Insulin Action in the Human Brain: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies

Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System

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Insulin Action in Brain Regulates Systemic Metabolism and Brain Function

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Processing of food pictures: Influence of hunger, gender and calorie content

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Altered hypothalamic function in response to glucose ingestion in obese humans.

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A 4 year follow-up study of cognitive functioning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes

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The cerebrocortical response to hyperinsulinemia is reduced in overweight humans: A magnetoencephalographic study

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Sex and ApoE Genotype Differences in Treatment Response to Two Doses of Intranasal Insulin in Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's Disease

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Enhancement of Vasoreactivity and Cognition by Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes

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The Effect of Insulin on In Vivo Cerebral Glucose Concentrations and Rates of Glucose Transport/Metabolism in Humans

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No effect of insulin on glucose blood-brain barrier transport and cerebral metabolism in humans.

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Functional MRI of human hypothalamic responses following glucose ingestion

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Evidence for altered transport of insulin across the blood–brain barrier in insulin-resistant humans

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Insulin Modulates Food-Related Activity in the Central Nervous System

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Intranasal administration of insulin to the brain impacts cognitive function and peripheral metabolism

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Variation in the FTO gene locus is associated with cerebrocortical insulin resistance in humans

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(Still) longing for food: Insulin reactivity modulates response to food pictures

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Energy regulatory signals and food reward

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Intranasal Insulin Modulates Intrinsic Reward and Prefrontal Circuitry of the Human Brain in Lean Women

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Nasal insulin changes peripheral insulin sensitivity simultaneously with altered activity in homeostatic and reward-related human brain regions

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Intranasal insulin increases regional cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex in men independently of cortisol manipulation

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Oral glucose intake inhibits hypothalamic neuronal activity more effectively than glucose infusion

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Glucose Ingestion Fails to Inhibit Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Vidarsdóttir, S., Smeets, P. A. M., Eichelsheim, D. L., van Osch, M. J. P., Viergever, M. A., Romijn, J. A., van der Grond, J., & Pijl, H. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0193 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Differential effect of glucose ingestion on the neural processing of food stimuli in lean and overweight adults

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High cerebral insulin sensitivity is associated with loss of body fat during lifestyle intervention

Tschritter, O., Preissl, H. T., Hennige, A. M., Sartorius, T., Štingl, K., Heni, M., Ketterer, C., Stefan, N., Machann, J., Schleicher, E., et al. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2309-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works

The Insulin-Mediated Modulation of Visually Evoked Magnetic Fields Is Reduced in Obese Subjects

Guthoff, M., Stingl, K. T., Tschritter, O., Vidaković, M. R., Heni, M., Štingl, K., Hallschmid, M., Häring, H., Fritsche, A., Preissl, H. T., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019482 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

POSITIVE AFFECT MODULATES ACTIVITY IN THE VISUAL CORTEX TO IMAGES OF HIGH CALORIE FOODS

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The Insulin Effect on Cerebrocortical Theta Activity Is Associated with Serum Concentrations of Saturated Nonesterified Fatty Acids

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Insulin Modulation of Magnetoencephalographic Resting State Dynamics in Lean and Obese Subjects

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Differential effects of intranasal insulin and caffeine on cerebral blood flow

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An Obesity Risk SNP (rs17782313) near theMC4RGene Is Associated with Cerebrocortical Insulin Resistance in Humans

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Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans

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Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences

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Insulin Resistance as a Link between Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer’s Disease

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Liraglutide promotes improvements in objective measures of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with mood disorders: A pilot, open-label study

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Brain functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging of obesity and weight loss interventions

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Hypothalamic and Striatal Insulin Action Suppresses Endogenous Glucose Production and May Stimulate Glucose Uptake During Hyperinsulinemia in Lean but Not in Overweight Men

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Insulin signalling in tanycytes gates hypothalamic insulin uptake and regulation of AgRP neuron activity

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Interactions between metabolic, reward and cognitive processes in appetite control: Implications for novel weight management therapies

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Intranasal insulin enhances brain functional connectivity mediating the relationship between adiposity and subjective feeling of hunger

