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Cited by 79Bioenergy crop production and managementSoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsBiofuel production and bioconversion

Impacts of land use change due to biofuel crops on carbon balance, bioenergy production, and agricultural yield, in the conterminous U nited S tates

Open access
Qin, Zhangcai, Zhuang, Qianlai, Chen, Min·2012·GCB Bioenergy
DOI 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01129.x
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Abstract

Growing concerns about energy and the environment have led to worldwide use of bioenergy. Switching from food crops to biofuel crops is an option to meet the fast‐growing need for biofuel feedstocks. This land use change consequently affects the ecosystem carbon balance. In this study, we used a biogeochemistry model, the T errestrial E cosystem M odel, to evaluate the impacts of this change on the carbon balance, bioenergy production, and agricultural yield, assuming that several land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to biofuel crops of switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur. We found that biofuel crops have much higher net primary production (NPP) than soybean and wheat crops. When food crops from current agricultural lands were changed to different biofuel crops, the national total NPP increased in all cases by a range of 0.14–0.88 Pg C yr−1, except while switching from corn to switchgrass when a decrease of 14% was observed. Miscanthus is more productive than switchgrass, producing about 2.5 times the NPP of switchgrass. The net carbon loss ranges from 1.0 to 6.3 Tg C yr−1 if food crops are changed to switchgrass, and from 0.4 to 6.7 Tg C yr−1 if changed to Miscanthus. The largest loss was observed when soybean crops were replaced with biofuel crops. Soil organic carbon increased significantly when land use changed, reaching 100 Mg C ha−1 in biofuel crop ecosystems. When switching from food crops to Miscanthus, the per unit area croplands produced a larger amount of ethanol than that of original food crops. In comparison, the land use change from wheat to Miscanthus produced more biomass and sequestrated more carbon. Our study suggests that Miscanthus could better serve as an energy crop than food crops or switchgrass, considering both economic and environmental benefits.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Using the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model, this study simulates crop switching from corn, soybean, and wheat to switchgrass and Miscanthus across the conterminous United States. It finds that Miscanthus generally gives the highest biomass and ethanol production and can increase soil carbon, but most switches cause net ecosystem carbon loss and food-yield loss.

Key findings

  • Biofuel crops had higher NPP than soybean and wheat; Miscanthus produced about 2.5 times the NPP of switchgrass. National total NPP increased by 0.14–0.88 Pg C yr⁻¹ across scenarios, except corn-to-switchgrass, which decreased by 14%; soybean-to-switchgrass increased 82% and wheat-to-switchgrass increased 100%, while Miscanthus switches increased total NPP by 129–147%.
  • Land use change caused net carbon loss of 1.0–6.3 Tg C yr⁻¹ for switchgrass and 0.4–6.7 Tg C yr⁻¹ for Miscanthus, with the largest loss when soybean was replaced. Soil organic carbon increased to above 100 Mg C ha⁻¹ in biofuel crop ecosystems, versus 60 Mg C ha⁻¹ in food crop ecosystems.
  • For ethanol, Miscanthus yielded 2447 gal ha⁻¹, corn total 1805 gal ha⁻¹, and switchgrass 839 gal ha⁻¹. To reach 21 billion gallons of cellulosic ethanol in 2022, Miscanthus needed 8.6 M ha, corn total 11.6 M ha, and switchgrass 25.0 M ha.
  • Corn-to-switchgrass was the only scenario with net biomass loss (−90 g C m⁻²); corn lost the highest food yield (820 g m⁻²) and wheat the lowest (220 g m⁻²). The authors conclude wheat-to-Miscanthus is the most favorable scenario for energy, yield, and CO₂ reduction.

Methods

  • The process-based Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) was parameterized for corn, soybean, wheat, switchgrass, and Miscanthus using site-level climate and C/N flux and pool data.
  • Regional simulations used 1990s CRU climate, elevation, soil, and crop distribution data at 15′ × 15′ resolution; crop harvest areas were 30.9 M ha corn, 31.2 M ha soybean, and 23.8 M ha wheat.
  • Six land use change scenarios and nine simulations were run monthly from 1990 to 1999, then averaged; analyses estimated NPP, NEP, heterotrophic respiration, vegetation and soil carbon pools, food yield, harvestable biomass, ethanol production, and land requirements.

