Soil carbon sequestration and land use change associated with biofuel production: empirical evidence
Open accessAbstract
Soil organic carbon ( SOC ) change can be a major impact of land use change ( LUC ) associated with biofuel feedstock production. By collecting and analyzing data from worldwide field observations of major LUC s from cropland, grassland, and forest to lands producing biofuel crops (i.e. corn, switchgrass, Miscanthus , poplar, and willow), we were able to estimate SOC response ratios and sequestration rates and evaluate the effects of soil depth and time scale on SOC change. Both the amount and rate of SOC change were highly dependent on the specific land transition. Irrespective of soil depth or time horizon, cropland conversions resulted in an overall SOC gain of 6–14% relative to initial SOC level, while conversion from grassland or forest to corn (without residue removal) or poplar caused significant carbon loss (9–35%). No significant SOC changes were observed in land converted from grasslands or forests to switchgrass, Miscanthus, or willow. The SOC response ratios were similar in both 0–30 and 0–100 cm soil depths in most cases, suggesting SOC changes in deep soil and that use of top soil only for SOC accounting in biofuel life cycle analysis ( LCA ) might underestimate total SOC changes. Soil carbon sequestration rates varied greatly among studies and land transition types. Generally, the rates of SOC change tended to be the greatest during the 10 years following land conversion and had declined to approach 0 within about 20 years for most LUC s. Observed trends in SOC change were generally consistent with previous reports. Soil depth and duration of study significantly influence SOC change rates and so should be considered in carbon emission accounting in biofuel LCA . High uncertainty remains for many perennial systems and forest transitions, additional field trials, and modeling efforts are needed to draw conclusions about the site‐ and system‐specific rates and direction of change.
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Losses or gains in soil carbon are sensitive to the initial land condition.
“As shown in McCalmont et al. (2018) soil N2O emissions connected to cultivation disturbances are strongly driven by the legacy of the previous crop species, and losses or gains in soil carbon are also sensitive to the initial land condition (Qin et al., 2016; Richards et al., 2017) suggesting a case for LCA studies to attribute conversion period greenhouse gas emissions to the previous crop and”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to <i>Miscanthus</i> on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Qin et al., 2016
Land-use change from arable crop production to Miscanthus generally shows an increase or no change in SOC, whereas Miscanthus plantations have lower or similar SOC when compared to grassland controls.
“Land‐use change from arable crop production to Miscanthus generally shows an increase or no change in SOC, whereas, in contrast, it has been found that Miscanthus plantations have lower or similar SOC when compared to grassland controls (Qin, Dunn, Kwon, Mueller, & Wander, 2016).”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to <i>Miscanthus</i> on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Qin, Dunn, Kwon, Mueller, & Wander, 2016
Both Rowe et al. (2016) and Qin et al. (2016) conclude that taken over the whole 1 m soil profile SOC was not significantly lost.
“However, both studies conclude that taken over the whole 1 m soil profile SOC was not significantly lost.”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to <i>Miscanthus</i> on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Qin et al., 2016
In empirical studies sampling to 1 m across a range of soil types, Rowe et al. (2016) found significant SOC losses only in the top 30 cm, whereas Qin et al. (2016) found SOC was generally increased in the top 30 cm.
“In empirical studies that sampled soils to a depth of 1 m across a range of soil types, Rowe et al. (2016) found that significant SOC losses were only found in the top 30 cm, whereas Qin et al. (2016) found SOC was generally increased in the top 30 cm.”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to <i>Miscanthus</i> on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Qin et al., 2016
Qin et al. (2016) found no overall change in SOC in relation to grassland to Miscanthus conversions, with CIs ranging from −9% to +21% for the mean of five datasets reflecting the change in SOC in Miscanthus crops >10 years.
“The contrasting results for the different sites within Rowe et al. (2016), along with the results of this study, show that significant losses in SOC can occur, and while Qin et al., (2016) found no overall change in SOC in relation to grassland to Miscanthus conversions, CIs ranged from −9% to +21% (for the mean of five datasets reflecting the change in SOC in Miscanthus crops >10 years).”
From Measured and modelled effect of land‐use change from temperate grassland to <i>Miscanthus</i> on soil carbon stocks after 12 years (2019) · cites this paper as Qin et al., 2016
Land use change is a critical factor determining GHG emissions.
“Among many factors determining GHG emissions, land use change is very critical.”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [68]
Land use change can occur during the biomass production stage and alter carbon stocks in vegetation and soil.
“It can occur during the biomass production stage and alter carbon stocks in vegetation and soil [67,68].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [68]
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“…are strongly driven by the legacy of the previous crop species, and losses or gains in soil carbon are also sensitive to the initial land condition (Qin et al., 2016; Richards et al., 2017) suggesting a case for LCA studies to attribute conversion period greenhouse gas emissions to the previous…”
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“For switch-grass, literature estimates vary from 12 to 32.37 g CO 2 e MJ − 1 of ethanol, 22,24,64 whereas estimates from our study ranged from 6.5 to 29.4 g CO 2 e MJ − 1 for biopower and bioethanol.”
Influential
- Authors
- Qin, Z., Dunn, J. B., Kwon, H., Mueller, S., & Wander, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- International Food Policy Research Institute (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Qin, Zhangcai
- Dunn, Jennifer B.
- Venue
- GCB Bioenergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-03-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 66-80
- ISSN
- 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-1707
- OpenAlex
- W2100288543
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 16.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
- IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DE‐AC02‐06CH11357)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Keywords
- soil organic carbon, carbon sequestration, land use change, biofuel feedstock, cropland conversion, grassland conversion, forest conversion, switchgrass, Miscanthus, poplar, willow, maize, soil depth, carbon emission accounting, perennial energy crops
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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