The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 65 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Task-sharing approaches to improve mental health care in rural and other low-resource settings: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: Rural areas persistently face a shortage of mental health specialists. Task shifting, or task sharing, is an approach in global mental health that may help address unmet mental health needs in rural and other low‐resource areas. This review focuses on task‐shifting approaches and highlights future directions for research in this area. Methods: Systematic review on task sharing of mental health care in rural areas of high‐income countries included: (1) PubMed, (2) gray literature for innovations not yet published in peer‐reviewed journals, and (3) outreach to experts for additional articles. We included English language articles published before August 31, 2013, on interventions sharing mental health care tasks across a team in rural settings. We excluded literature: (1) from low‐ and middle‐income countries, (2) involving direct transfer of care to another provider, and (3) describing clinical guidelines and shared decision‐making tools. Findings: The review identified approaches to task sharing focused mainly on community health workers and primary care providers. Technology was identified as a way to leverage mental health specialists to support care across settings both within primary care and out in the community. The review also highlighted how provider education, supervision, and partnerships with local communities can support task sharing. Challenges, such as confidentiality, are often not addressed in the literature. Conclusions: Approaches to task sharing may improve reach and effectiveness of mental health care in rural and other low‐resource settings, though important questions remain. We recommend promising research directions to address these questions.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature describes task sharing that is happening already through the work of CHWs, non-mental health providers in primary care, and mental health specialists.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
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In the paper
“Community health workers may be involved in mental health care delivery, either through community outreach or clinics.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these mental health specialists support providers in primary care through outreach to patients, monitoring and tracking depression symptoms, suggesting changes in treatment plan when needed, and communicating with the team until the patient’s depression is in remission.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Other Providers in Primary Care and Specialist Support
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most primary care task sharing centered on collaborative care for common mental disorders.10,32”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Other Providers in Primary Care and Specialist Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Unutzer J Katon W Callahan CM Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2002 288 2836 2845 12472325 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Archer J Bower P Gilbody S Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 10 Cd006525 PMC11627142 23076925
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium Behavioral Health Aide (BHA) Program highlights the potential for CHWs trained in behavioral health and integrated into primary care.29”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] BHA Behavioral Health Aide Program 2013 3 Anchorage, AK Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In the Midwest, 23%-71% of CHWs surveyed in each state reported work on mental health topics across Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota,19”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Hardeman R Community Health Workers in the Midwest: Understanding and Developing the Workforce 2012 6 Saint Paul, MN Wilder Research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“BHAs work in remote health clinics in Alaska under differing levels of direct and indirect supervision based on their level of certification.29”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] BHA Behavioral Health Aide Program 2013 3 Anchorage, AK Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature also highlighted some risks and challenges associated with task sharing.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“CHWs in this study showed an increase in knowledge, coping skills and perceived social support at post-test.28”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Tran AN Ornelas IJ Perez G Green MA Lyn M Corbie-Smith G Evaluation of Amigas Latinas Motivando el Alma (ALMA): a pilot promotora intervention focused on stress and coping among immigrant Latinas J Immigr Minor Health 2012 16 280 289 PMC4137773 23117693 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These programs all either involved CHWs (Table 1) or primarily leveraged primary care providers and/or specialist support to share mental health care delivery (Table 2).”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These articles included 8 from the grey literature and 47 peer-reviewed articles.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We located 271 articles, reports, and presentations from the peer-reviewed and grey literature, of which 199 full-text articles, reports, and presentations were reviewed and 182 items were retained in the final review”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A CHW-led project on depression with an immigrant Latina population created a fotonovela, a small illustrated storybook, which resulted in improved depression knowledge and efficacy to seek treatment alongside decreased stigma toward depression treatment.24”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Hernandez MY Organista KC Entertainment-education? A fotonovela? A new strategy to improve depression literacy and help-seeking behaviors in at-risk immigrant Latinas Am J Community Psychol 2013 52 224 235 23907442 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The grey literature lacks detail on mental health care delivery, but it gives us insight on this developing focus within the CHW workforce.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these articles, 23 different programs were outlined and are described in Tables 1 and 2.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Content in these 5 areas was identified in 55 of the articles and synthesized thematically for this review.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Telehealth can assist sharing of tasks both through supporting care delivery with the help of a remote team member and through provider education.