The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Disagreement as Evidence: The Epistemology of Controversy
Abstract
How much should your confidence in your beliefs be shaken when you learn that others – perhaps ‘epistemic peers’ who seem as well‐qualified as you are – hold beliefs contrary to yours? This article describes motivations that push different philosophers towards opposite answers to this question. It identifies a key theoretical principle that divides current writers on the epistemology of disagreement. It then examines arguments bearing on that principle, and on the wider issue. It ends by describing some outstanding questions that thinking about this issue raises.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Epistemology of Disagreement: The Good News
Christensen, D. (2007) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.1215/00318108-2006-035 · Cited by 970
Self-citationElga, A. (2007) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00656.x · Cited by 660
The Epistemic Significance of Disagreement
Kelly, T. (2005) · Oxford Studies In Epistemology · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199285891.003.0007 · Cited by 598
Peer Disagreement and Higher‐Order Evidence
Kelly, T. (2010) · Disagreement · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226078.003.0007 · Cited by 544
White, R. (2005) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1520-8583.2005.00069.x · Cited by 539
Reasonable Religious Disagreements
Feldman, R. (2007) · Philosophers without Gods · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195173079.003.0016 · Cited by 317
Disagreement, Question-Begging, and Epistemic Self-Criticism
Christensen, D. (2011) · Cited by 310
Self-citationIntellectual Trust in Oneself and Others
Foley, R. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511498923 · Cited by 274
Nominalism, Naturalism, Epistemic Relativism
Rosen, G. (2001) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/0029-4624.35.s15.4 · Cited by 244
How to Disagree about How to Disagree
Elga, A. (2010) · Disagreement · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226078.003.0008 · Cited by 217
Cited by
Friedman, J. (2017) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12137 · Cited by 294
YOU JUST BELIEVE THAT BECAUSE…1
White, R. (2010) · Philosophical Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1520-8583.2010.00204.x · Cited by 269
Epistemic dimensions of gaslighting: peer-disagreement, self-trust, and epistemic injustice
Spear, A. D. (2023) · Inquiry · doi:10.1080/0020174x.2019.1610051 · Cited by 97
“…against her trust in the gaslighter as an epistemic peer, bearing in mind that his calling into question of her cognitive faculties arguably provides at least some defeating evidence for her epistemic self-trust, evidence that she cannot reject in a non-circular fashion (Christenson 2009, 760).”
BackgroundWatson, L. (2016) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12316 · Cited by 39
The Value of Disagreement in AI Design, Evaluation, and Alignment
Fazelpour, S., & Fleisher, W. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3715275.3732146 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Christensen, D.
- Venue
- Philosophy Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 756-767
- ISSN
- 1747-9991 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079298969
- Cited by
- 431
- References
- 17
- FWCI
- 84.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Disagreement as Evidence: The Epistemology of Controversy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00237.x
- The paper
- Christensen, D. (2009). Disagreement as Evidence: The Epistemology of Controversy. Philosophy Compass. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00237.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.