Effects of garlic oil, nitrate, saponin and their combinations supplemented to different substrates on in vitro fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis, and abundance and diversity of microbial populations
Abstract
AIMS: To investigate the effect of garlic oil (G), nitrate (N), saponin (S) and their combinations supplemented to different forage to concentrate substrates on methanogenesis, fermentation, diversity and abundances of bacteria and Archaea in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was conducted in an 8 × 2 factorial design with eight treatments and two substrates using mixed ruminal batch cultures obtained. Quillaja S (0·6 g l(-1) ), N (5 mmol l(-1) ) and G (0·27 g l(-1) ) were used separately or in binary and tertiary combinations. The two substrates contained grass hay and a dairy concentrate mixture at a 70 : 30 (high-forage substrate) ratio or a 30 : 70 (high-concentrate substrate) ratio. Ruminal fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial populations were affected by interaction between substrate and anti-methanogenic compounds. The inhibitor combinations decreased the methane production additively regardless of substrate. For the high-concentrate substrate, S decreased methane production to a greater extent, so did G and N individually for the high-forage substrate. Feed degradability and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were not decreased by any of the treatments. Fibre degradability was actually improved by N+S for the high-forage substrate. VFA concentrations and profiles were affected differently by different anti-methanogenic inhibitors and their combinations. All treatments inhibited the growth of Archaea, but the effect on Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens varied. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that substrate influences the efficacy of these inhibitors when they are used separately, but in combinations, they can lower methanogenesis additively without much influence from the substrate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The presented research provided evidence that binary and tertiary combination of garlic oil, nitrate and saponin can lower the methane production additively without adversely impacting rumen fermentation and degradability, and forage to concentrate ratio does not change the above effects. These anti-methanogenic inhibitors in combination may have practical application to mitigate methane emission from ruminants.
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A combination of garlic oil, nitrate, and saponins can additively lower CH4 emission with similar rumen fermentation and degradability.
“Studies have shown that a combination of garlic oil, nitrate, and saponins can additively lower CH4 emission with similar rumen fermentation and degradability (163).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [163]
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- Authors
- Patra, A. K., & Yu, Z.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patra, A.K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-05-01
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 127-138
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977141405
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 8.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive (2012-67015-19437)
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
- BOYSCAST fellowship
- Department of Science and Technology, India
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- garlic oil, nitrate, saponins, ruminal methanogenesis, methane mitigation, rumen fermentation, forage to concentrate ratio, volatile fatty acids, rumen bacteria, rumen archaea, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus, Quillaja saponin, ruminant methane emissions
- MeSH terms
- Allyl Compounds, Animals, Animal Feed, Archaea, Bacteria, Cattle, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Fermentation, Methane, Models, Biological, Nitrates, Rumen, Saponins, Sulfides, Dietary Supplements, Quillaja, Biodiversity
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