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The interface of depression and diabetes: treatment considerations

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Dose-Dependent Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Resting-State Brain Activity

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Insulin action in the brain: Roles in energy and glucose homeostasis

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Roles for osteocalcin in brain signalling: implications in cognition- and motor-related disorders

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State of the science on brain insulin resistance and cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease

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The insulin resistant brain: impact on whole-body metabolism and body fat distribution

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Altered Odor-Induced Brain Activity as an Early Manifestation of Cognitive Decline in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

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Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase

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A review of brain insulin signaling in mood disorders: From biomarker to clinical target

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Hypothalamic Networks in Adolescents With Excess Weight: Stress-Related Connectivity and Associations With Emotional Eating

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Hippocampal subfields atrophy contribute more to cognitive impairment in middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes rather than microvascular lesions

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Intranasal insulin administration decreases cerebral blood flow in cortico‐limbic regions: A neuropharmacological imaging study in normal and overweight males

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Dissociation of GLP-1 and insulin association with food processing in the brain: GLP-1 sensitivity despite insulin resistance in obese humans

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Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis

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The Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Study of Appetite and Obesity

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Origins of Brain Insulin and Its Function

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Neural Food Reward Processing in Successful and Unsuccessful Weight Maintenance

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Molecular imaging of diabetes and diabetic complications: Beyond pancreatic β-cell targeting

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The Obese Brain—Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Energy Balance Neurocircuitry

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Lost in Translation? On the Need for Convergence in Animal and Human Studies on the Role of Dopamine in Diet-Induced Obesity

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Type 3 Diabetes: Linking Insulin Resistance to Cognitive Decline

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Nasal insulin administration does not affect hepatic glucose production at systemic fasting insulin levels

Plomgaard, P., Hansen, J. S., Ingerslev, B., Clemmesen, J. O., Secher, N. H., van Hall, G., Fritsche, A., Weigert, C., Lehmann, R., Häring, H., et al. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13615 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Cognitive impairment in diabetes and poor glucose utilization in the intracellular neural milieu

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Brain response to food odors is not associated with body mass index and obesity-related metabolic health measures

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Plasma copeptin and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with bipolar disorder

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Insulin resistance is associated with smaller brain volumes in a preliminary study of depressed and obese children

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Alterations in ventral attention network connectivity in individuals with prediabetes

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Metabolic pathways in the periphery and brain: Contribution to mental disorders?

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Hierarchical glucocorticoid-endocannabinoid interplay regulates the activation of the nucleus accumbens by insulin

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Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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Neurometabolic and Neuroinflammatory Consequences of Obesity: Insights into Brain Vulnerability and Imaging-Based Biomarkers

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Glycemic control level alters working memory neural dynamics in adults with type 2 diabetes

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Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia effects on anterior cingulate cortex myoinositol—relation to brain network functional connectivity in healthy adults

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Reduced gray matter volume in the default-mode network associated with insulin resistance

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Appetite as Motivated Choice

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Peripheral insulin administration enhances the electrical activity of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones in vivo

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The Depressed Heart

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Response to Comment on Heni et al. Central Insulin Administration Improves Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity via Hypothalamus and Parasympathetic Outputs in Men. Diabetes 2014;63:4083–4088

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Current state of the use of neuroimaging techniques to understand and alter appetite control in humans

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Differential impact of glycemic control and comorbid conditions on the neurophysiology underlying task switching in older adults with type 2 diabetes

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Metabolic Drivers of Alzheimer’s Disease: Integrating brain Hypometabolism, insulin Resistance, and systemic dysregulation

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Omics-driven strategies for identifying biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

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Brain Insulin Resistance in Neurological Disorders of Various Genesis: Current State and Treatment Approaches

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Insulin Resistance-related Gray Matter Volume Reduction is Associated with the Default Mode Network

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The weight of stigma: pressures for a healthy weight from health professionals can predict binge eating symptoms through the mediation of internalised weight stigma

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Insulin resistance and the risk of incident depression: the role of age, glycemic status, and adiposity in a prospective cohort study

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Central cytometabolic functional vascular coupling in health and disease

