The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 20 of the 74 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most commonly, adolescence is divided into three developmental periods: early adolescence (10-14 years of age), late adolescence (15-19 years of age), and young adulthood (20-24 years of age). Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity, acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image. Here, we describe the physiology, metabolism, and nutritional requirements for adolescents and pregnant adolescents, as well as nutrition-related behavior and current trends in adolescent nutrition. We conclude with thoughts on the implications for nutrition interventions and priority areas that would require further investigation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
24 No full text of the sources · 8 Partly supported · 8 Sources not found · 7 Couldn’t confirm · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Height velocity peaks at B3 between 11 and 12 years of age.30”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [30] 30. Fellmeth, G.L., C. Heffernan, J. Nurse, et al. 2013. Educa- tional and skills-based interventions for preventing relation- ship and dating violence in adolescents and young adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6: CD004534. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion passages address adolescent dating violence and participants’ ages, not physical growth. Searches for peak height velocity and Tanner stage B3 found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed timing. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use, often begin during adolescence and are closely related to physiological and nutritional aspects.64,65”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. World Health Organization. 2014. Health for the world's adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. http:// apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/. Accessed Novem- ber 24, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [65] 65. Swanson, S.A., S.J. Crow, D. Le Grange, et al. 2011. Preva- lence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68: 714-723. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Age at Onset; page unavailable) give adolescent onset ages for eating disorders, not for smoking, drinking, or illicit drug use. Searches for those behaviors and for links to physiological or nutritional aspects found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For a lactating mother, her micronutrient status determines the health and development of her breast-fed infant, especially during the first 6 months of life.47,48”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] 47. Ward, D., A. Drahota, D. Gal, et al. 2008. Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003164. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003164.pub2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications for research section discusses comparing care-home, hospital, and own-home environments for rehabilitation of older people; no page number is provided in our copy. Searches for lactating mothers, maternal micronutrients, breastfeeding, and infant development found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [48] 48. Rich-Edwards, J.W., A. Fraser, D.A. Lawlor & J.M. Catov. 2014. Pregnancy characteristics and women's future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women's health? Epidemiol. Rev. 36: 57-70. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The review’s Implications for research and Search methods sections concern rehabilitation settings for older people, not maternal or infant nutrition (page numbers unavailable). Searches for lactating mothers, micronutrient status, breastfeeding, and infant development found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, prepregnancy obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy dramatically increase the risk for preeclampsia among adolescents.50,51”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Baker, A.M. & S. Haeri. 2012. Estimating risk factors for development of preeclampsia in teen mothers. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 286: 1093-1096. source
- Could not verifycites [51] 51. Timpka, S., C. Macdonald-Wallis, A.D. Hughes, et al. 2016. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and offspring cardiac structure and function in adolescence. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5: pii: e003906. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Statistical Analyses; page unavailable) list prepregnancy BMI as a covariate, but do not report whether it increases preeclampsia risk. Searches for prepregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain found no passage assessing their effects on preeclampsia risk among pregnant adolescents. The paper instead examines cardiac outcomes in adolescent offspring exposed to maternal preeclampsia. (LLM, conf=0.76)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It has become increasingly clear that several conditions in pregnancy predispose both mother and offspring for later disease, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes.49”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [49] 49. Bellamy, L., J.P. Casas, A.D. Hingorani & D.J. Williams. 2007. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 335: 974. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) reports increased later hypertension and cardiovascular disease among women with a history of pre-eclampsia. The paper does not establish later disease in offspring or an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and it addresses pre-eclampsia rather than several pregnancy conditions. Its Introduction also leaves open whether the cardiovascular association reflects a shared cause or damage during pregnancy, so the claim's causal wording is stronger than the source supports. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence is a time for catch-up growth; the extent to which pubertal growth can contribute to stunting recovery at this time is under much investigation, but studies of children who migrated or were adopted may offer more insight into later linear growth increases.3,82,83”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Future research areas
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Avenell, A., W.J. Gillespie, L.D. Gillespie & D. O'Connell. 2005. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: CD000227. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000227.pub3. source
- Partly supportedcites [82] 82. Lundeen, E.A., J.R. Behrman, B.T. Crookston, et al. 2014. Growth faltering and recovery in children aged 1-8 years in four low-and middle-income countries: young lives. Public Health Nutr. 17: 2131-2137. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports catch-up growth during the pre-school and early school-age years, and the study measured children at ages 1, 5 and 8. It supports the possibility of catch-up growth after infancy, but does not establish adolescence as a time for it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Sawyer, S.M., R.A. Afifi, L.H. Bearinger, et al. 2012. Adoles- cence: a foundation for future health. Lancet 379: 1630-1640. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Maturation of the body owing to hormonal changes during adolescence leads to dramatic changes in body composition.21”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. Corkins, M.R., S.R. Daniels, S.D. de Ferranti, et al. 2016. Nutrition in children and adolescents. Med. Clin. North Am. 100: 1217-1235. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deficiencies in multiple micronutrients are of particular importance to adolescent health because of their direct effects, such as iron-deficiency anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Many theories have been proposed to explain body image disturbances and their link with eating disorders, but most researchers appear to agree that the strongest influence in Western societies is the sociocultural factor, the theory best supported by available data.69”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69] 69. Van Hecke, L., A. Loyen, M. Verloigne, et al. 2016. Variation in population levels of physical activity in European chil- dren and adolescents according to cross-European studies: a systematic literature review within DEDIPAC. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 13: 70.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, one can predict that the global trend for excess weight gain among adolescent girls will lead to elevated rates of diabetes and heart disease among affected women and their offspring.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Age of menarche varies between populations, ranging from 11.0 to 14.1 years, with the mean of 12.6 years, and this has decreased significantly over the last century.28”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] 28. Parent, A.S., G. Teilmann, A. Juul, et al. 2003. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24: 668-693. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
