The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to use the meta‐analytic approach to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Twenty‐one studies with 109 effect sizes (ESs) met the inclusion criteria. Coding incorporated RPE scores obtained both during constant load exercise (n=89) and upon termination of exhausting exercise (n=20). In addition, when reported, the exercise performance ES was also computed (n=16). In comparison to placebo, caffeine reduced RPE during exercise by 5.6% (95% CI (confidence interval), −4.5% to −6.7%), with an equivalent RPE ES of −0.47 (95% CI, −0.35 to −0.59). These values were significantly greater (P<0.05) than RPE obtained at the end of exercise (RPE % change, 0.01%; 95% CI, −1.9 to 2.0%; RPE ES, 0.00, 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.17). In addition, caffeine improved exercise performance by 11.2% (95% CI; 4.6–17.8%). Regression analysis revealed that RPE obtained during exercise could account for ∼29% of the variance in the improvement in exercise performance. The results demonstrate that caffeine reduces RPE during exercise and this may partly explain the subsequent ergogenic effects of caffeine on performance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A., & Zvartau, E. E. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01396-6 · Cited by 2,624
Caffeine and Exercise: Metabolism, Endurance and Performance
Graham, T. E. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002 · Cited by 819
Adenosine, Adenosine Receptors and the Actions of Caffeine
Fredholm, B. B. (1995) · Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1995.tb00111.x · Cited by 597
Metabolic, Catecholamine, and Exercise Performance Responses to Various Doses of Caffeine
Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.867 · Cited by 488
Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance
Cox, G. R., Desbrow, B., Montgomery, P. G., Anderson, M. E., Bruce, C. R., Macrides, T. A., Martin, D. T., Moquin, A., Roberts, A., Hawley, J. A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2002 · Cited by 309
Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion
Graham, T. E., Hibbert, E., & Sathasivam, P. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.883 · Cited by 305 · cited 1×
“…Lindinger et al., 1993; Graham & Spriet, 1995; MacIntosh & Wright, 1995; Cole et al., 1996; Jackman et al., 1996; Bell et al., 1998; Doherty, 1998; Graham et al., 1998; Van Soeren & Graham, 1998; Anderson et al., 2000; Bruce et al., 2000; Bell & McLellan, 2002; Bell et al., 2002a, b; Cox et al.,…”
BackgroundExercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers
Bell, D. G., & McLellan, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2002 · Cited by 288 · cited 2×
“…Bell (2004), who were commenting on the predominant role of a reduction in RPE in providing the ergogenic effects of stimulants, such as caffeine, in the large number of studies they have performed in this area (Bell et al., 1998, 2001, 2002a, b; Bell & McLellan, 2002, 2003; Jacobs & Bell, 2004).”
BackgroundEffects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis
Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.6.626 · Cited by 263
Self-citationEffects of caffeine on neuromuscular function
Kalmar, J. M., & Cafarelli, E. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.801 · Cited by 249
Cited by
A Review of Caffeine’s Effects on Cognitive, Physical and Occupational Performance
McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001 · Cited by 840
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance
Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Taylor, L., Willoughby, D., Stout, J., Graves, B. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-5 · Cited by 686
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Caffeine and Exercise Performance
Guest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D. M., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 · Cited by 665
Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2015) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 · Cited by 613
“EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4102 48 mostly cross-over), placebo-controlled intervention studies which examined the effects of caffeine ingestion on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise (Doherty and Smith, 2005).”
BackgroundGrgic, J., Grgic, I., Pickering, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., & Pedisic, Z. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278 · Cited by 375
Effect of Caffeine on Sport-Specific Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review
Ganio, M. S., Klau, J. F., Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818b979a · Cited by 310
Southward, K., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K. J., & Ali, A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8 · Cited by 254
Human behavioral thermoregulation during exercise in the heat
Flouris, A. D., & Schlader, Z. J. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12349 · Cited by 249
Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Endurance Performance in Athletes
GUEST, N., COREY, P., VESCOVI, J., & EL-SOHEMY, A. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001596 · Cited by 231
Talking Yourself Out of Exhaustion: The Effects of Self-talk on Endurance Performance
BLANCHFIELD, A. W., HARDY, J., DE MORREE, H. M., STAIANO, W., & MARCORA, S. M. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000184 · Cited by 195
Effect of caffeine on the neuromuscular system — potential as an ergogenic aid
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2008) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h08-121 · Cited by 187
The Metabolic and Performance Effects of Caffeine Compared to Coffee during Endurance Exercise
Hodgson, A. B., Randell, R. K., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059561 · Cited by 172
Caffeine Supplementation and Multiple Sprint Running Performance
GLAISTER, M., HOWATSON, G., ABRAHAM, C. S., LOCKEY, R. A., GOODWIN, J. E., FOLEY, P., & MCINNES, G. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817a8ad2 · Cited by 163
The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance
Desbrow, B., Biddulph, C., Devlin, B., Grant, G. D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., & Leveritt, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.632431 · Cited by 130
Salinero, J. J., Lara, B., Abian-Vicen, J., Gonzalez-Millán, C., Areces, F., Gallo-Salazar, C., Ruiz-Vicente, D., & Del Coso, J. (2014) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514002189 · Cited by 131
Thinking and Action: A Cognitive Perspective on Self-Regulation during Endurance Performance
Brick, N. E., MacIntyre, T. E., & Campbell, M. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00159 · Cited by 131
“For example, manipulation of physiological (e.g., Tucker and Noakes, 2009), pharmacological (e.g., Doherty and Smith, 2005), and environmental (e.g., competitor presence; Corbett et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2015) variables have each been shown to impact self-paced endurance performance via a…”
BackgroundWhat Should We Do about Habitual Caffeine Use in Athletes?
Pickering, C., & Kiely, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0980-7 · Cited by 127
Lane, S. C., Hawley, J. A., Desbrow, B., Jones, A. M., Blackwell, J. R., Ross, M. L., Zemski, A. J., & Burke, L. M. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0336 · Cited by 108
Candow, D. G., Kleisinger, A. K., Grenier, S., & Dorsch, K. D. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a026c2 · Cited by 94
Caffeine and Physiological Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Meta-Analysis
Glaister, M., & Gissane, C. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0312 · Cited by 81
No effect of nutritional adenosine receptor antagonists on exercise performance in the heat
Cheuvront, S. N., Ely, B. R., Kenefick, R. W., Michniak-Kohn, B. B., Rood, J. C., & Sawka, M. N. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90812.2008 · Cited by 80
Lopes-Silva, J. P., Silva Santos, J. F. D., Branco, B. H. M., Abad, C. C. C., Oliveira, L. F. D., Loturco, I., & Franchini, E. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142078 · Cited by 75
Shen, J. G., Brooks, M. B., Cincotta, J., & Manjourides, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.022 · Cited by 75
Wang, Z., Qiu, B., Gao, J., & Del Coso, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010148 · Cited by 72
Induced Alkalosis and Caffeine Supplementation: Effects on 2,000-m Rowing Performance
Carr, A. J., Gore, C. J., & Dawson, B. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.357 · Cited by 72
Does caffeine added to carbohydrate provide additional ergogenic benefit for endurance?
Conger, S. A., Warren, G. L., Hardy, M. A., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2011) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.71 · Cited by 71
Kilding, A. E., Overton, C., & Gleave, J. (2012) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.175 · Cited by 64
Effects of coffee and caffeine anhydrous on strength and sprint performance
Trexler, E. T., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Roelofs, E. J., Hirsch, K. R., & Mock, M. G. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1085097 · Cited by 59
Energy Drinks Improve Five-Kilometer Running Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners
Prins, P. J., Goss, F. L., Nagle, E. F., Beals, K., Robertson, R. J., Lovalekar, M. T., & Welton, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001391 · Cited by 43
Effects of Six Weeks of Quercetin Supplementation on Physical Performance in ROTC Cadets
Bigelman, K. A., Fan, E. H., Chapman, D. P., Freese, E. C., Trilk, J. L., & Cureton, K. J. (2010) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00088 · Cited by 45
Cardiovascular and Ride Time-to-exhaustion Effects of an Energy Drink
Nelson, M. T., Biltz, G. R., & Dengel, D. R. (2014) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-2 · Cited by 41
Ramírez-Maldonado, M., Jurado-Fasoli, L., del Coso, J., R. Ruiz, J., & Amaro-Gahete, F. J. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00400-6 · Cited by 36
Caffeine Increases Whole-Body Fat Oxidation during 1 h of Cycling at Fatmax
Ruiz-Moreno, C., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., Amaro-Gahete, F. J., González-García, J., Giráldez-Costas, V., Pérez-García, V., & Del Coso, J. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02393-z · Cited by 36
Baba, Y., Inagaki, S., Nakagawa, S., Kobayashi, M., Kaneko, T., & Takihara, T. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051700 · Cited by 33
STADHEIM, H. K., STENSRUD, T., BRAGE, S., & JENSEN, J. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002704 · Cited by 33
Does Caffeine Increase Fat Metabolism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Conger, S. A., Tuthill, L. M., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2023) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0131 · Cited by 28
Effects of caffeine on time trial performance in sedentary men
Laurence, G., Wallman, K., & Guelfi, K. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.693620 · Cited by 27
Effects of caffeine on exercise performance in sedentary females.
(2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 25
Eaton, T. R., Potter, A., Billaut, F., Panchuk, D., Pyne, D. B., Gore, C. J., Chen, T.-T., McQuade, L., & Stepto, N. K. (2016) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0108 · Cited by 20
Clark, N. W., Herring, C. H., Goldstein, E. R., Stout, J. R., Wells, A. J., & Fukuda, D. H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082372 · Cited by 16
Souza, D., Casonatto, J., Poton, R., Willardson, J., & Polito, M. (2014) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2014.915832 · Cited by 16
Caffeine supplementation delays the fatigue through central nervous system modulation
Pereira, P. E., Motoyama, Y., Esteves, G. J., Oliveira, J. C., Pereira, R., Pandeló, D., & Azevedo, P. (2016) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-016-0281-1 · Cited by 10
Marinho, A. H., Lopes-Silva, J. P., Cristina-Souza, G., Sousa, F. A. D. B., Ataide-Silva, T., Lima-Silva, A. E., Araujo, G. G. D., & Silva‑Cavalcante, M. D. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104807 · Cited by 8
DOBASHI, K., FUKAZAWA, Y., KATAGIRI, A., ENOMOTO, Y., NISHIYASU, T., & FUJII, N. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003292 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-03-18
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 69-78
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W2136191926
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 24
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.