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the CHW articles in this review came from the grey literature (ie, 7 of 14 on CHWs) and focused on less severe, more common mental health concerns such as stress management and substance abuse.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Community Health Workers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Effectiveness studies of collaborative care have included rural populations10 and some have primarily focused on rural populations.33,34”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Other Providers in Primary Care and Specialist Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Unutzer J Katon W Callahan CM Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2002 288 2836 2845 12472325 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Fortney JC Pyne JM Edlund MJ A randomized trial of telemedicine-based collaborative care for depression J Gen Intern Med 2007 22 1086 1093 17492326 PMC2305730 source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Fortney JC Pyne JM Mouden SB Practice-based versus telemedicine-based collaborative care for depression in rural federally qualified health centers: a pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial Am J Psychiatry 2013 170 414 425 23429924 PMC3816374 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Setting boundaries and avoiding burnout were also substantial challenges.62”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Kaufman AV Scogin FR Burgio LD Morthland MP Ford BK Providing mental health services to older people living in rural communities J Gerontol Soc Work 2007 48 349 365 17210537 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Task sharing may involve challenges related to professional boundaries, confidentiality, burnout, and staff turnover.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consults help providers treat patients in their communities but also offer a community of practice among providers to enhance learning and reduce feelings of isolation.39”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Support From Telehealth in Primary Care and Reaching New Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Scott JD Unruh KT Catlin MC Project ECHO: a model for complex, chronic care in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States J Telemed Telecare 2012 18 481 484 23209269 PMC3647034 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Teleconference trainings can standardize the course to a larger group across large distances, but provider time constraints are a barrier to completing such trainings.51”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Education and Other Support Through Telehealth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Hills DJ Robinson T Kelly B Heathcote S Outcomes from the trial implementation of a multidisciplinary online learning program in rural mental health emergency care Educ Health (Abingdon) 2010 23 351 20589605 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One study highlighted potential low-grade “turf wars” that surfaced between medical assistants at the clinic and CHWs.30”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Waitzkin H Getrich C Heying S Promotoras as mental health practitioners in primary care: a multi-method study of an intervention to address contextual sources of depression J Community Health 2011 36 316 331 20882400 PMC3051073 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Telemedicine, defined as communications networks used to deliver health care services or medical education across geographic areas,50 can also support task sharing through didactic education for providers though such support must consider drawbacks of distance education.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Education and Other Support Through Telehealth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Sood S Mbarika V Jugoo S What is telemedicine? A collection of 104 peer-reviewed perspectives and theoretical underpinnings Telemed J E Health 2007 13 573 590 17999619 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Agencies reported being severely understaffed, and staff had high caseloads with little additional time for these activities.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Kaufman AV Scogin FR Burgio LD Morthland MP Ford BK Providing mental health services to older people living in rural communities J Gerontol Soc Work 2007 48 349 365 17210537 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Small rural clinics can present challenges to finding confidential space for discussions,45 as can home visits where providers may encounter family or friends.62”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Gibson K O’Donnell S Coulson H Kakepetum-Schultz T Mental health professionals’ perspectives of telemental health with remote and rural First Nations communities J Telemed Telecare 2011 17 263 267 21824967 source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Kaufman AV Scogin FR Burgio LD Morthland MP Ford BK Providing mental health services to older people living in rural communities J Gerontol Soc Work 2007 48 349 365 17210537 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This approach helped address mental health needs and reduced burnout among primary care providers.44”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Support From Telehealth in Primary Care and Reaching New Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mahmood T Romans S Forbes L The future of specialist psychiatric services in rural New Zealand N Z Med J 2001 114 294 296 11480514
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some providers prefer personal experience, colleagues, meetings, and presentations to learn new skills over formal didactic training,53 and some prioritize face-to-face workshops over telehealth delivery.54”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Education and Other Support Through Telehealth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Jameson JP Farmer MS Head KJ Fortney J Teal CR VA community mental health service providers’ utilization of and attitudes toward telemental health care: the gatekeeper’s perspective J Rural Health 2011 27 4 425 432 21967387 source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Bulbrook KM Carey TA Lenthall S Byers L Behan KP Treating mental health in remote communities: what do remote health practitioners need? Rural Remote Health 2012 12 4 2346 23140573
