Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations
Open accessAbstract
Five essential oils (EOs), namely, clove oil (CLO), eucalyptus oil (EUO), garlic oil (GAO), origanum oil (ORO), and peppermint oil (PEO), were tested in vitro at 3 different doses (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 g/liter) for their effect on methane production, fermentation, and select groups of ruminal microbes, including total bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, archaea, and protozoa. All the EOs significantly reduced methane production with increasing doses, with reductions by 34.4%, 17.6%, 42.3%, 87%, and 25.7% for CLO, EUO, GAO, ORO, and PEO, respectively, at 1.0 g/liter compared with the control. However, apparent degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber also decreased linearly with increasing doses by all EOs except GAO. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids were not affected by GAO, EUO, or PEO but altered linearly and quadratically by CLO and ORO, respectively. All the EOs also differed in altering the molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. As determined by quantitative real-time PCR, all the EOs decreased the abundance of archaea, protozoa, and major cellulolytic bacteria (i.e., Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and R. albus) linearly with increasing EO doses. On the basis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, different EOs changed the composition of both archaeal and bacterial communities to different extents. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was reduced for archaea by all EOs in a dose-dependent manner but increased for bacteria at low and medium doses (0.25 and 0.50 g/liter) for all EOs except ORO. Due to the adverse effects on feed digestion and fermentation at high doses, a single EO may not effectively and practically mitigate methane emission from ruminants unless used at low doses in combinations with other antimethanogenic compounds.
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Plant secondary metabolites have shown significant manipulation of the rumen microflora leading to a shift in fermentation dynamics and milk production in lactating animals.
“Despite the sustainability of functional redundancy in the rumen microbiome, plant secondary metabolites have shown significant manipulation of the rumen microflora leading to a shift in fermentation dynamics and milk production in lactating animals (29, 31, 145–147).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [145]
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- Authors
- Patra, A. K., & Yu, Z.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2012-06-15
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4271-4280
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC3370521
- OpenAlex
- W2172120066
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 30.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ohio State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Keywords
- essential oils, rumen fermentation, methane mitigation, ruminant methane emissions, rumen archaea, rumen protozoa, cellulolytic bacteria, volatile fatty acids, dry matter degradability, microbial community diversity, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, garlic oil, peppermint oil, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Archaea, Bacteria, Cell Count, Fermentation, Methane, Oils, Volatile, Parasites, Rumen, Bacterial Load
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