“Age references in well-off conditions” (p. 5) documents differences between populations, but gives 12.0–13.5 years for Western Europe; it does not give the claimed 11.0–14.1-year range or a cross-population mean of 12.6 years. “Secular trends” (pp. 6–7) reports a marked historical decline, but says more recent trends vary by country and have stalled in some. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies in ado-lescent sheep show that excess calories given during pregnancy will be allocated to the mother's growth over the growth of the fetus; 41 the degree to which this is true in humans has not been adequately studied.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [41] 41. Reiches, M.W., S.E. Moore, A.M. Prentice, et al. 2013. The adolescent transition under energetic stress: body compo- sition tradeoffs among adolescent women in The Gambia. Evol. Med. Public Health 2013: 75-85. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions and Implications section says that earlier findings suggest growing pregnant women allocate a higher proportion of energy to maternal than fetal tissue. It does not describe adolescent sheep studies or show that excess calories given during pregnancy are allocated preferentially to maternal growth. The study itself excluded pregnant participants. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Boys' height velocity begins 1-2 years after girls, and, as a result, boys' growth in height occurs for a longer period than girls, and final adult height is usually achieved by 17 years of age.28,30”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] 28. Parent, A.S., G. Teilmann, A. Juul, et al. 2003. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24: 668-693. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Age references in well-off conditions” (p. 5), the paper says girls classically precede boys by an average of 0.8 years in pubertal onset, while noting that some recent studies found no difference. That partly supports later maturation in boys, but it does not establish that boys’ height velocity begins 1–2 years later, that they grow for longer, or that adult height is usually reached by age 17. The discussion of final height (p. 11) explicitly sets aside pubertal growth and final-height patterns. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Could not verifycites [30] 30. Fellmeth, G.L., C. Heffernan, J. Nurse, et al. 2013. Educa- tional and skills-based interventions for preventing relation- ship and dating violence in adolescents and young adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6: CD004534. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses adolescent dating violence, while the Results discuss participants’ ages and gender; neither addresses physical growth. Searches for height velocity, boys’ growth, and adult height at 17 found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that adolescent women are able to grow during pregnancy if their nutrition is adequate, 38,39 while others have shown that pregnancy may limit maternal growth.40”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] 38. Scholl, T.O., M.L. Hediger & I.G. Ances. 1990. Maternal growth during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 790-793. source
- Supportedcites [39] 39. Rah, J.H., P. Christian, A.A. Shamim, et al. 2008. Preg- nancy and lactation hinder growth and nutritional status of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. J. Nutr. 138: 1505- 1511. source
Citation 40 is attached to the claim that pregnancy may limit maternal growth, not to the preceding claim about adequate nutrition. The Discussion reports that pregnant adolescents in rural Bangladesh did not gain stature while never-pregnant adolescents did; the Results likewise report lower growth among the pregnant group. The source therefore supports the hedged claim in this population. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] 40. Wallace, J.M., R.P. Aitken, J.S. Milne & W.W. Hay Jr. 2004. Nutritionally mediated placental growth restriction in the growing adolescent: consequences for the fetus. Biol. Reprod. 71: 1055-1062. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Existing data suggest that, when energy is constrained, the physiology of younger adolescents invests in growth, while that of older adolescent females privileges reproductively valuable adipose tissue.42”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] 42. Gigante, D.P., K.M. Rasmussen & C.G. Victora. 2005. Preg- nancy increases BMI in adolescents of a population-based birth cohort. J. Nutr. 135: 74-80. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that adolescents can continue growing during pregnancy and that growth is associated with increased weight gain and fat storage. The Discussion also reports nutrient competition during adolescent pregnancy. Neither passage establishes that energy-constrained younger adolescents prioritize growth while older adolescents prioritize adipose tissue. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Dietary recommendations suggest that 50% or more of total daily calories should come from carbohydrates, with no more than 10-25% of calories derived from sugars, such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup.36”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements during adolescence
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [36] 36. Salam, R.A., M. Hooda, J.K. Das, et al. 2016. Interventions to improve adolescent nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adolesc. Health 59: S29-S39. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on promoting healthy nutrition and preventing obesity discusses dietary-control interventions and BMI, but gives no recommended calorie shares. Searches for the carbohydrate and sugar percentages, sucrose, and high-fructose corn syrup found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed recommendations; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because at-risk groups of adolescent girls more often have LBW babies and babies born prematurely or suffering neonatal death, 53,54 survivors will have elevated risks for chronic conditions, including hypertension over the life span, 55 early-onset renal disease, 56 type 2 diabetes, 57 mental disorders, 58 and many other chronic conditions.59”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [53] 53. Mombo-Ngoma, G., J.R. Mackanga, R. Gonzalez, et al. 2016. Young adolescent girls are at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: an observational multi- country study. BMJ Open 6: e011783. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results and Discussion report that very young mothers in this sub-Saharan African cohort were more likely to have low-birthweight infants or deliver prematurely. The paper calls these outcomes markers of infant mortality, but does not show that their babies more often died as neonates. The chronic-condition risks have separate citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] 54. Barker, D.J. & C. Osmond. 1988. Low birth weight and hypertension. BMJ 297: 134-135. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Lackland, D.T., H.E. Bendall, C. Osmond, et al. 2000. Low birth weights contribute to high rates of early-onset chronic renal failure in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 160: 1472-1476. source