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While delivering care via televideo conferencing is generally well accepted and offers equivalent outcomes to in-person care, additional considerations arose within the review.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Support From Telehealth in Primary Care and Reaching New Settings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some individuals may prefer long-distance care such as children with developmental disabilities36 and some individuals in a First Nations community who preferred to talk to someone from outside the community.45”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Support From Telehealth in Primary Care and Reaching New Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Szeftel R Mandelbaum S Sulman-Smith H Telepsychiatry for children with developmental disabilities: applications for patient care and medical education Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2011 20 95 111 21092915 source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Gibson K O’Donnell S Coulson H Kakepetum-Schultz T Mental health professionals’ perspectives of telemental health with remote and rural First Nations communities J Telemed Telecare 2011 17 263 267 21824967 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additional challenges related to task sharing include turf issues or challenges working across vast geographic distances and diverse communities.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Staff turnover of CHWs impacts sustainability of these models of care and remains understudied.65”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Challenges
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Nkonki L Cliff J Sanders D Lay health worker attrition: important but often ignored Bull World Health Organ 2011 89 919 923 22271950 PMC3260896 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, low income countries have focused more on utilizing CHWs in the community while middle income countries have successfully implemented collaborative care in primary care.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rural counties make up two-thirds of all counties and about 20% of the US population,1 but fewer than 10% of the mental health workforce practices are in these settings.2”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] U.S. Census Bureau Frequently asked questions Accessed August 25, 2015 Available from https://ask.census.gov
- Not checked yetcites [2] Ellis AR Konrad TR Thomas KC Morrissey JP County-level estimates of mental health professional supply in the United States Psychiatr Serv 2009 60 1315 1322 19797370 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As many studies were descriptive in nature, the quality of the studies was not evaluated by the authors and synthesis of study outcomes was not feasible for this review.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous reviews have supported collaborative care for depression and anxiety,32,73”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Archer J Bower P Gilbody S Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 10 Cd006525 PMC11627142 23076925
- Not checked yetcites [73] Coventry PA Hudson JL Kontopantelis E Characteristics of effective collaborative care for treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-regression of 74 randomised controlled trials PLoS One 2014 9 e108114 25264616 PMC4180075 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Telepsychiatry interventions hold promise in both rural K – 12 schools41,42 and rural universities.42,43”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Support From Telehealth in Primary Care and Reaching New Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Knopf A School-based telehealth brings psychiatry to rural Georgia Behav Healthc 2013 33 47 48 23479847
- Not checked yetcites [42] Saeed SA Diamond J Bloch RM Use of telepsychiatry to improve care for people with mental illness in rural North Carolina N C Med J 2011 72 219 222 21901921
- Not checked yetcites [43] Khasanshina EV Wolfe WL Emerson EN Stachura ME Counseling center-based tele-mental health for students at a rural university Telemed J E Health 2008 14 35 41 18328023 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Training is especially needed for providers who are not mental health specialists (eg, emergency department staff, CHWs),29,51 but even mental health specialists need training to be effective team members when sharing mental health care tasks with other providers.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Education and Other Support Through Telehealth
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] BHA Behavioral Health Aide Program 2013 3 Anchorage, AK Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
- Not checked yetcites [51] Hills DJ Robinson T Kelly B Heathcote S Outcomes from the trial implementation of a multidisciplinary online learning program in rural mental health emergency care Educ Health (Abingdon) 2010 23 351 20589605 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“an on-site clinical navigator may help make the experience more personal,47 help patients navigate clinical encounters,48 and safeguard against undue emotional escalations.49”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Support From Telehealth in Primary Care and Reaching New Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Swinton JJ Robinson WD Bischoff RJ Telehealth and rural depression: physician and patient perspectives Fam Syst Health 2009 27 172 182 19630458 source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Pruthi S Stange KJ Malagrino GD Jr Chawla KS LaRusso NF Kaur JS Successful implementation of a telemedicine-based counseling program for high-risk patients with breast cancer Mayo Clin Proc 2013 88 68 73 23274020 source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Morland LA Greene CJ Rosen C Mauldin PD Frueh BC Issues in the design of a randomized noninferiority clinical trial of telemental health psychotherapy for rural combat veterans with PTSD Contemp Clin Trials 2009 30 513 522 19576299 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This partnership approach creates a shift in the power dynamic that may be particularly important for indigenous communities that have faced a history of colonization.58”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Results > Partnerships With Communities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Allan J Campbell M Improving access to hard-to-reach services: a soft entry approach to drug and alcohol services for rural Australian Aboriginal communities Soc Work Health Care 2011 50 443 465 21774586 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One limitation of the review was its focus on the PubMed database. The authors did not include PsychInfo, CINHAL, and Google Scholar in the search.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The concept of task sharing is highly relevant for improving access to mental health care in rural and otherwise underserved communities in the US”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
“There is great promise for task sharing to meet mental health needs in rural and other low resources areas in the US.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · boosted
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation is the end date for the review of August 31, 2013.”