Limitations

  • The paper states that converting crop yield to NPP has limitations in how parameter values are chosen for each crop, and that future work should account for varying conversion efficiency, food preference, nitrogen oxide emissions from fertilizer, and crop harvest in life-cycle assessment.
  • The text makes evident that the analysis focuses on direct crop-switching scenarios and does not include indirect land use change, economic or social constraints, or a full life-cycle assessment.
  • The paper also notes that biomass conversion to second-generation biofuel is still new and relatively low in efficiency, though higher efficiency is expected.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01129.x

Cites

75 of 75 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 39 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    National average NEP was 2.6 g C m-2 yr-1 in wheat ecosystems.

    “with a national average NEP of 0.5, 2.6, and À6.7 g C m À2 yr À1 in soybean, wheat, and corn ecosystems, respectively (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among food crop ecosystems, corn has the highest NPP, either in harvest-area-averaged annual NPP or national total NPP.

    “Among the food crop ecosystems, corn has the highest NPP, either in the form of harvest area averaged annual NPP, or the national total NPP”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Soil organic carbon increased significantly when land use changed, reaching 100 Mg C ha-1 in biofuel crop ecosystems.

    “Soil organic carbon increased significantly when land use changed, reaching 100 Mg C ha À1 in biofuel crop ecosystems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur.
  • Findingown data

    Converting from food crops to Miscanthus increased total NPP from 129% to 147%.

    “Converting from food crops to Miscanthus increased the total NPP from 129% to 147% (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur.
  • Findingown data

    Net carbon loss ranges from 1.0 to 6.3 Tg C yr-1 if food crops are changed to switchgrass.

    “The net carbon loss ranges from 1.0 to 6.3 Tg C yr À1 if food crops are changed to switchgrass, and from 0.4 to 6.7 Tg C yr À1 if changed to Miscanthus.”
    • Also stated in: § Ecosystem carbon balance · plain
      “Nationally, land use change causes a net carbon loss of 1.0-6.3Tg C yr À1 when cropland is changed to switchgrass, and of 0.4-6.7 Tg C yr À1 if it is changed to Miscanthus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur.
  • May combine two claims. 31
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Switchgrass and Miscanthus have estimated average annual NPP of 620 and 1500 g C m-2 yr-1, respectively.

    “Switchgrass and Miscanthus have an estimated average annual NPP of 620 and 1500 g C m À2 yr À1 , respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Switching from soybeans to biofuel crops causes the highest ecosystem carbon loss of 20 g C m−2 yr−1, whereas the lowest loss is observed when switching from wheat to biofuels.

    “Specifically, switching from soybeans to biofuel crops causes the highest ecosystem carbon loss of 20 g C m À2 yr À1 , whereas the lowest loss is observed when switching from wheat to biofuels (Fig. 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Biofuel crop ecosystems of switchgrass and Miscanthus accumulate above 100 Mg C ha-1 in soils, almost double that of food crop ecosystems and close to that of natural forest ecosystems.

    “whereas the biofuel crop ecosystems of switchgrass and Miscanthus accumulate above 100 Mg C ha À1 in soils (Fig. 4b), which is almost double that of food crop ecosystems, and close to that of natural forest ecosystems (Heath et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heath et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For all land use change scenarios, the NEP differences are all negative, meaning a net loss of carbon at the ecosystem level.

    “For all land use change scenarios, the NEP differences are all negative, meaning a net loss of carbon at the ecosystem level (Fig. 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Switching from food crops to biofuel crops decreases annual NEP but increases soil carbon.

    “Switching from food crops to biofuel crops decreases annual NEP, but increases soil carbon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Miscanthus needs even less land for the same ethanol production, about a quarter of current corn fields, a quarter of current soybean fields, or one-third of current wheat fields.