- Partly supportedcites [56] 56. Barker, D.J., C.N. Hales, C.H. Fall, et al. 1993. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 36: 62-67. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Adolescent girls are two to five times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than women aged 20-29 years.47”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] 47. Ward, D., A. Drahota, D. Gal, et al. 2008. Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003164. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003164.pub2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Types of participants section concerns rehabilitation for people aged 60 or older. Searches for adolescent pregnancy-related mortality and the comparison with women aged 20–29 returned no passage addressing either point; the retrieved material concerns older-person rehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.79)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In boys, peak weight velocity occurs at about the same time as peak height velocity and averages 9 kg/year.31”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] 31. Holliday, M. 1971. Metabolic rate and organ size during growth from infancy to maturity and during late gestation and early infancy. Pediatrics 47: 169-179. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Results passages address adolescent dating violence, not physical growth. Searches for peak weight velocity, peak height velocity, and 9 kg/year found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“More recently, there has been an epidemiological transition in LMICs, since these countries now bear a double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition.77,78”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [77] 77. Wang, H., M. Naghavi, C. Allen, et al. 2016. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause- specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a sys- tematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1459-1544. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable in our copy) identify high BMI as a major stroke risk factor in low- and middle-income countries, which supports the overnutrition side of the claim. The paper does not establish that these countries also bear a burden of undernutrition or describe the claimed double burden; its findings concern stroke risks rather than nutrition status generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [78] 78. Popkin, B.M., L.S. Adair & S.W. Ng. 2012. Global nutri- tion transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr. Rev. 70: 3-21. source
The section “Food security and the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity” says that underweight, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies commonly coexist with increasing obesity in many low- and middle-income countries. It explicitly calls this the “dual burden” of undernutrition and obesity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Though data on the burden of stunting among adolescent females are limited, it has been estimated that in some countries as many as half of all adolescents are stunted, reflecting persistent and cumulative effects of growth retardation from an early age.18”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. UNICEF. 2013. Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress. New York. UNICEF.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 2011, an estimated 43 million (7%) children younger than 5 years were overweight globally, marking a 54% increase from an estimated 28 million in 1990, 2 and most of these overweight children (32 million) lived in LMICs.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Black, R.E., C.G. Victora, S.P. Walker, et al. 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382: 427-451. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent findings from the global burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents suggest that protein-energy malnutrition is among the top 10 causes of death among children and adolescents, accounting for 225,906 deaths in 2013.15”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Thomas, R.E., M. Russell & D. Lorenzetti. 2010. Interven- tions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9: CD005188. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub2. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Childhood overweight is associated with multiple immediate and long-term risks, including raised cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose; type 2 diabetes; high blood pressure; and an elevated risk of developing adult obesity and its associated”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. Lloyd, L.J., S.C. Langley-Evans & S. McMullen. 2012. Child- hood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 36: 1-11.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Lobstein, T., L. Baur & R. Uauy. 2004. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes. Rev. 5: 4-85. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Current evidence suggests that adolescents grow in distinct spurts that occur only rarely (about 5% of the time), as has been established for infants and young children.23”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Lampl, M. & M.L. Johnson. 2011. Infant growth in length follows prolonged sleep and increased naps. Sleep 34: 641- 650. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The prevalence of underweight among adolescent females aged 13-17 years across the five regions of the world and about 60 countries is generally less than 5%; however, in some LMICs in Africa and Asia, almost 10% or more of younger adolescent girls (13-15 years) are too thin for their age and height.17”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khara, T. & E. Mates. 2015. Adolescent nutrition: policy and programming in SUN+ countries. Save the Children, London. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://www.save thechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Adolescent_ Nutrition.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Global nutrition trends in adolescents have been discussed in detail in a companion paper, 16 but, briefly, overweight and obesity affect one in every three adolescents worldwide.17”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khara, T. & E. Mates. 2015. Adolescent nutrition: policy and programming in SUN+ countries. Save the Children, London. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://www.save thechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Adolescent_ Nutrition.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Menarche occurs mostly at stage B4 but can extend into B5 about 2-3 years after the onset of breast development.29”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Eckert, K.L., V.A. Loffredo & K. O'Connor. 2009. Adolescent physiology. In Behavioral Approaches to Chronic Disease in Adolescence: A Guide to Integrative Care. W.T. O'Donohue, Ed.: 29-45. New York, NY: Springer. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many LMICs now bear a double burden of malnutrition, 11,12 with the increasing burden of overweight and obesity along with existing high burden of undernutriton.13,14”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Popkin, B.M. & P. Gordon-Larsen. 2004. The nutrition tran- sition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int. J. Obes. 28: S2-S9. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Nichols, M.S., A.M. de Silva-Sanigorski, J.E. Cleary, et al. 2011. Decreasing trends in overweight and obesity among an Australian population of preschool children. Int. J. Obes. 35: 916-924. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Rokholm, B., J.L. Baker & T.I. Sørensen. 2010. The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999-a review of evidence and perspectives. Obes. Rev. 11: 835-846. source
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Collaboration GBoDP. 2016. Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013. JAMA Pediatr. 170: 267-287.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high rate of growth during puberty is second to that in infancy, but is greater in duration, and therefore total nutritional requirements during puberty may be greater than during any other period in life.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The growth spurt in adolescence requires rapid tissue expansion with special nutrient requirements, including amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as well as calcium and vitamin D to accommodate bone growth.
