Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs

In the paper

“Age of menarche varies between populations, ranging from 11.0 to 14.1 years, with the mean of 12.6 years, and this has decreased significantly over the last century.28”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  “Age references in well-off conditions” (p. 5) documents differences between populations, but gives 12.0–13.5 years for Western Europe; it does not give the claimed 11.0–14.1-year range or a cross-population mean of 12.6 years. “Secular trends” (pp. 6–7) reports a marked historical decline, but says more recent trends vary by country and have stalled in some. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [28] 28. Parent, A.S., G. Teilmann, A. Juul, et al. 2003. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24: 668-693. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Studies in ado-lescent sheep show that excess calories given during pregnancy will be allocated to the mother's growth over the growth of the fetus; 41 the degree to which this is true in humans has not been adequately studied.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Conclusions and Implications section says that earlier findings suggest growing pregnant women allocate a higher proportion of energy to maternal than fetal tissue. It does not describe adolescent sheep studies or show that excess calories given during pregnancy are allocated preferentially to maternal growth. The study itself excluded pregnant participants. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [41] 41. Reiches, M.W., S.E. Moore, A.M. Prentice, et al. 2013. The adolescent transition under energetic stress: body compo- sition tradeoffs among adolescent women in The Gambia. Evol. Med. Public Health 2013: 75-85. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Boys' height velocity begins 1-2 years after girls, and, as a result, boys' growth in height occurs for a longer period than girls, and final adult height is usually achieved by 17 years of age.28,30”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  In “Age references in well-off conditions” (p. 5), the paper says girls classically precede boys by an average of 0.8 years in pubertal onset, while noting that some recent studies found no difference. That partly supports later maturation in boys, but it does not establish that boys’ height velocity begins 1–2 years later, that they grow for longer, or that adult height is usually reached by age 17. The discussion of final height (p. 11) explicitly sets aside pubertal growth and final-height patterns. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  cites [28] 28. Parent, A.S., G. Teilmann, A. Juul, et al. 2003. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24: 668-693. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Could not verify

  The Background discusses adolescent dating violence, while the Results discuss participants’ ages and gender; neither addresses physical growth. Searches for height velocity, boys’ growth, and adult height at 17 found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [30] 30. Fellmeth, G.L., C. Heffernan, J. Nurse, et al. 2013. Educa- tional and skills-based interventions for preventing relation- ship and dating violence in adolescents and young adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6: CD004534. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Several studies have shown that adolescent women are able to grow during pregnancy if their nutrition is adequate, 38,39 while others have shown that pregnancy may limit maternal growth.40”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] 38. Scholl, T.O., M.L. Hediger & I.G. Ances. 1990. Maternal growth during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 790-793. source
• Supported

  Citation 40 is attached to the claim that pregnancy may limit maternal growth, not to the preceding claim about adequate nutrition. The Discussion reports that pregnant adolescents in rural Bangladesh did not gain stature while never-pregnant adolescents did; the Results likewise report lower growth among the pregnant group. The source therefore supports the hedged claim in this population. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [39] 39. Rah, J.H., P. Christian, A.A. Shamim, et al. 2008. Preg- nancy and lactation hinder growth and nutritional status of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. J. Nutr. 138: 1505- 1511. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] 40. Wallace, J.M., R.P. Aitken, J.S. Milne & W.W. Hay Jr. 2004. Nutritionally mediated placental growth restriction in the growing adolescent: consequences for the fetus. Biol. Reprod. 71: 1055-1062. source