    “Miscanthus needs even less land for the same purpose, about a quarter of the current corn fields, a quarter of the current soybean fields, or onethird of the current wheat fields (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 2022 cellulosic ethanol goal is 21 billion gallons.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Miscanthus provides significantly higher NPP than switchgrass, and even higher NPP than food crops like soybean and wheat.

    “In particular, Miscanthus provides significantly higher NPP than switchgrass, and even higher NPP than food crops like soybean and wheat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Miscanthus triples the bioenergy of switchgrass, with ethanol productivity of 2400 gal ha−1.

    “Miscanthus, owing to its high biomass productivity, triples the bioenergy of switchgrass, with the higher ethanol productivity of 2400 gal ha À1 (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Soil organic carbon content within 1 m soil depth is 60 Mg C ha-1 in food crop ecosystems, without significant differences among corn, soybeans, and wheat.

    “The soil organic carbon content within 1 m soil depth is 60 Mg C ha À1 in food crop ecosystems, without significant differences among corn, soybeans, and wheat”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Switchgrass has 0.9, 1.8, and 2.1 times the national average vegetation carbon when compared with corn, soybeans, and wheat, respectively.

    “Specifically, switchgrass has 0.9, 1.8, and 2.1 times national average vegetation C when compared with corn, soybeans, and wheat, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Miscanthus has even larger vegetation carbon pools, about twice that of corn and about five times that of soybeans or wheat.

    “Miscanthus has even larger vegetation C pools, which are about twice that of corn, and about five times that of soybeans or wheat (Fig. 4a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Corn needs only 12 M ha land to produce 21 billion gallons of ethanol, meaning about 40% of current corn fields could be enough to yield the same ethanol production.

    “However, corn needs only 12 M ha land, meaning that about 40% of current corn fields could be enough to yield the same ethanol production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 2022 cellulosic ethanol goal is 21 billion gallons.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    For the same cropland area, Miscanthus provides the highest ethanol production among three potential bioenergy feedstocks, switchgrass provides the lowest, and corn is in between.

    “For the same cropland area, Miscanthus provides the highest ethanol production among three potential bioenergy feedstocks, whereas switchgrass provides the lowest, and corn is in between.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    To reach the 2022 ethanol production goal, Miscanthus consumes much less land than corn, and especially less than switchgrass.

    “To reach the goal of ethanol production in 2022, it is important to consider that Miscanthus consumes much less land than corn, and especially less than switchgrass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Miscanthus produces more ethanol on a per unit area basis than corn or switchgrass, with only moderate carbon emissions at an ecosystem level compared with the soil carbon sequestration level.

    “Miscanthus produces more ethanol on a per unit area basis than corn or switchgrass, with only moderate carbon emissions at an ecosystem level compared with the soil carbon sequestration level.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    When wheat is replaced with biofuel crops, it releases relatively less carbon and loses a relatively small amount of food yield.

    “Wheat, on the contrary, can sequester a similar amount of soil carbon as soybeans, and when replaced with biofuel crops, release relatively less carbon and lose a relatively small amount of food yield.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to field experiments in Illinois, canopies of mature switchgrass and Miscanthus could intercept about 70% of photosynthetically active radiation, with PAR conversion efficiencies of about 1% and 3%, respectively.

    “According to the field experiments in Illinois, canopies of mature switchgrass and Miscanthus could intercept about 70% of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and with PAR conversion efficiencies of about 1% and 3%, respectively (Heaton et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heaton et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Higher biomass production does not necessarily mean higher energy production, as food crops have relatively higher energy conversion efficiencies.

    “Higher biomass production does not necessarily mean higher energy production, as food crops have relatively higher energy conversion efficiencies (Fargione et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fargione et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Soybeans and wheat produce much lower biomass than corn and offer no superior energy conversion efficiencies.

    “Soybeans and wheat are not included for ethanol production comparison, as they both produce much lower biomass than corn, and offer no superior energy conversion efficiencies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are numerous reports suggesting that switchgrass and Miscanthus have no response to nitrogen fertilization, or only to the first 50-70 kg ha-1, whereas corn responds to double or even triple the nitrogen demand.