In the paper
“Iron-deficiency anemia is the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting an estimated 619 (95% confidence interval (CI), 618-621) million in 2013.8”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Koplan, J.P., C.T. Liverman & V.I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105: 131-138. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since it is a period of rapid growth, adequate nutrition is crucial for achieving full growth potential, and failure to achieve optimal nutrition may lead to delayed and stunted linear growth and impaired organ remodeling.7”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Patton, G.C., C. Coffey, S.M. Sawyer, et al. 2009. Global patterns of mortality in young people: a systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 374: 881-892. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The largest contributors to micronutrient deficiency burden among female youth globally are iron deficiency and iron deficiency-related anemia, which are responsible for about 700-1200 disabilityadjusted life years per 100,000 girls in the 10-14 years age group, 300-900 in 15-to 19-year-olds, and 300-1100 among 20-to 24-year-old females.8”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Koplan, J.P., C.T. Liverman & V.I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105: 131-138. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Globally, around 34 deaths per 100,000 children and adolescents are attributed to malnutrition, and this number significantly varies between developing (38.5 per 100,000) and developed countries (0.2 per 100,000).15”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Thomas, R.E., M. Russell & D. Lorenzetti. 2010. Interven- tions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9: CD005188. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub2. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During normal puberty, height and body weight increase (50% of adult body weight is gained during adolescence), bone mass and muscle mass increase, blood volume expands, and the heart, brain, lungs, liver, and kidney all increase in size.22”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Lampl, M., J.D. Veldhuis & M.L. Johnson. 1992. Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth. Science 258: 801-803. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nutrition surveys show that many adolescents have inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals, which is more pronounced in females than in males.63”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There appears to be an increasing prevalence of obesity among adolescents worldwide, explained by widespread nutrition transitions to lipid-rich diets and a decrease in physical activity, especially among urban adolescents.62,63”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Schneider, D. 2000. International trends in adolescent nutri- tion. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 955-967. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Basal metabolism is the energy required for cellular and tissue maintenance--it increases rapidly to 2 years of age and levels off throughout adolescence 32”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Metabolism
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Norgan, N.G., B. Bogin & N. Cameron. 2012. Nutrition and growth. In Human Growth and Development. 2nd ed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excessive total energy intake may lead to overweight and obesity; however, if a decreased total energy intake falls below BMR, then ECG and AEE will be compromised and can lead to growth stunting, pubertal delay, menstrual abnormalities in girls, and interference with bone mass accumulation.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Metabolism
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Teens as a group tend to snack and graze, miss meals, eat away from home, consume fast foods, and diet (especially females) more frequently than younger children.60,62”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Moreno, L.A., G. Rodriguez, J. Fleta, et al. 2010. Trends of dietary habits in adolescents. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 50: 106-112. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Schneider, D. 2000. International trends in adolescent nutri- tion. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 955-967. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a systematic review, Bellamy estimated that the relative risk for a mother who suffered preeclampsia at any age to acquire hypertension within 14 years was 3.7 (95% CI: 2.70-5.05), to acquire ischemic heart disease and stroke within 10 years was 2.16 (95% CI: 1.86-2.52)and 1.81 (95% CI: 1.45-2.27),respectively, and to acquire thromboembolic venous disease within 5 years was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.37-2”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bellamy
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“and most of the large-scale initiatives exist in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, where there have been efforts to systematically address obesity.79”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and most of the large-scale initiatives exist in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, where there have been efforts to systematically address obesity.79”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has become increasingly important to target this vulnerable group, as today's adolescents are more exposed to nutritional risks, harmful alcohol consumption, sexually transmitted diseases, and other risks than in the past and face other new challenges, such as social media.[84][85][86]”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Future research areas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84][85][86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The timing and duration of body composition changes are linked directly to sexual maturation, and nutritional requirements depend more on sexual maturity than on chronological age.
“The timing and duration of body composition changes are linked directly to sexual maturation; thus, nutritional requirements depend more on sexual maturity than on chronological age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescent bodies are not physically ready for pregnancy.
“Nutrition in pregnant teens is crucial, since their bodies are not physically ready for pregnancy and they tend to give low priority to nutrition despite having enhanced needs for nutrients owing to their pregnant state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescent fertility is three times higher in LMICs owing to contextual factors including traditional marriage practices, poverty, lack of education and employment, restricted access to care, weak health systems, abuse, unplanned or unwanted pregnancies, and absence of autonomy or support.
“Adolescent fertility is three times higher in LMICs owing to various contextual factors, including traditional marriage practices, poverty, lack of education and employment, restricted access to care, weak health systems, abuse, unplanned or unwanted pregnancies, and the absence of autonomy or support in their social arrangements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Appetite increases during adolescence.
