Cited by 580Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaMigration, Health and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Trauma exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the general population

Open access

Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P.‐A., Åberg, L., Fredrikson, M.·2005·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the lifetime prevalence of trauma experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: Questionnaire-assessed PTSD, the type of traumatic event experienced, perceived trauma impact, and trauma frequency in 1824 randomly selected men and women. RESULTS: PTSD lifetime prevalence was estimated at 5.6% with a 1 : 2 male-to-female ratio, in spite of men reporting greater trauma exposure. The highest PTSD risk was associated with sexual and physical assault, robbery and multiple trauma experiences. Controlling for trauma type did not account for gender differences, while controlling for experienced distress did. CONCLUSION: The conditional probability for PTSD varied as a function of trauma type, frequency and impact of the event, with increased rates associated with prevalent trauma exposure and higher perceived distress. The latter accounted for the gender effect, suggesting that gender differences in PTSD in part represent a generally greater vulnerability to stress in women.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2 · Cited by 3,997
Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults
Breslau, N. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003 · Cited by 2,544
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 · Cited by 2,407
Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women.
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868
Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women.
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868
Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project
The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x · Cited by 1,825
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R)
Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. (1987) · Cited by 1,621
Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups.
Norris, F. H. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.3.409 · Cited by 1,527
Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist—civilian version
Ruggiero, K. J., Ben, K. D., Scotti, J. R., & Rabalais, A. E. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1025714729117 · Cited by 1,227

Show all 59 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (DSM‐IV)
American Psychiatric Association, 1980, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III)
Robins LN, 1981, NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule
10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.409 · DOI
10.1002/jts.2490070209 · DOI
Weathers FW, 1993, The PTSD Checklist: Reliability, Validity and Diagnostic Utility
Blake D, 1990, Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)
Abacus Concepts, 1996, StatView 5.0
SAS Institute, 1990, SAS Procedures Guide
10.1037/0735-7044.115.2.358 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9 · Cited by 1,166
Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183 · Cited by 1,058
Social Bonds and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650 · Cited by 911
“Of the specifically assessed traumas (robbery, physical assault, sexual assault, tragic death, war, and traffic accident), only traffic accidents did not independently contribute to predicting PTSD diagnosis, with sexual assault being the most likely to predict PTSD (Frans et al. 2005).”
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review
Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Foa, E. B., Mayberg, H. S., North, C. S., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.005 · Cited by 675
“Community surveys consistently reveal elevated rates of PTSD among women [e.g., a Swedish study by Frans et al. (2005)].”
Background
The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III
Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M. R., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5 · Cited by 674
“Cross-national differences in exposure to traumatic events [10, 13], distributions of preexisting vulnerability factors, e.”
Psychological comorbidity and health-related quality of life and its association with awareness, utilization, and need for psychosocial support in a cancer register-based sample of long-term breast cancer survivors
Mehnert, A., & Koch, U. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.12.005 · Cited by 473
“The estimation of PTSD was 12%, a number that corresponds with the 1% to 20% estimates reported in the empirical literature [12,44] but is slightly higher than the PTSD lifetime prevalence rates of women in the general population [45].”
Result
Association of Stress-Related Disorders With Subsequent Autoimmune Disease
Song, H., Fang, F., Tómasson, G., Arnberg, F. K., Mataix‐Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., Almqvist, C., Fall, K., & Valdimarsdóttir, U. A. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.7028 · Cited by 438
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Canada
Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Patterson, B., & Boyle, M. H. (2008) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00049.x · Cited by 408
“[22] found in Sweden who reported a rate of 28% in their population based study.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Prevalence of acute and post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental disorders in breast cancer patients during primary cancer care: a prospective study
Mehnert, A., & Koch, U. (2007) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1057 · Cited by 402
“The estimation of PTSD lifetime prevalence in those women was 9%, a number that corresponds with the PTSD lifetime prevalence rates of women in the general population [24,25].”