In the paper

“Existing data suggest that, when energy is constrained, the physiology of younger adolescents invests in growth, while that of older adolescent females privileges reproductively valuable adipose tissue.42”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports that adolescents can continue growing during pregnancy and that growth is associated with increased weight gain and fat storage. The Discussion also reports nutrient competition during adolescent pregnancy. Neither passage establishes that energy-constrained younger adolescents prioritize growth while older adolescents prioritize adipose tissue. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [42] 42. Gigante, D.P., K.M. Rasmussen & C.G. Victora. 2005. Preg- nancy increases BMI in adolescents of a population-based birth cohort. J. Nutr. 135: 74-80. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Dietary recommendations suggest that 50% or more of total daily calories should come from carbohydrates, with no more than 10-25% of calories derived from sugars, such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup.36”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Results section on promoting healthy nutrition and preventing obesity discusses dietary-control interventions and BMI, but gives no recommended calorie shares. Searches for the carbohydrate and sugar percentages, sucrose, and high-fructose corn syrup found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed recommendations; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [36] 36. Salam, R.A., M. Hooda, J.K. Das, et al. 2016. Interventions to improve adolescent nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adolesc. Health 59: S29-S39. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Because at-risk groups of adolescent girls more often have LBW babies and babies born prematurely or suffering neonatal death, 53,54 survivors will have elevated risks for chronic conditions, including hypertension over the life span, 55 early-onset renal disease, 56 type 2 diabetes, 57 mental disorders, 58 and many other chronic conditions.59”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract Results and Discussion report that very young mothers in this sub-Saharan African cohort were more likely to have low-birthweight infants or deliver prematurely. The paper calls these outcomes markers of infant mortality, but does not show that their babies more often died as neonates. The chronic-condition risks have separate citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [53] 53. Mombo-Ngoma, G., J.R. Mackanga, R. Gonzalez, et al. 2016. Young adolescent girls are at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: an observational multi- country study. BMJ Open 6: e011783. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] 54. Barker, D.J. & C. Osmond. 1988. Low birth weight and hypertension. BMJ 297: 134-135. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Lackland, D.T., H.E. Bendall, C. Osmond, et al. 2000. Low birth weights contribute to high rates of early-onset chronic renal failure in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 160: 1472-1476. source
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [56] 56. Barker, D.J., C.N. Hales, C.H. Fall, et al. 1993. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 36: 62-67. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Adolescent girls are two to five times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than women aged 20-29 years.47”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Types of participants section concerns rehabilitation for people aged 60 or older. Searches for adolescent pregnancy-related mortality and the comparison with women aged 20–29 returned no passage addressing either point; the retrieved material concerns older-person rehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  cites [47] 47. Ward, D., A. Drahota, D. Gal, et al. 2008. Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003164. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003164.pub2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In boys, peak weight velocity occurs at about the same time as peak height velocity and averages 9 kg/year.31”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Background and Results passages address adolescent dating violence, not physical growth. Searches for peak weight velocity, peak height velocity, and 9 kg/year found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [31] 31. Holliday, M. 1971. Metabolic rate and organ size during growth from infancy to maturity and during late gestation and early infancy. Pediatrics 47: 169-179. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“More recently, there has been an epidemiological transition in LMICs, since these countries now bear a double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition.77,78”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (page unavailable in our copy) identify high BMI as a major stroke risk factor in low- and middle-income countries, which supports the overnutrition side of the claim. The paper does not establish that these countries also bear a burden of undernutrition or describe the claimed double burden; its findings concern stroke risks rather than nutrition status generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [77] 77. Wang, H., M. Naghavi, C. Allen, et al. 2016. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause- specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a sys- tematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1459-1544. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The section “Food security and the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity” says that underweight, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies commonly coexist with increasing obesity in many low- and middle-income countries. It explicitly calls this the “dual burden” of undernutrition and obesity. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [78] 78. Popkin, B.M., L.S. Adair & S.W. Ng. 2012. Global nutri- tion transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr. Rev. 70: 3-21. source

In the paper

“Though data on the burden of stunting among adolescent females are limited, it has been estimated that in some countries as many as half of all adolescents are stunted, reflecting persistent and cumulative effects of growth retardation from an early age.18”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [18] 18. UNICEF. 2013. Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress. New York. UNICEF.

In the paper

“In 2011, an estimated 43 million (7%) children younger than 5 years were overweight globally, marking a 54% increase from an estimated 28 million in 1990, 2 and most of these overweight children (32 million) lived in LMICs.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Black, R.E., C.G. Victora, S.P. Walker, et al. 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382: 427-451. source

In the paper

“Recent findings from the global burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents suggest that protein-energy malnutrition is among the top 10 causes of death among children and adolescents, accounting for 225,906 deaths in 2013.15”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Thomas, R.E., M. Russell & D. Lorenzetti. 2010. Interven- tions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9: CD005188. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub2. source

In the paper

“Childhood overweight is associated with multiple immediate and long-term risks, including raised cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose; type 2 diabetes; high blood pressure; and an elevated risk of developing adult obesity and its associated”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [9] 9. Lloyd, L.J., S.C. Langley-Evans & S. McMullen. 2012. Child- hood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 36: 1-11.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Lobstein, T., L. Baur & R. Uauy. 2004. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes. Rev. 5: 4-85. source

In the paper

“Current evidence suggests that adolescents grow in distinct spurts that occur only rarely (about 5% of the time), as has been established for infants and young children.23”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Lampl, M. & M.L. Johnson. 2011. Infant growth in length follows prolonged sleep and increased naps. Sleep 34: 641- 650. source

In the paper

“The prevalence of underweight among adolescent females aged 13-17 years across the five regions of the world and about 60 countries is generally less than 5%; however, in some LMICs in Africa and Asia, almost 10% or more of younger adolescent girls (13-15 years) are too thin for their age and height.17”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. Khara, T. & E. Mates. 2015. Adolescent nutrition: policy and programming in SUN+ countries. Save the Children, London. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://www.save thechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Adolescent_ Nutrition.pdf.

In the paper

“Global nutrition trends in adolescents have been discussed in detail in a companion paper, 16 but, briefly, overweight and obesity affect one in every three adolescents worldwide.17”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. Khara, T. & E. Mates. 2015. Adolescent nutrition: policy and programming in SUN+ countries. Save the Children, London. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://www.save thechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Adolescent_ Nutrition.pdf.

