Chronotype is associated with the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in toddlers
Open accessAbstract
Chronotype is a construct reflecting individual differences in diurnal preference. Although chronotype has been studied extensively in school-age children, adolescents and adults, data on young children are scarce. This study describes chronotype and its relationship to the timing of the circadian clock and sleep in 48 healthy children aged 30-36 months (33.4 ± 2.1 months; 24 males). Parents completed the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ) ~2 weeks before the start of the study. The CCTQ provides three measures of chronotype: midsleep time on free days, a multi-item morningness/eveningness score and a single item chronotype score. After 5 days of sleeping on their habitual schedule (assessed with actigraphy and sleep diaries), children participated in an in-home salivary dim light melatonin onset assessment. Average midsleep time on free days was 1:47 ± 0:35, and the average morningness/eveningness score was 26.8 ± 4.3. Most toddlers (58.4%) were rated as 'definitely a morning type' or 'rather morning than evening type', while none (0%) were rated as 'definitely evening type'. More morning types (midsleep time on free days and morningness/eveningness score, respectively) had earlier melatonin onset times (r = 0.45, r = 0.26), earlier habitual bedtimes (r = 0.78, r = 0.54), sleep onset times (r = 0.80, r = 0.52), sleep midpoint times (r = 0.90, r = 0.53) and wake times (r = 0.74, r = 0.34). Parent ratings using the single-item chronotype score were associated with melatonin onset (r = 0.32) and habitual bedtimes (r = 0.27), sleep onset times (r = 0.33) and sleep midpoint times (r = 0.27). Morningness may best characterize circadian preference in early childhood. Associations between chronotype and circadian physiology and sleep timing suggest adequate validity for the CCTQ in this age group. These findings have important implications for understanding the marked variability in sleep timing during the early years of life.
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The few studies that have investigated chronotype in young children, through the use of the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire or DLMO, all have repeatedly observed a greater prevalence of morning chronotype in young children.
“The few studies that have investigated chronotype in young children, through the use of the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire or DLMO, all have repeatedly observed a greater prevalence of morning chronotype in young children (5, 94, 95).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The timing of sleep onset and waking and other biological rhythms is earlier relative to adults during early childhood and shifts later during adolescence.
“In general, the timing of sleep onset and waking and other biological rhythms (for example, fluctuations in melatonin levels) is earlier relative to adults during early childhood8,9 and shifts later during adolescence, and this shift in timing may be conserved among rodents and non-human primates (NHPs)10.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Most infants, toddlers (2-3-year-olds) and young children (4-11-year-olds) display earlier sleep-wake patterns and a stronger morning preference than do adults, according to the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire, even when considering high variability in sleep measures.
“Most infants, toddlers (2–3-year-olds) and young children (4–11-year-olds) display earlier sleep–wake patterns and a stronger morning preference than do adults, according to the Children’s Chronotype Questionnaire — even when considering the high intra-individual and interindividual variability of sleep onset, mid-points and wake times measured by parental report questionnaires and actigraphy8,9.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
On non-scheduled days, children tend to wake up later, substantially delaying their sleep-wake times, indicating that social and environmental factors, such as schedules imposed by school and parents, have a major influence on survey-based measures of chronotype.
“However, on non-scheduled days, children tend to wake up later, substantially delaying their sleep–wake times, indicating that social and environmental factors, such as schedules imposed by school and parents, have a major influence on survey-based measures of chronotype9.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Simpkin, C. T., Jenni, O. G., Carskadon, M. A., Wright, K. P., Akacem, L. D., Garlo, K. G., & LeBourgeois, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University Children's Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Brown University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- LeBourgeois, Monique K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-03-14
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 397-405
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- PMC
- PMC4117798
- OpenAlex
- W2119241524
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01-MH074643, R01-MH08656)
- Sepracor, Inc. (ESRC026)
- University of Colorado Boulder
- NIH/NCRR (CTSI UL1-TR000154)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- chronotype, circadian clock, sleep timing, toddlers, melatonin onset, sleep onset, diurnal preference, early childhood sleep
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Melatonin, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Actigraphy, Circadian Clocks
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