“Appetite increases during adolescence, and sedentary individuals are more likely to accumulate fat if they have access to high-energy food.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The growth spurt in adolescence requires rapid tissue expansion with special nutrient requirements, including amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as well as calcium and vitamin D to accommodate bone growth.
“The growth spurt in adolescence requires rapid tissue expansion with special nutrient require-ments, including amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as well as calcium and vitamin D to accommodate bone growth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Protein requirements per unit of height are highest for females in the 11-to 14-year age range and for males in the 15-to 18-year age range, corresponding to the usual timing of peak height velocity.
“Protein requirements per unit of height are highest for females in the 11-to 14-year age range and for males in the 15-to 18-year age range, corresponding to the usual timing of peak height velocity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adult health can be affected by nutrition during adolescence.
“Adolescents are vulnerable and deserve special attention in nutrition because adult health can be affected by nutrition during adolescence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents are vulnerable.
“Adolescents are vulnerable and deserve special attention in nutrition because adult health can be affected by nutrition during adolescence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Height and weight are affected by the quantity and quality of nutrition, energy expenditure, and some infections.19,20”
From Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Unhealthy eating contributes to obesity and associated health issues among adolescents such as growth retardation, impaired organ development, micronutrient deficiencies, and later in life can lead to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension [3–7].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
“early adolescence (10-14 years), late adolescence (15-19 years), and young adulthood (20-24 years).”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Box 1: High-priority areas of investigation among adolescents
“Delineation of nutrition requirements for adolescents (early (12-15) and late (15-19)) across various contexts, including LMICs”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“10.1186/1758-5996-5-49”
Cited work 10.1186/1758-5996-5-49 · retracted 2014-05-20 · notice 10.1186/1758-5996-6-60 · this paper published 2017-04
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Low birth weight: causes and consequences
Negrato, C. A., & Gomes, M. B. (2013) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-49 · Cited by 115
RetractedMaternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x · Cited by 8,475
Self-citationWang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Coates, M. M., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 · Cited by 6,596
Self-citationGlobal nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x · Cited by 4,313
Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x · Cited by 3,801
Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., Bonell, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1 · Cited by 3,785
Self-citationTanner, J. M. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,742
Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work.
Wn, S. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2,955
Adolescence: A foundation for future health
Sawyer, S. M., Afifi, R. A., Bearinger, L. H., Blakemore, S.-J., Dick, B., Ezeh, A. C., & Patton, G. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60072-5 · Cited by 2,635
Bellamy, L., Casas, J.-P., Hingorani, A. D., & Williams, D. J. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.be · Cited by 2,552
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Hellerstedt W.L., 2005, Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services
- Story M., 1992, Nutritional requirements during adolescence, Textbook of Adolescent Medicine, 75
- UNICEF, 2013, Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress
- 10.1007/978-0-387-87687-0_4 · DOI · Paper page
- Hellerstedt W.L., 2005, Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services, 1
- 10.1093/jn/138.8.1505 · DOI · Paper page
- Story M., 2005, Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services, 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Phelps, N. H., Singleton, R. K., Zhou, B., Heap, R. A., Mishra, A., Bennett, J. E., Paciorek, C. J., Lhoste, V. P., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Stevens, G. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02750-2 · Cited by 2,544
“19,20 For decades before the COVID-19 pandemic, higher incomes allowed more spending on food, especially in poor countries and households where a large share of income is spent on food.”
Self-citationThe importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences
Marshall, N. E., Abrams, B., Barbour, L. A., Catalano, P., Christian, P., Friedman, J. E., Hay, W. W., Hernandez, T. L., Krebs, N. F., Oken, E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.035 · Cited by 709
Self-citationRodriguez-Martinez, A., Zhou, B., Sophiea, M. K., Bentham, J., Paciorek, C. J., Iurilli, M. L., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Bennett, J. E., Di Cesare, M., Taddei, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31859-6 · Cited by 417
Self-citationAdolescence and the next generation
Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., Skirbekk, V., Saffery, R., Wlodek, M. E., Azzopardi, P. S., Stonawski, M., Rasmussen, B., Spry, E., Francis, K., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25759 · Cited by 385
Self-citationNutrition in school-age children: a rationale for revisiting priorities
Saavedra, J. M., & Prentice, A. M. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac089 · Cited by 224
“growth, and consist of basal metabolic rate, energy cost of growth, and activity energy expenditure.(50) As a frac-”
BackgroundSelf-citationComprehensive Assessment of Diet Quality and Risk of Precursors of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Zheng, X., Hur, J., Nguyen, L. H., Liu, J., Song, M., Wu, K., Smith-Warner, S. A., Ogino, S., Willett, W. C., Chan, A. T., et al. (2021) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djaa164 · Cited by 136
“Human nutrition has changed dramatically over the past century, represented by increased intake of meat, fats, oils, and added sugars and sweeteners, as well as reduced consumption of vegetables and whole grains (51).”
BackgroundFernández-Gómez, E., Martín-Salvador, A., Luque-Vara, T., Sánchez-Ojeda, M. A., Navarro-Prado, S., & Enrique-Mirón, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041136 · Cited by 211
“In addition to fulfilling the mother’s needs, the needs of the fetus must also be covered [13,14].”