In the paper

“Menarche occurs mostly at stage B4 but can extend into B5 about 2-3 years after the onset of breast development.29”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Eckert, K.L., V.A. Loffredo & K. O'Connor. 2009. Adolescent physiology. In Behavioral Approaches to Chronic Disease in Adolescence: A Guide to Integrative Care. W.T. O'Donohue, Ed.: 29-45. New York, NY: Springer. source

In the paper

“Many LMICs now bear a double burden of malnutrition, 11,12 with the increasing burden of overweight and obesity along with existing high burden of undernutriton.13,14”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Popkin, B.M. & P. Gordon-Larsen. 2004. The nutrition tran- sition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int. J. Obes. 28: S2-S9. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Nichols, M.S., A.M. de Silva-Sanigorski, J.E. Cleary, et al. 2011. Decreasing trends in overweight and obesity among an Australian population of preschool children. Int. J. Obes. 35: 916-924. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Rokholm, B., J.L. Baker & T.I. Sørensen. 2010. The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999-a review of evidence and perspectives. Obes. Rev. 11: 835-846. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. Collaboration GBoDP. 2016. Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013. JAMA Pediatr. 170: 267-287.

In the paper

“The high rate of growth during puberty is second to that in infancy, but is greater in duration, and therefore total nutritional requirements during puberty may be greater than during any other period in life.”

In the paper

“Iron-deficiency anemia is the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting an estimated 619 (95% confidence interval (CI), 618-621) million in 2013.8”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Koplan, J.P., C.T. Liverman & V.I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105: 131-138. source

In the paper

“Since it is a period of rapid growth, adequate nutrition is crucial for achieving full growth potential, and failure to achieve optimal nutrition may lead to delayed and stunted linear growth and impaired organ remodeling.7”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Patton, G.C., C. Coffey, S.M. Sawyer, et al. 2009. Global patterns of mortality in young people: a systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 374: 881-892. source

In the paper

“The largest contributors to micronutrient deficiency burden among female youth globally are iron deficiency and iron deficiency-related anemia, which are responsible for about 700-1200 disabilityadjusted life years per 100,000 girls in the 10-14 years age group, 300-900 in 15-to 19-year-olds, and 300-1100 among 20-to 24-year-old females.8”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Koplan, J.P., C.T. Liverman & V.I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105: 131-138. source

In the paper

“Globally, around 34 deaths per 100,000 children and adolescents are attributed to malnutrition, and this number significantly varies between developing (38.5 per 100,000) and developed countries (0.2 per 100,000).15”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Thomas, R.E., M. Russell & D. Lorenzetti. 2010. Interven- tions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9: CD005188. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub2. source

In the paper

“During normal puberty, height and body weight increase (50% of adult body weight is gained during adolescence), bone mass and muscle mass increase, blood volume expands, and the heart, brain, lungs, liver, and kidney all increase in size.22”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Lampl, M., J.D. Veldhuis & M.L. Johnson. 1992. Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth. Science 258: 801-803. source

In the paper

“Nutrition surveys show that many adolescents have inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals, which is more pronounced in females than in males.63”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source

In the paper

“There appears to be an increasing prevalence of obesity among adolescents worldwide, explained by widespread nutrition transitions to lipid-rich diets and a decrease in physical activity, especially among urban adolescents.62,63”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Schneider, D. 2000. International trends in adolescent nutri- tion. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 955-967. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source

In the paper

“Basal metabolism is the energy required for cellular and tissue maintenance--it increases rapidly to 2 years of age and levels off throughout adolescence 32”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Norgan, N.G., B. Bogin & N. Cameron. 2012. Nutrition and growth. In Human Growth and Development. 2nd ed. source

In the paper

“Excessive total energy intake may lead to overweight and obesity; however, if a decreased total energy intake falls below BMR, then ECG and AEE will be compromised and can lead to growth stunting, pubertal delay, menstrual abnormalities in girls, and interference with bone mass accumulation.”

In the paper

“Teens as a group tend to snack and graze, miss meals, eat away from home, consume fast foods, and diet (especially females) more frequently than younger children.60,62”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Moreno, L.A., G. Rodriguez, J. Fleta, et al. 2010. Trends of dietary habits in adolescents. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 50: 106-112. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Schneider, D. 2000. International trends in adolescent nutri- tion. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 955-967. source

In the paper

“In a systematic review, Bellamy estimated that the relative risk for a mother who suffered preeclampsia at any age to acquire hypertension within 14 years was 3.7 (95% CI: 2.70-5.05), to acquire ischemic heart disease and stroke within 10 years was 2.16 (95% CI: 1.86-2.52)and 1.81 (95% CI: 1.45-2.27),respectively, and to acquire thromboembolic venous disease within 5 years was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.37-2”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Bellamy

In the paper

“and most of the large-scale initiatives exist in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, where there have been efforts to systematically address obesity.79”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source

In the paper

“and most of the large-scale initiatives exist in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, where there have been efforts to systematically address obesity.79”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source

In the paper

“It has become increasingly important to target this vulnerable group, as today's adolescents are more exposed to nutritional risks, harmful alcohol consumption, sexually transmitted diseases, and other risks than in the past and face other new challenges, such as social media.[84][85][86]”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [84][85][86]