Cited by 6
“Last, with the advent of Open Notes through the Cures Act in the U.S. (Salmi et al., 2021), it will be important to collaborate with seriously ill patients and family members to strengthen these spiritual assessment models through face and content validity testing (DeVon et al., 2007).”
Preparedness for a forgotten disaster: A case study Coimbatore, India
Prakash, E. L., Anand, K. B., & Kolathayar, S. (2024) · Progress in Disaster Science · doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100340 · Cited by 7
Competence of healthcare professionals in stroke care pathways: a cross-sectional study.
Kipinä, P., Oikarinen, A., Mikkonen, K., Kääriäinen, M., Tuomikoski, A., Merilainen, M., Karsikas, E., Rantala, A., jounila-Ilola, P., Koivunen, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Vascular Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jvn.2024.02.004 · Cited by 6
Zhao, M., Kuan, G., Zhou, K., Musa, R. M., Majeed, A. P. P. A., & Kueh, Y. C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296035 · Cited by 5
Psychometric Evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale on Indonesian Students
Ramadhana, M. R. (2023) · Journal An-Nafs Kajian Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.33367/psi.v8i2.3817 · Cited by 3
“The higher the scale's validity, the more accurately the target construct fits its purpose (de Von et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAhmad, H. (2023) · Register Journal · doi:10.18326/register.v16i2.301-322 · Cited by 4
“To ensure content validity, Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio (CVR) (Wilson et al., 2012) and Content Validity Index (CVI) (Devon et al., 2007) were calculated.”
MethodInfluentialMoreels, T., Cruyt, E., Baets, S. D., Andries, L., Arts-Tielemans, M., Rodríguez‐Bailón, M., Bergström, A., Boete, K., Bormans, I., Costa, U. M., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075676 · Cited by 6
“28 29 Participant selection and recruitment A purposive opt-in snowball sampling method was used to form the expert panel.”
MethodHewitt, J. M. A., Zareian, B., & LeMoult, J. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231207290 · Cited by 6
“The fi nal sample included 400 adolescents which exceeds the minimum of 5 participants per item recommended in the extant psychometrics literature (DeVon et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJokinen, H., Pramila-Savukoski, S., Kuivila, H., Jämsä, R., Juntunen, J., Törmänen, T., Koskimäki, M., & Mikkonen, K. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105999 · Cited by 6
Chew, H. S. J., Ang, W. H. D., Rusli, K. D. B., Liaw, S. Y., Ang, E. N. K., & Lau, Y. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105996 · Cited by 8
Mansyur, F., Arsyad, & Manaf, A. (2023) · ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities · doi:10.34050/elsjish.v6i3.29667 · Cited by 6
“Content validity shows the content of the attributes studied (DeVon et al., 2007).”
Kyrychok, A., Harbuza, T., Teslenko, N., Okhrimenko, O., & Zalizniuk, V. (2023) · Teaching Public Administration · doi:10.1177/01447394231191928 · Cited by 6
Mataji-Amirroud, M., Ghaffari, M., Ramezankhani, A., & Soori, H. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073826 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle‐Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara, D. J., Savoy, S. M., & Kostas‐Polston, E.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University Northwest (US)
- Corresponding author
- DeVon, Holli A.
- Block, Michelle E.
- Moyle‐Wright, Patricia
- Ernst, Diane M.
- Hayden, Susan J.
- Lazzara, Deborah J.
- Savoy, Suzanne M.
- ORCID
- DeVon, Holli A.
- Venue
- Journal of Nursing Scholarship
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-05-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-164
- ISSN
- 0363-2792 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-6546
- 1547-5069
- OpenAlex
- W2162602057
- Cited by
- 1,889
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 144 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 15.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Nursing Scholarship (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePublications at Regis University (Regis University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, nursing equipment, nursing research
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Mathematics, Periodicals as Topic, Planning Techniques, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Research Design, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Nursing Research, Bias, Discriminant Analysis, Guidelines as Topic, Peer Review, Research, Statistics, Nonparametric, Editorial Policies
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