Background
The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands
de Vries, G., & Olff, M. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20429 · Cited by 390
Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones
Maeng, L. Y., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002 · Cited by 406
“These differences contribute to an overall worse quality of life for women suffering from anxiety disorders compared to men with these disorders (Breslau et al., 1998; Breslau, 2002; Frans et al., 2005; Holbrook et al., 2002; Kilpatrick et al., 2013; Perrin et al., 2014; Seedat et al., 2005).”
Background
Cumulative Traumas and Psychosis: an Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey
Shevlin, M., Houston, J. E., Dorahy, M. J., & Adamson, G. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm069 · Cited by 309
Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature
Zoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024 · Cited by 339
Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey
Darves‐Bornoz, J., Alonso, J., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Haro, J. M., Kovess–Masféty, V., Lépine, J., Nachbaur, G., Nègre‐Pagès, L., Vilagut, G., et al. (2008) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20357 · Cited by 308
Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem
Jackson, J. C., Hart, R. P., Gordon, S. M., Hopkins, R. O., Girard, T. D., & Ely, E. W. (2007) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc5707 · Cited by 256
“Data suggest that a majority of community-dwelling individuals have been exposed to at least one traumatic event during their lifetime [37] and that those individuals with chronic diseases such as HIV, diabetes, and musculoskeletal disorders (conditions common among ICU cohorts) have unusually high levels of trauma ex…”
Background
Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 267
“Consequently, the prevalence of PTSD exceeds that of the general population where lifetime prevalence of PTSD is approximately 6% to 8% (Breslau et al., 1998; Frans et al., 2005).”
Background
Psychological impact on SARS survivors: Critical review of the English language literature.
Gardner, P. J., & Moallef, P. (2014) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0037973 · Cited by 220
Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Ipser, J. C., & Stein, D. J. (2012) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711001209 · Cited by 216
“Depending on the nature of the trauma, approximately 5–9% of the general population go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a condition characterized by the experience of re-experiencing/intrusion, hyperarousal and avoidance/numbing symptoms (Breslau et al. 1998; Frans et al. 2005; Kessler et al. 2005).”
Background
The need for inclusion of psychological trauma in the professional curriculum: A call to action.
Courtois, C. A., & Gold, S. N. (2009) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0015224 · Cited by 217
The Trauma of Truth Telling: Effects of Witnessing in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts on Psychological Health
Brounéus, K. (2010) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002709360322 · Cited by 197
“…of theory and earlier research and tested and retested to determine their influence on the model (Breslau et al. 1998; Brewin, Andrews, and Valentine 2000; Frans et al. 2005; Green et al. 2000; Herman 2003; Mollica et al. 1998; Pham, Weinstein, and Longman 2004; Stein, Walker, and Forde 2000).”
Method
Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population
Perrin, M., Vandeleur, C. L., Castelao, E., Rothen, S., Glaus, J., Vollenweider, P., & Preisig, M. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0762-3 · Cited by 197
“However, the observation of strong associations between the type of exposure and sex in our data is consistent with the bulk of existing research, which documented more frequent exposure to sexual abuse [3, 9, 10, 13, 20] and crime [3, 17, 20] in women, but more frequent exposure to war [3, 7, 8, 10, 17, 20] and witne…”
Result
Mechanisms of estradiol in fear circuitry: implications for sex differences in psychopathology
Cover, K. K., Maeng, L. Y., Lebrón‐Milad, K., & Milad, M. R. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.67 · Cited by 196
The role of genes and environment on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A review of twin studies
Afifi, T. O., Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S. J., & Jang, K. L. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.002 · Cited by 210
Trauma and recent life events in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: Review and meta-analysis
Kraan, T. C., Velthorst, E., Smit, F., de Haan, L., & van der Gaag, M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.026 · Cited by 196
“Supporting this idea are the high co-morbidity rates consistently reported in UHR populations [36, 37] Apart from psychotic disorders, trauma during childhood has also been related to higher odds of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [38], addiction [39], and depression and anxiety disorder [40-42].”