    “There are numerous reports suggesting that switchgrass and Miscanthus have no response to N fertilization, or only to the first 50-70 kg ha À1 (Lewandowski et al., 2003), whereas corn responds to double or even triple the N demand (Fargione et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lewandowski et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fargione et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because heterotrophic respiration is higher than NPP, switchgrass and Miscanthus ecosystems become greater carbon sources.

    “leading to these ecosystems to become greater carbon sources (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Biofuel crops, especially Miscanthus, have much higher potential biomass production than food crops, and could provide a larger amount of feedstock for energy use.

    “Biofuel crops, especially Miscanthus, have much higher potential biomass production than food crops, and could provide a larger amount of feedstock for energy use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An energy output:input ratio of 8:51 was observed in cellulosic crop-based ethanol production, whereas only 4:14 was observed in cereal crop-based ethanol production.

    “An energy output: input ratio of 8 : 51 was observed in cellulosic crop-based ethanol production (Lewandowski & Schmidt, 2006;Scheffran & BenDor, 2009), whereas only 4 : 14 was observed in cereal crop-based ethanol production (Franzluebbers & Francis, 1995;Mandal et al., 2002;Rathke et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lewandowski & Schmidt, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Scheffran & BenDor, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Franzluebbers & Francis, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The conversion efficiency of dry mass to ethanol is 416 L Mg−1 for corn and 380 L Mg−1 for biomass.

    “The conversion efficiency of dry mass to ethanol is 416 L Mg À1 (110 Gal Mg À1 ) for corn, and 380 L Mg À1 (100 Gal Mg À1 ) for biomass (DOE, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites DOE, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cellulosic crops, especially Miscanthus, could maximize energy use efficiency and land use efficiency by replacing food crops.

    “Cellulosic crops, especially Miscanthus could maximize energy use efficiency and land use efficiency by replacing food crops.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The ethanol production of Miscanthus is reasonably lower than results derived from site-level observations due to nationwide averaged biomass production, but still comparable with Heaton et al. (2008).

    “Compared with results derived from site-level observations, the ethanol production of Miscanthus is reasonably lower due to the nationwide averaged biomass production, but still comparable with Heaton et al. (2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heaton et al. (2008)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Regional statistics were based on the crop harvest area such that crop rotations can be considered in the estimation.

    “The regional statistics were based on the crop harvest area such that crop rotations can be considered in the estimation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The high ethanol production of corn compared with switchgrass is explained by the high-energy conversion efficiency of corn grain and the low harvestable biomass of switchgrass.

    “This can be explained by the high-energy conversion efficiency of corn grain, and the low harvestable biomass of switchgrass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Crops are harvested every year, and the vegetation carbon pool size is almost the same as the annual NPP in agroecosystems.

    “Crops are harvested every year, and the vegetation C pool size is almost the same as the annual NPP in agroecosystems (Lu & Zhuang, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lu & Zhuang, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biofuel crops can use abandoned or degraded agricultural lands to produce bioenergy, leaving more croplands available for food crops.

    “Biofuel crops are also advantageous because they can use abandoned or degraded agricultural lands to produce bioenergy, leaving more croplands available for food crops (Fargione et al., 2010;Cai et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fargione et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cai et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Miscanthus is a promising energy crop and could provide a considerable amount of biomass for biofuel production.

    “Miscanthus is a promising energy crop, and could provide a considerable amount of biomass for biofuel production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soil carbon accumulation involved in land use change is not typically included in life-cycle analyses, but has a tremendous impact on carbon balance.

    “Soil carbon accumulation involved in land use change is not typically included in life-cycle analyses, but has a tremendous impact on carbon balance (Anderson-Teixeira et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anderson-Teixeira et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

32 of 32

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur.

    “assuming that several land use change scenarios from corn, soybean, and wheat to biofuel crops of switchgrass and Miscanthus will occur.”
    “By assuming that LULC changes from the food crops corn, soybeans, and wheat to the biofuel crops, switchgrass, and Miscanthus, in total, six land use change scenarios and nine simulations are included in the simulations.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Additional soil organic carbon can be stored for a certain sequestration time.

