Self-recognition deficits in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations: A meta-analysis of the literature
Open accessAbstract
Theories about auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia suggest that these experiences occur because patients fail to recognize thoughts and mental events as self-generated. Different theoretical models have been proposed about the cognitive mechanisms underlying auditory hallucinations. Regardless of the cognitive model being tested, however, experimental designs are almost identical in that they require a judgment regarding whether an action was self-originated or not. The aim of the current study was to integrate all available literature for a meta-analysis on this topic and reach conclusions about self-recognition performance in (1) patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls and (2) patients with auditory hallucinations compared with patients without these symptoms. A comprehensive literature review identified 23 studies that contrasted the performance of schizophrenia patients with healthy controls (1370 participants) and 9 studies that directly compared patients with and without auditory hallucinations (315 participants). We found significantly reduced self-recognition performance in schizophrenia patients, which was more pronounced in patients with auditory hallucinations compared with patients without. In patients with hallucinations, this pattern of performance was specific to self-recognition processes and not to the recognition of new external information. A striking finding was the homogeneity in results across studies regardless of the action moda…
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Cognitive studies have demonstrated self- and source-monitoring deficits in individuals who experience AVHs, supporting the inner speech model.
“This model has received some support from cognitive studies demonstrating self- and source-monitoring deficits in individuals who experience AVHs (Brookwell, Bentall, & Varese, 2013; Waters, Woodward, Allen, Aleman, & Sommer, 2012).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Waters, Woodward, Allen, Aleman, & Sommer, 2012
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“…robust findings in Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org August 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 11294 relation to hallucinations; for example, Waters et al. (2012b) have presented meta-analytic evidence that source monitoring/selfrecognition is impaired in patients with schizophrenia, and…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
- Authors
- Waters, F., Woodward, T., Allen, P., Aleman, A., & Sommer, I.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- King's College London (GB)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Waters, Flavie
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 741-750
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC3406529
- OpenAlex
- W2117190482
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- self-recognition, auditory hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Hallucinations, Humans, Schizophrenia, Self Concept, Case-Control Studies
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