Background
Elevated morning serum interleukin (IL)-6 or evening salivary cortisol concentrations predict posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents six months after a motor vehicle accident
Pervanidou, P., Kolaitis, G., Charitaki, S., Margeli, A., Ferentinos, S., Bakoula, C., Lazaropoulou, C., Papassotiriou, I., Tsiantis, J., & Chrousos, G. P. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.07.001 · Cited by 183
“6% in Sweden (Frans et al., 2005) and 21.”
An Updated Picture of the Mental Health Needs of Male and Female Prisoners in the UK: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Gender Differences
Tyler, N., Miles, H. L., Karadag, B., & Rogers, G. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01690-1 · Cited by 174
Trauma Type and Posttrauma Outcomes: Differences Between Survivors of Motor Vehicle Accidents, Sexual Assault, and Bereavement
Shakespeare‐Finch, J., & Armstrong, D. (2010) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020903373151 · Cited by 177
“For example, previous research examining PTSD symptoms in different groups of trauma survivors has found that PTSD symptoms are more prevalent in sexual assault survivors than motor vehicle accident survivors (Frans et al., 2005), and hence it was expected that this trend would be explicated in the present study.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Epigenetic modulation of glucocorticoid receptors in posttraumatic stress disorder
Labonté, B., Azoulay, N., Yerko, V, Turecki, G., & Brunet, A. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.3 · Cited by 162
Mental health and quality of life among asylum seekers and refugees living in refugee housing facilities in Sweden
Leiler, A., Bjärtå, A., Ekdahl, J., & Wasteson, E. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1651-6 · Cited by 155
Associations of pre-trauma attributes and trauma exposure with screening positive for PTSD: analysis of a community-based study of 2085 young adults
Parslow, R., Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. M. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006306 · Cited by 151
“One group of factors concerns the extent of the experience of trauma and the types of traumatic experience, for example, whether they result from an impersonal disaster affecting large numbers of individuals or from interpersonal violence (Breslau et al. 1995; Weiss et al. 1995; Bramsen et al. 2000; Ozer et al. 2003;…”
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder among parents of children on cancer treatment: a longitudinal study
Pöder, U., Ljungman, G., & von Essen, L. (2008) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1263 · Cited by 150
“* Correspondence to: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds v. 10 B, Uppsala Science Park, S-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden.”
BackgroundInfluential
Treating trauma in psychosis with EMDR: A pilot study
van den Berg, D. P. G., & van der Gaag, M. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.011 · Cited by 165
A vulnerability paradox in the cross-national prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder
Dückers, M., Alisic, E., & Brewin, C. R. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.176628 · Cited by 160
“16 and Denmark (adolescents: PTSD 7.7%, exposure 78%, vulnerability 28.5%).”
Influential
What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
Kun, P., Tong, X., Liu, Y., Pei, X., & Luo, H. (2013) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.018 · Cited by 141
The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Children and Adolescents Affected by Tsunami Disaster in Tamil Nadu
John, P. B., Russell, S., & Russell, P. S. S. (2007) · Disaster management & response · doi:10.1016/j.dmr.2006.11.001 · Cited by 136
Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: an overview of characteristics and treatment approaches
Böttche, M., Kuwert, P., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2725 · Cited by 131
“In general, older adults have been found to show lower lifetime PTSD prevalence rates than younger or middle‐aged adults (Frans et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2005; Spitzer et al., 2008; see Table 1).”
Background
Pharmacotherapy of PTSD: premises, principles, and priorities.
Ravindran, L. N., & Stein, M. B. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.037 · Cited by 153
“…Lifetime exposure to traumatic events is common with reported prevalence of up to 90% in some populations (Breslau et al., 2001; Bruce et al., 2001; Frans et al., 2005), yet it is only a fraction of those that develops the problematic cluster of symptoms comprising the syndrome of post-traumatic…”
Background
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China
Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Shi, Z., Shen, J., Li, M., & Xin, Y. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20439 · Cited by 129
Mental Health Problems in Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Kolaitis, G. A., Meentken, M. G., & Utens, E. M. W. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00102 · Cited by 124
Posttraumatic stress disorder among female street-based sex workers in the greater Sydney area, Australia
Roxburgh, A., Degenhardt, L. J., & Copeland, J. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-24 · Cited by 120
“There is also good evidence to suggest that females are at greater risk than males of developing PTSD following trauma [22, 23 ].”