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Association between metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, inflammation and cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia: a cross-sectional analysis

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Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Nutraceutical Interventions

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Comparative Evaluation of Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Radiological Parameters in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Obesity is linked to impaired sensorimotor synchronization during walking but not tapping

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Morphological changes in the brain of the wistar rats after insulin injection during and after stress

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Função cognitiva, comportamento alimentar e neuroimagem em obesos: uma revisão sistemática

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Prolonged latency of the gustatory evoked potentials for sucrose solution in subjects living with obesity compared with normal-weight subjects

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Electro/magnetoencephalographic signatures of human brain insulin resistance

Hege, M. A., Kullmann, S., Heni, M., Schleger, F., Linder, K., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Effects of Insulin on Brain Functioning in Postmenopausal Women

Searles, S. (2016) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)

Investigations of the Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission: A Focus on Adaptive Thermogenesis

Corley, B. (2019) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)

Bedeutung der Insulinwirkung im menschlichen Gehirn – Bertram-Preis 2019 – eine Kurzübersicht des Preisträgers Martin Heni

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DIABETES MELLITUS: THE MODERN STATE OF THE ISSUE (PART 2)

Sharofova, M. U., Самаровна, С. Ш., & Yusuf, S. D. (2019) · Avicenna Bulletin · doi:10.25005/2074-0581-2019-21-4-661-674

Brain activations show association with subsequent endocrine responses to oral glucose challenge in a satiation-level dependent manner

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Cucurbitacin E Modulates the PI3K/AKT Pathway and Ameliorate Prefrontal Cortex Pathology in Streptozocin-induced Diabetic RatsPreprint

Abayomi, T. A., Olaniyan, O., Tokunbo, O. S., Abayomi, O. A., Obembe, O. O., Benson, I., Osuntokun, S., & Ilesanmi, D. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3674207/v1

Brain insulin resistance in neurological disorders of various genesis: current state and treatment approaches

Zorina, I. I., & Shpakov, A. O. (2024) · Нейрохимия · doi:10.31857/s1027813324030011

Insulin Resistance and Leptin Dysregulation Impact In Vivo Brain Structure and Cognitive Functioning in Mood Disorders: A Multimodal Partial Least Squares Path Modeling Study

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Repenser la désinhibition alimentaire dans l’obésité, sous l’angle de l’hypothèse de l’addiction à l’alimentation

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Probabilistic Cerebral Blood Flow Trajectories Across the Adult Lifespan Using Quantitative [ 15 O]Water PETPreprint

Johansson, J. J., Palonen, S., Egorova, K., Tuisku, J., Harju, H., Kärpijoki, H., Maaniitty, T., Saraste, A., Saari, T., Tuomola, N., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.08.26350393

Association between knee extension strength and cognitive function in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Nonaka, T., Kenichi, K., Owari, G., Watabe, Y., Takemoto, M., & Nishida, Y. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-026-02031-1

Restoration of Neuronal Metabolism and Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease by Reprogramming the Exosomal microRNA Network

Anwer, T., Verma, A., Asiri, A., Alaklobie, M., Albaqami, A., ALSHAHRANI, F., Aly, K., Sharma, M., Siddiqui, S., Alam, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-026-02587-w

The insulin resistance mosaic: defect, defence or both? A perspective on what insulin resistance means and whether it should be treated

James, D. E. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06874-4

Daily consumption of unsalted, skin-roasted peanuts beneficially affects regional brain insulin responsiveness in older adults: results of a longer-term randomized controlled trial

Kerkhof, L., Mensink, R. P., Plat, J., Nijssen, K. M. R., & Joris, P. J. (2026) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d6fo03208g

Insulin and brain – the physiology of a well known hormone revisited

Fritsche, A. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-2006-954677

Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences

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Imaging the brain to assess brain insulin action

Kullmann, S. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.070974

Electro/magnetoencephalographic signatures of human brain insulin resistance

Hege, M. A., Kullmann, S., Heni, M., Schleger, F., Linder, K., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Is Insulin Action in the Brain Clinically Relevant?

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