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Trauma exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the general population
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the lifetime prevalence of trauma experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: Questionnaire-assessed PTSD, the type of traumatic event experienced, perceived trauma impact, and trauma frequency in 1824 randomly selected men and women. RESULTS: PTSD lifetime prevalence was estimated at 5.6% with a 1 : 2 male-to-female ratio, in spite of men reporting greater trauma exposure. The highest PTSD risk was associated with sexual and physical assault, robbery and multiple trauma experiences. Controlling for trauma type did not account for gender differences, while controlling for experienced distress did. CONCLUSION: The conditional probability for PTSD varied as a function of trauma type, frequency and impact of the event, with increased rates associated with prevalent trauma exposure and higher perceived distress. The latter accounted for the gender effect, suggesting that gender differences in PTSD in part represent a generally greater vulnerability to stress in women.
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“This finding suggests that making all MBPs trauma-inclusive is likely to be more useful than screening out or creating separate trauma-sensitive programs for trauma survivors with PTSD, as prevalence rates for lifetime trauma exposure (e.g., 80.8%) are estimated to be high within the general population [69].”
From Childhood trauma and subclinical PTSD symptoms predict adverse effects and worse outcomes across two mindfulness-based programs for active depression (2025) · cites this paper as [69]
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“then the estimated normal boundary of 3.5 years may be later, possibly even closer to 4 years.”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [107]
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Hansen, M., & Elklit, A. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5864 · Cited by 28
Seides, R. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01591.x · Cited by 29
“A study of lifetime traumas and the development of PTSD by Frans et al. (2005) found that lifetime prevalence was approximately 6% and that women were affected more than men by a ratio of 2:1, in spite of men reporting greater exposure to trauma.”
BackgroundPetit, G., Berra, E., Georges, C. M. G., Capron, A., Huang, Q., Lopez‐Sublet, M., Rabbia, F., Staessen, J. A., Wallemacq, P. E., de Timary, P., et al. (2018) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037051.2018.1476058 · Cited by 28
“The percentage of traumatic experiences as well as of individuals meeting the criteria for PTSD (following the DSM-IV [26]) was indeed higher in our aTRH sample compared to what is usually reported in the normal population [34].”
ResultLate-Life Health Consequences of Exposure to Trauma in a General Elderly Population
Chaudieu, I., Norton, J. L., Ritchie, K. A., Birmes, P. J., Vaïva, G., & Ancelin, M. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06230 · Cited by 27
Violence victimisation—a watershed for young women’s mental and physical health
Palm, A., Danielsson, I., Skalkidou, A., Olofsson, N., & Högberg, U. (2016) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv234 · Cited by 29
Barry, D. T., Beitel, M., Cutter, C. J., Garnet, B., Joshi, D., Rosenblum, A., & Schottenfeld, R. S. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.04.006 · Cited by 27
Department of Psychological Medicine, K. C. L., Hussein, S., Himmerich, H., Department of Psychiatry, P. A. P., Willmund, G. D., Department of Psychiatry, P. A. P., Ibrahim, M. A. A., Department of Immunological Medicine and Allergy, K. H. P., Dalton, B., & Department of Psychological Medicine, K. C. L. (2017) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2017.407 · Cited by 26
Neuroscience-based psychotherapy: A position paper
Cammisuli, D. M., & Castelnuovo, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101044 · Cited by 32
“avoidance, and exaggerated arousal (Frans et al., 2005).”
Boudoukha, A. H., Ouagazzal, O., & Goutaudier, N. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000243 · Cited by 26
Jeong, H. S., Chung, Y., Ma, J., Kim, J., Hong, G., Oh, J. K., Kim, M., Ha, E., Hong, H., Yoon, S. J., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51727-3 · Cited by 27
Factors Affecting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in South Korean Trauma Nurses
Kim, S. J., & Yeo, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Trauma Nursing · doi:10.1097/jtn.0000000000000482 · Cited by 26
“In addition, a previous study reported that both trauma type and frequency independently contributed to PTSD (Frans et al., 2005).”
Elkhatib, S. K., Moshfegh, C. M., Watson, G. F., & Case, A. J. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.031 · Cited by 26
Perceived traumatic and stressful etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Pinciotti, C. M., & Fisher, E. K. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100044 · Cited by 26
Genetic Associations Between Stress-Related Disorders and Autoimmune Disease
Zeng, Y., Suo, C., Yao, S., Lu, D., Larsson, H., D'Onofrio, B. M., Lichtenstein, P., Fang, F., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., & Song, H. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220364 · Cited by 27
Trauma Exposure in Primary School Children: Who Is at Risk?
Alisic, E., van der Schoot, T. A. W., van Ginkel, J. R., & Kleber, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1080/19361520802279075 · Cited by 26
“Frans, Rimmo, Aberg, and Fredrikson (2005) reported increased prevalence of trauma exposure associated with being born abroad in Swedish adults.”
BackgroundLee, C., Chang, J., Liu, C.-Y., Chang, C., Chen, T. H. H., Chen, C.-H., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0405-2 · Cited by 26
“In contrast to previous finding of a higher prevalence of PTSD in women than in men [28, 30, 40], no sex difference was found in this survey.”
BackgroundResultLau, C. Y. H., & Tov, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093412 · Cited by 35
“Notwithstanding the significant role these major life events can play, they are relatively uncommon in a person’s lifespan (Serido et al., 2004; Frans et al., 2005).”
BackgroundTrauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in a cohort of pregnant Peruvian women
Levey, E. J., Gelaye, B., Koenen, K. C., Zhong, Q., Basu, A., Rondón, M. B., Sánchez, S. E., Henderson, D. C., & Williams, M. A. (2017) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0776-z · Cited by 30
“This is consistent with what previous studies have documented (Frans et al. 2005; Kessler et al. 2014; Seedat et al. 2003).”
ResultBerman, I. S., Petretric, P., & Bridges, A. J. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1687483 · Cited by 25
Chung, H.-F., Andersson, E. P., Huang, H.-Y., Acharya, G., & Schwank, S. E. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04553-x · Cited by 25
“4% [31] using diagnostic procedures and the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a series of posttraumatic stress scales to assess acute stress and PTSD developed by Persson [12].”
MethodZegel, M., Lebeaut, A., Healy, N. A., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2021) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455211033517 · Cited by 26
“This is consistent with the broad-based literature underscoring negative mental health outcomes associated with diagnostic and subthreshold PTSD, compared to trauma exposure alone (Breslau et al., 2003; Frans et al., 2005; Kartha et al., 2008; McFarlane, 2010; Stein et al., 1997).”
ResultFruchter, E., Goldenthal, N., Adler, L. A., Gross, R., Harel, E. V., Deutsch, L., Nacasch, N., Grinapol, S., Amital, D., Voigt, J. D., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115711 · Cited by 25
“More than 70 % of adults worldwide experience a traumatic event at some time in their lives (Frans et al., 2005).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. ‐., Åberg, L., & Fredrikson, M.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Dalarna University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Frans, Ö.
- ORCID
- Fredrikson, M.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 291-290
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2139994007
- Cited by
- 580
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 26.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma exposure, lifetime prevalence, gender differences, sexual assault, physical assault, robbery, polytrauma, perceived distress, general population
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Crime, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Risk, Sex Offenses, Sex Ratio, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Sweden, Violence
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