Background
Suicide risk in people with post-traumatic stress disorder: A cohort study of 3.1 million people in Sweden
Fox, V., Dalman, C., Dal, H., Hollander, A., Kirkbride, J. B., & Pitman, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.009 · Cited by 140
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Across the Adult Lifespan: Findings From a Nationally Representative Survey
Reynolds, K., Pietrzak, R. H., Mackenzie, C. S., Chou, K., & Sareen, J. (2015) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.11.001 · Cited by 115
Longitudinal Determinants of Posttraumatic Stress in a Population-Based Cohort Study
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Hubbard, A., Cerdá, M., Goldmann, E., & Vlahov, D. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31815c1dbf · Cited by 113
Exposure to War-Related Traumatic Events, Prevalence of PTSD, and General Psychiatric Morbidity in a Civilian Population From Southern Lebanon
Farhood, L., Dimassi, H. I., & Lehtinen, T. (2006) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659606291549 · Cited by 113
“It also seems that the type of event experienced and the person’s perception of the event influence whether the disorder develops or not (Creamer, McFarlane, & Burgess, 2005; Frans et al., 2005; Norris et al., 2002).”
Background
Does time heal all wounds? A longitudinal study of the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of survivors of childhood cancer and bereaved parents
Ljungman, L., Hovén, E., Ljungman, G., Cernvall, M., & von Essen, L. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3856 · Cited by 109
Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event
Oglesby, M. E., Boffa, J. W., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.005 · Cited by 109
Trauma Associated With Civil Conflict and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence From the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress
Bunting, B. P., Ferry, F. R., Murphy, S., O’Neill, S. M., & Bolton, D. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21766 · Cited by 110
Comparison of two diagnostic systems for Complicated Grief
Forstmeier, S., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.013 · Cited by 110
“S. Forstmeier, A. Maercker / Journal of Affective Disorders 99 (2007) 203–211 209 institutions (e.g., Frans et al., 2005 ).”
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms in Swedish obstetricians and midwives after severe obstetric events: a cross‐sectional retrospective survey
Wahlberg, Å., Sachs, M. A., Johannesson, K. B., Hallberg, G., Jonsson, M., Svanberg, A. S., & Högberg, U. (2016) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14259 · Cited by 105
Firefighter suicide: Understanding cultural challenges for mental health professionals.
Henderson, S. N., Van Hasselt, V. B., LeDuc, T. J., & Couwels, J. (2016) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000072 · Cited by 105
Trauma, PTSD, and complex PTSD in the Republic of Ireland: prevalence, service use, comorbidity, and risk factors
Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Olff, M., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01912-x · Cited by 103
Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Ivarsson, D., Blom, M., Hesser, H., Carlbring, P., Enderby, P., Nordberg, R., & Andersson, G. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.03.002 · Cited by 102
“3% (Frans et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 1995), indicating that PTSD is a common problem after experiencing traumatic events.”
Background
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of interventions designed to decrease child abuse in high-risk families
Levey, E. J., Gelaye, B., Bain, P. A., Rondón, M. B., Borba, C. P. C., Henderson, D. C., & Williams, M. A. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.004 · Cited by 100
Traumatic events and their relative PTSD burden in Northern Ireland: A consideration of the impact of the ‘Troubles’
Ferry, F., Bunting, B., Murphy, S., O’Neill, S., Stein, D., & Koenen, K. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0757-0 · Cited by 96
“6 %) is notably higher than estimates from previous epidemiological studies [26].”
Result
Anatomical deficits in adult posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies
Meng, Y., Qiu, C., Zhu, H., Lama, S., Lui, S., Gong, Q., & Zhang, W. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.021 · Cited by 97
Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in physically injured victims of non-domestic violence
Johansen, V. A., Wahl, A., Eilertsen, D., & Weisæth, L. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0205-0 · Cited by 92
“6%, where the strongest risks were found to be associated with sexual and physical assault [21].”