BackgroundLi, L., Sun, N., Zhang, L., Xu, G., Liu, J., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Lou, J., Deng, H., Shen, Z., et al. (2020) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.1795438 · Cited by 135
“Failure to meet nutrient requirements during adolescence can result in growth retardation, impaired organ remodeling, and micronutrient deficiencies [6].”
BackgroundDesbouys, L., Méjean, C., Henauw, S. D., & Castetbon, K. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019002362 · Cited by 137
“Four out of five studies of lower quality were rather consistent with each other, showing more frequent SSB consumption when parental education (60) and FAS (62) were lower and when poverty level indicators were higher.”
InfluentialConsiderations for health and food choice in adolescents
Daly, A. N., O’Sullivan, E. J., & Kearney, J. M. (2021) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665121003827 · Cited by 157
“The effects of hormones cause different body composition outcomes in males and females, with females having greater fat deposition and weight gain around the hip area, and males having greater muscle mass and weight gain around the shoulder area((8,21)).”
InfluentialCataldo, I., De Luca, I., Giorgetti, V., Cicconcelli, D., Bersani, F. S., Imperatori, C., Abdi, S., Negri, A., Esposito, G., & Corazza, O. (2021) · Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health · doi:10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100010 · Cited by 98
Child undernutrition: opportunities beyond the first 1000 days
Georgiadis, A., & Penny, M. E. (2017) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30154-8 · Cited by 94
Children's and adolescents' characteristics and interactions with the food system
Fox, E. L., & Timmer, A. (2020) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100419 · Cited by 89
Jankauskienė, R., & Bacevičienė, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050864 · Cited by 94
“This period is closely intertwined with nutrition and is influenced by many factors such as body image concerns and body dissatisfaction [1].”
BackgroundMadjdian, D. S., Azupogo, F., Osendarp, S. J. M., Bras, H. A. J., & Brouwer, I. D. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13670 · Cited by 77
Patton-López, M. M., Manore, M. M., Branscum, A. J., Meng, Y., & Wong, S. S. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111636 · Cited by 73
“In addition, adolescence is typically a time of rapid growth, requiring adequate nutrition to achieve full physiological potential [6].”
BackgroundAlmerud, P., Zamaratskaia, G., Lindroos, A. K., Bjermo, H., Andersson, E. M., Lundh, T., Ankarberg, E. H., & Lignell, S. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110991 · Cited by 71
Isabirye, N., Bukenya, J. N., Nakafeero, M., Ssekamatte, T., Guwatudde, D., & Fawzi, W. W. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08669-7 · Cited by 68
“While adolescents nutrition is given less priority, 1/3 of the adolescents in the world are obese and more than 10% in low and middle income countries are underweight [10].”
BackgroundZegeye, B., Ahinkorah, B. O., Idriss-Wheeler, D., Olorunsaiye, C. Z., Adjei, N. K., & Yaya, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10252-7 · Cited by 69
“A significant association was found between ethnicity and contraceptive utilization as seen in a prior study [30].”
BackgroundResultAkseer, N., Keats, E. C., Thurairajah, P., Cousens, S., Betrán, A. P., Oaks, B. M., Osrin, D., Piwoz, E., Gomo, E., Ahmed, F., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101309 · Cited by 76
“6,42 Height and pelvic growth are not complete until close to two years following first menstruation, underscoring one of several vulnerable periods in an adolescent girl’s reproductive years.”
Self-citationBaird, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Hamad, B. A. A., Hicks, J. H., Jones, N., & Muz, J. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100480 · Cited by 63
“Furthermore, the significant and positive relationship of RGAs in Bangladesh and RGNs in Ethiopia with adolescents’ self-reports of experiencing hunger shows the importance of exploring relationships at the individual level within the household regarding unequal intrahousehold power relations, including allocation of…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRodriguez, C. A., Smith, E., Villamor, E., Zavaleta, N., Respicio, G., Contreras, C. C., Perea, S., Jiménez, J., Tintaya, K., Lecca, L. W., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101121 · Cited by 66
“are at a unique point for early intervention—is a major research priority [2,3].”
BackgroundWallace, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-18-0670 · Cited by 60
López-Olivares, M., Mohatar-Barba, M., Fernández-Gómez, E., & Enrique-Mirón, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061826 · Cited by 55
“Physiologically, early adolescence is dominated by puberty and sexual development; late adolescence is characterized by pubertal maturation, although to a lesser extent than early adolescence; and young adulthood corresponds to the adoption of the roles and responsibilities of adults [2].”
BackgroundFast-Food Consumption, Dietary Quality, and Dietary Intake of Adolescents in Saudi Arabia
Mumena, W. A., Ateek, A. A., Alamri, R. K., Alobaid, S. A., Alshallali, S. H., Afifi, S. Y., Aljohani, G. A., & Kutbi, H. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215083 · Cited by 54
Is It Time to Reconsider the U.S. Recommendations for Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Intake?
Weiler, M. D., Hertzler, S. R., & Dvoretskiy, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040838 · Cited by 56
“weight as set begin to diminish at the age of onset of puberty, the second fastest period of growth, yet during this second largest growth spurt adolescents will amass 15–20% of adult height and 50% of adult body weight [136].”