§ Task Sharing Approaches to Improve Mental Health Care in Rural and Other Low Resource Settings: A Systematic Review > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Rural areas in the US can be considered low-resource settings, and findings from this review will generalize to other low-resource US settings.
“We view rural areas in the US as a low resource setting and feel findings from this review will generalize to other low resource settings in the US.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many rural and low-resource primary care settings in the US possess the financial resources to implement collaborative care, telemental health, and community health worker programs.
“In comparison with areas where task sharing is occurring globally, many rural and low resource primary care settings in the US have financial resources to implement collaborative care, telemental health, and programs involving CHWs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There will never be a sufficient number of specialists, particularly in geriatric and child and adolescent psychiatry.
“as there will never be enough specialists, especially in areas such as geriatric or child and adolescent psychiatry.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“An effective approach is training non-specialist mental health workers to deliver packages of mental health care under the supervision of mental health specialists in a collaborative, stepped-care, task sharing approach [36].”
From Integrating mental health into primary care: evaluation of the Health Action for Psychiatric Problems In Nigeria including Epilepsy and SubstanceS (HAPPINESS) pilot project (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Integrating mental health services into primary care and shifting the provision of evidence-based psychosocial treatments to non-specialist health workers such as community health workers, lay persons, and other frontline health workers has emerged as a highly promising approach.5,6”
From Digital Technology for Building Capacity of Nonspecialist Health Workers for Task Sharing and Scaling Up Mental Health Care Globally (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The examples described in this perspectives article contribute to mounting evidence demonstrating that non-specialist health workers can effectively deliver a wide range of evidence-base mental health treatments across diverse settings globally.5,10”
From Digital Technology for Building Capacity of Nonspecialist Health Workers for Task Sharing and Scaling Up Mental Health Care Globally (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Although the uneven distribution of specialized mental health services may preclude adoption of these models in rural primary care practices, the use of information and communications technology (ICT) allows mental health specialists to remotely assist primary care teams in underserved locations [15].”
From A remote collaborative care program for patients with depression living in rural areas: open-label trial (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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- WHO, 2007, The Optimal Mix of Services for Mental Health
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoeft, T. J., Fortney, J. C., Patel, V., & Unützer, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hoeft, Theresa J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Rural Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-01-13
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 48-62
- ISSN
- 0890-765X (ISSN-L)
- 1748-0361
- PMC
- PMC5509535
- OpenAlex
- W2575377210
- Semantic Scholar
- 666c19b27fcc69d1afa3fa436a47a4f8cede0de1
- Cited by
- 619
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Rural Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Rural Mental Health Research at the National Institute of Mental Health (#HHSN271201300463P)
- Geriatric Mental Health Services Research Fellowship through the National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH073553)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health Workforce Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- task shifting, task sharing, rural mental health services, resource-limited settings, community health workers, primary care providers, telemedicine, provider education, confidentiality, mental health workforce shortage, high-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Community Health Workers, Cooperative Behavior, Humans, Mental Health Services, Quality of Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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