Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children
Open accessAbstract
Background: A growing body of evidence links socioeconomic status (SES) to children's brain structure. Few studies, however, have specifically investigated relations of SES to white matter structure. Further, although several studies have demonstrated that family SES is related to development of brain areas that support executive functions (EF), less is known about the role that white matter structure plays in the relation of SES to EF. One possibility is that white matter differences may partially explain SES disparities in EF (i.e., a mediating relationship). Alternatively, SES may differentially shape brain‐behavior relations such that the relation of white matter structure to EF may differ as a function of SES (i.e., a moderating relationship). Method: In a diverse sample of 1082 children and adolescents aged 3–21 years, we examined socioeconomic disparities in white matter macrostructure and microstructure. We further investigated relations between family SES, children's white matter volume and integrity in tracts supporting EF, and performance on EF tasks. Results: Socioeconomic status was associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume in multiple white matter tracts. Additionally, family income moderated the relation between white matter structure and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, across multiple tracts of interest, lower FA or lower volume was associated with reduced cognitive flexibility among children from lower income families. In contrast, children from higher income families showed preserved cognitive flexibility in the face of low white matter FA or volume. SES factors did not mediate or moderate links between white matter and either working memory or inhibitory control. Conclusions: This work adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that the socioeconomic contexts in which children develop not only shape cognitive functioning and its underlying neurobiology, but may also shape the relations between brain and behavior.
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White-matter microstructure can be affected by socio-economic status.
“white-matter microstructure can be172.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [172]
In 2- to 25-month-old infants, ε4 carriers show lower myelin water fraction in precuneus, posterior and middle cingulate, lateral temporal cortex, and medial occipitotemporal regions, and greater myelin water fraction in extensive frontal regions compared with noncarriers.
“2- to 25-month-old infants who were ε4 carriers showed lower myelin water fraction in the precuneus, the posterior and middle cingulate, the lateral temporal cortex and medial occipitotemporal regions — areas preferentially affected by Alzheimer disease — and greater myelin water fraction in extensive frontal regions compared with noncarriers172.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [172]
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Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
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- Authors
- Ursache, A., Noble, K. G., & the Pediatric Imaging, N. A. G. S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ursache, Alexandra
- Noble, Kimberly G.
- Venue
- Brain and Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-08-02
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e00531-e00531
- ISSN
- 2157-9032 (ISSN-L)
- 2162-3279
- PMC
- PMC5064342
- OpenAlex
- W2500768806
- Cited by
- 256
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 22.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain and Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Annie E. Casey Foundation
- W.K. Kellogg Foundation
- Teachers College
- Columbia University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, white matter, executive function, cognitive flexibility, fractional anisotropy, white matter microstructure, white matter volume, household income, working memory, inhibitory control, brain-behavior relationship, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size, Social Class, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Racial Groups, Executive Function, White Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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