BackgroundRelative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Adolescents – A Practical Review
Gould, R. J., Ridout, A. J., & Newton, J. L. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1947-3174 · Cited by 65
“The calorie requirements for adolescent males are higher than for females to fulfill the higher rate of growth and increased lean body mass [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, D., Choi, M.-K., Park, Y. K., Park, C. Y., & Shin, M. (2022) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2022.16.2.272 · Cited by 55
“Childhood and adolescence are periods of rapid physiological, sexual, neurological, and behavioral changes [1].”
BackgroundChakrabarty, M., Singh, A., Singh, S., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002117 · Cited by 49
Beal, T., Manohar, S., Miachon, L., & Fanzo, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2319007121 · Cited by 50
Zhou, T., Zhai, X., Wu, N., Koriyama, S., Wang, D., Jin, Y., Li, W., Sawada, S. S., & Xiang, F. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020351 · Cited by 50
“It is reported that reduced physical activity and unlimited or unbalanced food intake impair our body, especially for adolescents who are in a period of rapid development [40,41].”
BackgroundOnel, K. B., Horton, D. B., Lovell, D. J., Shenoi, S., Cuello‐García, C. A., Angeles‐Han, S. T., Becker, M. L., Cron, R. Q., Feldman, B. M., Ferguson, P. J., et al. (2022) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24839 · Cited by 49
Blum, L. S., Khan, R., Sultana, M., Soltana, N., Siddiqua, Y., Khondker, R., Sultana, S., & Tumilowicz, A. (2019) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12841 · Cited by 47
“These dramatic physical changes create increased demands for nutrients and energy (Das et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialBlum, L. S., Mellisa, A., Sari, E. K., Yusadiredja, I. N., van Liere, M. J., Shulman, S., Izwardy, D., Menon, R. K., & Tumilowicz, A. (2019) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12833 · Cited by 45
“During this period, rapid growth and dramatic physical changes create increased demand for nutrients and energy as simultaneously, adolescents undergo many psychosocial changes, such as seeking independence and self‐identity and growing concerns about body image, all of which can impact on food selection and nutrition…”
BackgroundSinai, T., Axelrod, R., Shimony, T., et al. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10123054 · Cited by 43
“During this time, nutrition intake must be optimal to achieve full growth potential [1].”
BackgroundAn Intergenerational Approach to Break the Cycle of Malnutrition
Arlinghaus, K. R., Truong, C., Johnston, C. A., & Hernandez, D. C. (2018) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-018-0251-0 · Cited by 43
Women’s health: optimal nutrition throughout the lifecycle
Feskens, E. J. M., Bailey, R. L., Bhutta, Z. A., Biesalski, H. K., Eicher‐Miller, H. A., Krämer, K., Pan, W., & Griffiths, J. C. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02915-x · Cited by 49
Self-citationParajuli, J., & Prangthip, P. (2025) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-025-00706-4 · Cited by 90
“The transition into adulthood brings additional challenges as adolescents experience dietary and lifestyle changes that increase their susceptibility to eating disorders, overweight, and obesity [14].”
Onel, K. B., Horton, D. B., Lovell, D. J., Shenoi, S., Cuello‐García, C. A., Angeles‐Han, S. T., Becker, M. L., Cron, R. Q., Feldman, B. M., Ferguson, P. J., et al. (2022) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.42036 · Cited by 39
Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Rural Ghana
Wiafe, M. A., Apprey, C., & Annan, R. A. (2023) · Nutrition and Metabolic Insights · doi:10.1177/11786388231158487 · Cited by 46
“The total dietary diversity score was 10; classified into adequate (5-10) [a score greater than or equal to 5 (⩾5) meant the participant consumed from 5 or more food groups] and inadequate (1-4) [a score equal to or less than 4 (⩽4) meant the participant consumed from 4 or fewer food groups].”
BackgroundUnderstanding the determinants of adolescent nutrition in Bangladesh
Leroy, J. L., Ruel, M. T., Sununtnasuk, C., & Ahmed, A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13530 · Cited by 39
School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review
Samad, N., Bearne, L., Noor, F. M., Akter, F., & Parmar, D. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01668-6 · Cited by 41
Duplaga, M., & Grysztar, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124323 · Cited by 37
Riesmeyer, C., Hauswald, J., & Mergen, M. (2019) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v7i2.1871 · Cited by 36
“It is therefore essential to promote health education because it lays the foundations for healthy eating behavior in childhood (Das et al., 2017) and promotes health literacy (Nutbeam, 2000, 2008).”
BackgroundNaja, F., Itani, L., Kharroubi, S. A., Diab-El-Harake, M., Hwalla, N. C., & Jomaa, L. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02166-3 · Cited by 39
À MARGEM DO CORPO, À MARGEM DO HOLDING: A SAÚDE MENTAL DE DEUSELI VANINES À LUZ DE WINNICOTT
dos Santos, J. O., Santos, A. C. M., Curcio, A. D., Brandão, A. M., Silva, D. E. M. D. S., Santos, I. D. S. M., Prates, J. F., & Trindade, R. C. B. (2022) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.2022103035 · Cited by 33
Tavares, V. P., Lopes, B. V., Modesto, C. C., Loureiro, K. S. C. G., Teixeira, B. E. G., Santos, S. F. D., & Simor, A. (2022) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.2022103033 · Cited by 33
IMPACTO DO DIAGNÓSTICO DE CÂNCER DE MAMA EM MULHERES JOVENS: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Silva, P. R. D. A., Nascimento, M. M. V., Álvares, R. S., Machado, T. R., Oliveira, A. C. C., PROTASIO, I. C. D. O., Gonçalves, A. L. L., & Almeida, D. S. (2022) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.2022103028 · Cited by 33
Tumilowicz, A., Beal, T., Neufeld, L. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy133 · Cited by 33
Multilevel analysis of determinants of anemia among young women (15-24) in sub-Sahara Africa
Worku, M. G., Alamneh, T. S., Teshale, A. B., Yeshaw, Y., Alem, A. Z., Ayalew, H. G., Liyew, A. M., Tessema, Z. T., & Tesema, G. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268129 · Cited by 37
“Because young women need additional micro and macronutrient, they are in danger of developing a variety of health problems, including anemia, if they do not receive appropriate nutrition [36].”