Background
The Trajectory of Physical and Mental Health From Injury to 5 Years After Multiple Trauma: A Prospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study
Søberg, H. L., Finset, A., Røise, O., & Bautz‐Holter, E. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.050 · Cited by 94
Stress related disorders and subsequent risk of life threatening infections: population based sibling controlled cohort study
Song, H., Fall, K., Fang, F., Erlendsdóttir, H., Lu, D., Mataix‐Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., D'Onofrio, B. M., Lichtenstein, P., Gottfreðsson, M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l5784 · Cited by 101
Wistar–Kyoto rats as an animal model of anxiety vulnerability: Support for a hypervigilance hypothesis
McAuley, J. D., Stewart, A. L., Webber, E. S., Cromwell, H. C., Servatius, R. J., & Pang, K. C. H. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.05.036 · Cited by 94
“Risk factors that have been previously identified include individuals' sex, brain structure and neurochemical differences, psychiatric history, personality traits, exposure to previous events, and coping style [16,19-21,36,44,53, 60].”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Migraine
Peterlin, B. L., Tietjen, G. E., Brandes, J. L., Rubin, S. M., Drexler, E. D., Lidicker, J. R., & Meng, S. (2009) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01368.x · Cited by 93
“001).(9-12) In the most stringently defined PTSD group, PTSD1, the relative frequency of PTSD was significantly greater in CDH participants than in EM, with 22.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in public transportation workers – A randomized controlled trial
Högberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, Ö., Soares, J. J. F., Åberg‐Wistedt, A., Tärnell, B., & Hällström, T. (2007) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480601129408 · Cited by 89
Assessing traumatic event exposure: Comparing the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.
Peirce, J. M., Burke, C. K., Stoller, K. B., Neufeld, K. J., & Brooner, R. K. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0015578 · Cited by 88
Trauma-related drinking to cope: A novel approach to the self-medication model.
Hawn, S. E., Bountress, K. E., Sheerin, C. M., Dick, D. M., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000552 · Cited by 96
Factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in a prospective cohort of patients after abdominal sepsis: a nomogram
The Dutch Peritonitis Study Group, Boer, K. R., van Ruler, O., van Emmerik, A., Sprangers, M. A. G., de Rooij, S. E., Vroom, M. B., de Borgie, C. A. J. M., Boermeester, M. A., & Reitsma, J. B. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0941-3 · Cited by 90
“9% (the ESEMeD study) [7, 43, 44].”
Background
Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Outcome is stable in 35-month follow-up
Högberg, G., Pagani, M., Sundin, Ö., Soares, J. J. F., Åberg‐Wistedt, A., Tärnell, B., & Hällström, T. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019 · Cited by 86
“6% among men (Frans et al., 2005).”
Trauma Type and Gender Effects on PTSD, General Distress, and Peritraumatic Dissociation
Hetzel‐Riggin, M. D., & Roby, R. P. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.679119 · Cited by 84
PTSD in the elderly: the interaction between trauma and aging
Lapp, L. K., Agbokou, C., & Ferreri, F. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211000366 · Cited by 86
“, 2008), and Europe (Frans et al., 2005; de Vries and Olff, 2009) have reported rates between 4.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological Interventions for Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Outcomes
Swan, S., Keen, N., Reynolds, N., & Onwumere, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00341 · Cited by 83
“For the majority of individuals in the general adult population, one traumatic experience is likely to occur within their lifetime (Frans et al., 2005; Breslau, 2009).”
Background
Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of PTSD and Its Concomitants in Survivors of Interpersonal Assault
Galovski, T. E., Mott, J. M., Young‐Xu, Y., & Resick, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260510365865 · Cited by 82
Posttraumatic stress disorder 1 month after 2008 earthquake in China: Wenchuan earthquake survey
Wang, B., Ni, C., Chen, J., Liu, X., Wang, A., Shao, Z., Xiao, D., Cheng, H., Jiang, J., & Yan, Y. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.001 · Cited by 84
“, intensity, duration, degree of exposure, extent of damage, and losses sustained) (Brewin et al., 2000; Frans et al., 2005).”
Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Facial Injury: A 1-year Prospective Cohort Study
Glynn, S. M., Shetty, V., Elliot-Brown, K., Leathers, R. D., Belin, T. R., & Wang, J. (2007) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000231556.05899.b0 · Cited by 78
Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors 6 years after a natural disaster.
Arnberg, F., Bergh-Johannesson, K., & Michel, P. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.011 · Cited by 71
Mental health of workers and volunteers responding to events of 9/11: Review of the literature
Bills, C. B., Levy, N. A. S., Sharma, V., Charney, D. S., Herbert, R., Moline, J. M., & Katz, C. L. (2008) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.20026 · Cited by 78
Gender Differences in Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Displaced Zimbabweans in South Africa
Idemudia, E. S., William, J., Boehnke, K., & Wyatt, G. E. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment · doi:10.4172/2324-8947.1000110 · Cited by 76
“[3] study in which they found women more at risk than men.”
Background
Sex and age differences in ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: An analysis of four general population samples
McGinty, G., Fox, R. J., Ben‐Ezra, M., Cloître, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M. E., & Hyland, P. (2021) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2239 · Cited by 76
Psychiatric and Emotional Sequelae of Surgical Amputation
Cavanagh, S. R., Shin, L. M., Karamouz, N., & Rauch, S. L. (2006) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.47.6.459 · Cited by 74
Prevalence and predictors for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and general health in a population from six villages in South Lebanon
Farhood, L., & Dimassi, H. I. (2011) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0368-6 · Cited by 74
“Studies have found that female gender, low level of education, young age and having children are positively associated with PTSD [16, 22, 35, 45].”
Background
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, underlying affective vulnerabilities, and smoking for affect regulation
Mathew, A. R., Cook, J. W., Japuntich, S. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2014) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12170 · Cited by 74
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors Among Internally Displaced People in South Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Madoro, D., Kerebih, H., Habtamu, Y., tsadik, M. G., Mokona, H., Molla, A., Wondie, T., & Yohannes, K. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s267307 · Cited by 71
The prevalence and impact of trauma history in eating disorder patients
Backholm, K., Isomaa, R., & Birgegård, A. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.22482 · Cited by 71
“In a nationally representative study on trauma history in Sweden, Frans et al. (2005) reported that 83% (N 575) of adults between 18 and 34 years had been exposed to at least one PTE during their lifetime.”
Background
The impact of childhood abuse and combat‐related trauma on postdeployment adjustment
Fritch, A. M., Mishkind, M. C., Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20520 · Cited by 70
Psychological implications of admission to critical care
Pattison, N. (2005) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2005.14.13.18452 · Cited by 70
Memory, war, and trauma
Hunt, N. C. (2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-4174 · Cited by 69
Sexual Violence, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and the Pelvic Examination: How Do Beliefs About the Safety, Necessity, and Utility of the Examination Influence Patient Experiences?
Weitlauf, J. C., Frayne, S. M., Finney, J. W., Moos, R. H., Jones, S., Hu, K. U., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1673 · Cited by 67
PTSD Coach around the world
Kuhn, E. R., van der Meer, C. A. I., Owen, J. E., Hoffman, J. E., Cash, R., Carrese, P., Olff, M., Bakker, A., Schellong, J., Lorenz, P., et al. (2018) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2018.05.01 · Cited by 67
The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares
Nielsen, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00201 · Cited by 63
“If early adversity indeed foreshortens this boundary as the SAH-MI stipulates and if some of Rubin’s (80) participants had experienced prior adversity as might be expected from epidemiological studies (106, 107), then the estimated normal boundary of 3.”
Background
Association of trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bernhard, A., Martinelli, A., Ackermann, K., Saure, D., & Freitag, C. M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019 · Cited by 70
“Pooled estimates of event rates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated on the base of the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation (Freeman and Tukey, 1950; Miller, 1978) within a random effects model framework.”