    “calculated by assuming that additional SOC can be stored for a certain sequestration time (West & Six, 2007;Qin & Huang, 2010).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The year-2000 crop distribution data are representative of crop distribution during the 1990s simulations.

    “The database contains crop distribution information of year 2000 for 175 distinct crops from around the world”
    “we first ran TEM to estimate C dynamics at a grid cell level at a monthly time step from 1990 to 1999”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All cellulosic ethanol comes from a sole crop.

    “Assuming all cellulosic ethanol comes from a sole crop, switchgrass needs 25 M ha land to produce 21 billion gallons of ethanol.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    After land use change, biofuel crop ecosystems can sequestrate extra SOC for 50 years.

    “Assuming that after the land use change, the biofuel crop ecosystems can sequestrate extra SOC for 50 years (West & Six, 2007;Qin & Huang, 2010), the SOC sequestration rate will be 80 g C m À2 yr À1 , which is even higher than that of recovering forest or grassland from agricultural lands (Post & Kwon, 2000).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 2022 cellulosic ethanol goal is 21 billion gallons.

    “Cropland area needed to produce 21 billion gallon ethanol in 2022.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Modeling studies suggested that converting croplands to cellulosic biofuel crops (e.g., switchgrass, Miscanthus) can potentially sequester 0.2-0.9 t C ha−1 year−1, depending on crop species and local environment.

    “Modeling studies suggested that converting croplands to cellulosic biofuel crops (e.g., swtichgrass, Miscanthus ) can potentially sequester 0.2 -0.9 t C ha 1 year 1 , depending on crop species and local environment (Qin et al. , 2012; Mishra et al. , 2013).”

    From Influence of spatially dependent, modeled soil carbon emission factors on life‐cycle greenhouse gas emissions of corn and cellulosic ethanol (2016) · cites this paper as Qin et al., 2012

    The 'Implications to carbon sequestration' section estimates that converting food crops to switchgrass or Miscanthus increases soil carbon, with an assumed sequestration rate of 0.8 t C ha−1 year−1 over 50 years. It reports a net carbon-balance range of approximately 0.67–0.95 t C ha−1 year−1 across crop-switching scenarios, but does not support the claimed lower bound of 0.2 or attribute that range to local environment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • LUC GHG emissions are highly uncertain due to large uncertainties in CGE modelling, aboveground carbon data, and SOC content data.

    “LUC GHG emissions are also highly uncertain [14] due to large uncertainties in CGE modelling, aboveground carbon data, and SOC content data [15].”

    From Land-use change and greenhouse gas emissions from corn and cellulosic ethanol (2013) · cites this paper as [15]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Miscanthus NPP increase is outside the stated range

    Major

    The stated 129%-147% increase does not match Table 2. Its national totals rise from 396.9 to 1278.6 Tg C yr À1 when all three crops are replaced with Miscanthus-an increase of about 222%.

  • Wheat-to-switchgrass NPP increase is not 100%

    Minor

    Table 2 gives wheat totals of 65.7 before replacement and 141.4 Tg C yr À1 afterward. That is an increase of about 115%, rather than 100%.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Evans G, 2007, International Biofuels Strategy Project: Liquid Transport Biofuels ‐ Technology Status Report
  2. IEA bioenergy, 2008, From 1st‐ to 2nd‐Generation Biofuel Technologies: an Overview of Current Industry and RD&D Activities (A Joint Task 39 and IEAHQ Report)
  3. U.S.DA, 2007, Major Land Uses

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Qin, Z., Zhuang, Q., & Chen, M.
Affiliations
Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
Corresponding author
Qin, Zhangcai
ORCID
Venue
GCB Bioenergy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2011-10-09
Volume
4
Issue
3
Pages
277-288
ISSN
  • 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
  • 1757-1707
DOI
10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01129.x
OpenAlex
W2135805389
Cited by
79
References
75
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
FWCI
21.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1028291, 0630319)
  • U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-08ER64599)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • Purdue University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
Keywords
land use change, energy crops, switchgrass, Miscanthus, carbon balance, net primary productivity, soil organic carbon, bioenergy production, ethanol, agricultural yields, food crops, Terrestrial Ecosystem Model

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