ANDROTEST: A structured interview for the screening of hypogonadism in patients with sexual dysfunction
Abstract
Introduction: Detecting hypogonadism, which is important in the general population, becomes crucial in patients with sexual dysfunctions, because hypogonadism can have a causal role for them and testosterone (T) substitution represents a milestone for the therapy. Aim: No inventories are available for the screening of hypogonadism in patients with sexual dysfunction. We wished to set up a brief structured interview providing scores useful for detecting hypogonadism defined as low total T (<10.4 nmol/L, 300 ng/dL) in a symptomatic population (sexual dysfunction). Methods: A minimum set of items was identified within a larger structured interview through iterative receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, with assessment of sensitivity and specificity for hypogonadism in a sample of 215 patients. Main Outcome Measures: Sensitivity and specificity were verified in a further sample of 664 patients. Correlation of test scores with prostate-specific antigen (PSA), testis volume, and others clinical and psychological parameters, was assessed for concurrent validity. Results: In the validation sample, the final 12-item version of the interview (ANDROTEST ©) had a sensitivity and specificity of 68% and 65%, in detecting low total T (<10.4 nmol/L) and of 71% and 65%, in the screening for low free T (<37 pmol/L). Furthermore, patients with a pathological test (i.e., score >8) showed higher prevalence of hypogonadism-related signs, such as lower testis volume and higher depressive symptoms. Finally, when only younger patients (<54 years, which represents the median age of the sample) were considered, Log10 [PSA] levels were significantly lower in those with ANDROTEST © score >8. Conclusion: ANDROTEST © is a quick and easy-to-administer interview that provides scores for the screening of male hypogonadism in patients with sexual dysfunction.
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The MMAS and ANDROTEST questionnaires have better specificity (53-65%) but lower sensitivity (60-71%).
“The MMAS and ANDROTEST questionnaires exhibit improved specificity (53–65%), with loss of overall sensitivity (60–71%).”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [114]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Corona, G., Mannucci, E., Petrone, L., Balercia, G., Fisher, A. D., Chiarini, V., Forti, G., & Maggi, M.
- Affiliations
- Ospedale Bellaria (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maggi, Mario
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Sexual Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-07-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 706-715
- ISSN
- 1743-6095 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-6109
- OpenAlex
- W2114691422
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Sexual Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Programmi di ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- male hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction, structured interviews, androgen deficiency, free testosterone, total testosterone, prostate-specific antigen, testicular volume, depressive symptoms, screening tool validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Androgens, Humans, Hypogonadism, Erectile Dysfunction, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Testosterone, Reproducibility of Results
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