Method
A Meta-Analysis of Parenting Practices and Child Psychosocial Outcomes in Trauma-Informed Parenting Interventions after Violence Exposure
Johnson, S. L., Elam, K. K., Rogers, A. A., & Hilley, C. D. (2018) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0943-0 · Cited by 65
SEX DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO RISK OF PTSD AND DEPRESSION: A REVIEW OF EXISTING EVIDENCE
Uddin, M., Sipahi, L., Li, J., & Koenen, K. C. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22167 · Cited by 66
“[9] Meta-analysis indicates that the risk of PTSD is equal in men and women following experiences of adult sexual assault;[11] yet since women in general are exposed to greater rates of sexual assault,[9, 20] it is plausible that this greater exposure rate accounts for at least some of the heightened risk of PTSD onse…”
BackgroundInfluential
Outcome of systemic and analytic group psychotherapy for adult women with history of intrafamilial childhood sexual abuse: a randomized controlled study
Lau, M. E., & Kristensen, E. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00977.x · Cited by 63
Conditional risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in an epidemiological study of a Brazilian urban population
Luz, M. P., Coutinho, E. S. F., Berger, W., Mendlowicz, M. V., Vilete, L. M. P., Mello, M. F., Quintana, M. I., Bressan, R. A., Andreoli, S. B., Mari, J. D. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.011 · Cited by 62
The relationship between glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms, stressful life events, social support, and post-traumatic stress disorder
Lian, Y., Xiao, J., Wang, Q., Ning, L., Guan, S., Ge, H., Li, F., & Liu, J. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0232-9 · Cited by 65
“This suggests that the heterogeneity of the effects of trauma could in part be mediated by several environmental risk factors, including pre-, peri-, and post-traumatic stressful life events [3-5].”
Background
Beyond bullying: Aggravating elements of peer victimization episodes.
Turner, H. A., David Finkelhor, B., Shattuck, A., Hamby, S. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000058 · Cited by 63
Female Victimization and Intimate Partner Violence After the May 12, 2008, Sichuan Earthquake
Chan, K. L., & Zhang, Y. (2011) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.26.3.364 · Cited by 63
Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Frijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B., Nawijn, L., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Bakker, F. C., Denys, D., et al. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-92 · Cited by 59
“90%) [1-4] and a 7-8% lifetime prevalence of PTSD [1,5],”
Background
Post-traumatic stress disorder: a psychiatric disorder requiring urgent attention
Du, J., Diao, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Gao, Y. F., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2022-0012 · Cited by 69
Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE): A Pilot Study in Alcohol-dependent Women
Persson, A., Back, S. E., Killeen, T. K., Brady, K. T., Schwandt, M. L., Heilig, M. A., & Magnusson, Å. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000286 · Cited by 58
“Here, we gave COPE, a manual-based type of integrated trauma-focused CBT for PTSD and SUD (Back et al., 2015), at an outpatient unit for women with AUD in Sweden, and evaluated its safety and feasibility.”
Influential
Serious life events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Norwegian population
Heir, T., Bonsaksen, T., Grimholt, T. K., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., Lerdal, A., & Schou‐Bredal, I. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.62 · Cited by 60
A latent class analysis of adolescent adverse life events based on a Danish national youth probability sample
Shevlin, M. E., & Elklit, A. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480801983992 · Cited by 56
Multiple and interpersonal trauma are risk factors for both post‐traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review on the traumatic backgrounds and clinical characteristics of comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder/borderline personality disorder groups versus single‐disorder groups
Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., & Albert, I. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12248 · Cited by 55

Authors: Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. ‐., Åberg, L., & Fredrikson, M.
Affiliations: Uppsala University (SE)
Dalarna University (SE)
Corresponding author: Frans, Ö.
ORCID: Fredrikson, M.
Venue: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-03
Volume: 111
Issue: 4
Pages: 291-290
ISSN: 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
1600-0447
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x
OpenAlex: W2139994007
Cited by: 580
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 26.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma exposure, lifetime prevalence, gender differences, sexual assault, physical assault, robbery, polytrauma, perceived distress, general population
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Crime, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Risk, Sex Offenses, Sex Ratio, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Sweden, Violence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Trauma exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the general population

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks