Hypogonadism, ED, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a pathological link supporting cardiovascular diseases
Abstract
Hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction (ED), visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetS) often coexist in the same subjects. This cluster of abnormalities is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), affecting not only quality of life but also life expectancy. Longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that ED and male hypogonadism could be considered surrogate markers of incident CVD and MetS. However, how androgens signal fat depots and lessen them is still a matter of active research and whether or not low testosterone could play a pathogenetic role in CVD is still under debate. Hence, pathogenetic mechanisms linking hypogonadism with obesity and insulin resistance appear to be complex and often multi-directional. Visceral obesity can probably be considered a relevant cause of hypogonadism but at the same time, hypogonadism could be a cause of obesity and insulin resistance, consequently establishing a vicious cycle. To provide a critical analysis of these issues, a comprehensive literary search was carried out to discuss the relationship between insulin resistance ED, visceral adiposity, MetS and hypogonadism focusing on their possible involvement in the development of CVD.
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Low testosterone levels in obese adult or adolescent males further potentiate excess accumulation of fat mass.
“The low testosterone levels in the obese adult or adolescent males further potentiates excess accumulation of fat mass [64].”
From Bariatric surgery: remission of inflammation, cardiometabolic benefits, and common adverse effects (2020) · cites this paper as [64]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Corona, G., Mannucci, E., Forti, G., & Maggi, M.
- Affiliations
- Ospedale Bellaria (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maggi, M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Andrology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-11-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 587-598
- ISSN
- 0105-6263 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2605
- OpenAlex
- W2062498555
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, visceral fat, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, testosterone, androgens, diabetes risk, pathogenetic mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypogonadism, Erectile Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, Life Expectancy, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Obesity, Syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome, Adiposity
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