BackgroundKo, S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16173032 · Cited by 34
“However, if total energy intake falls below BMR, ECG and AEE may be impaired, leading to growth failure, delayed puberty, and impaired bone mass accumulation in male adolescence [97].”
BackgroundPredictors of anaemia among adolescent schoolchildren of Ghana
Gosdin, L. K., Tripp, K., Mahama, A. B., Quarshie, K., Amoaful, E. F., Selenje, L., Sharma, D., Jefferds, M. E., Sharma, A. J., Whitehead, R. D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2020.35 · Cited by 35
“We divided respondents into three categories based on their anaemia knowledge: (1) never heard of anaemia, (2) only heard of anaemia but no knowledge of causes, prevention or symptoms and (3) heard of anaemia, and knowledge of any causes, prevention or symptoms.”
BackgroundMethodFactors Influencing Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy in a Culturally Diverse Society
Fernández-Gómez, E., Luque-Vara, T., Fernández, P. M., López-Olivares, M., Vigil, M. Á. G., & Enrique-Mirón, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113242 · Cited by 38
“During pregnancy, the need for nutrients, especially micronutrients, increases compared to other stages of life, leading in turn to higher nutritional requirements [5,6].”
BackgroundAkter, R., Sugino, H., Akhter, N., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020337 · Cited by 31
“Hence, when adolescent girls become pregnant, it affects their own health and well-being as well as that of their children, thereby continuing the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition [20].”
BackgroundFujiwara, T., Ono, M., Iizuka, T., Sekizuka‐Kagami, N., Maida, Y., Adachi, Y., Fujiwara, H., & Yoshikawa, H. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10070476 · Cited by 31
Fox, E., Davis, C., Downs, S., Schultink, W., & Fanzo, J. (2018) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzy076 · Cited by 32
“With increasing attention to the nutritional needs of adolescent girls (8, 9), in addition to the rising prevalence of overweight, obesity, and noncommunicable disease affecting women later in life (10), it is becoming more imperative that interventions reach women at all life stages.”
BackgroundYoung adolescents’ experiences and views on eating and food
Gilmour, A., Gill, S., & Loudon, G. H. (2020) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-06-2020-1161 · Cited by 30
Zeinalabedini, M., Zamani, B., Nasli‐Esfahani, E., & Azadbakht, L. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04032-y · Cited by 29
“As this duration is a phase of fast growth, proper nutrition is essential to reach full growth potential, and failure to acquire appropriate food may result in delayed and stunted linear growth and poor organ remodeling [51].”
BackgroundTariku, A., Belew, A. K., Gonete, K. A., Hunegnaw, M. T., Muhammad, E. A., Demissie, G. D., Biks, G. A., Awoke, T., Gelaye, K. A., Zeleke, E. G., et al. (2019) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2019.1636793 · Cited by 29
“Poor nutrition during this stage of life can perpetuate the inter-generational cycle of malnutrition; it can undo the cumulative benefits of good nutrition occurred in infancy and early life (Das et al. 2017).”
BackgroundZegeye, B., Ahinkorah, B. O., Idriss-Wheeler, D., Oladimeji, O., Olorunsaiye, C. Z., & Yaya, S. (2021) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-020-00520-0 · Cited by 29
“Therefore, there is the need to empower women by encouraging them to use skilled ANC services in order for them to gain the requisite knowledge they need to enhance their utilization of health facility delivery, whiles at the same time, removing socio-economic barriers to access to health facility delivery that occur…”
BackgroundInfluentialNota, M. H. C., Nicolas, S., O’Leary, O. F., & Nolan, Y. M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105147 · Cited by 31
Myszkowska-Ryciak, J., Harton, A., Lange, E., Laskowski, W., & Gajewska, D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071592 · Cited by 31
Associations between eating behaviors, diet quality and body mass index among adolescents
Lawless, M., Shriver, L. H., Wideman, L., Dollar, J. M., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & Shanahan, L. (2019) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101339 · Cited by 29
“On the other hand, it is well established that adolescence is a unique developmental period, marked by physiological growth and changes to both behavioral and cognitive systems (11).”
BackgroundPetersohn, I., Zárate-Ortiz, A. G., Cepeda-Lopez, A. C., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020394 · Cited by 28
“On average, final height is attained one year after menarche [41].”
BackgroundZárate-Ortiz, A. G., Melse‐Boonstra, A., Rodríguez‐Ramírez, S., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112753 · Cited by 28
“The analysis of the association between nutritional indicators and dietary patterns was also conducted separately for adolescents’ age and sex groups because major changes in body composition and growth spurt occur during early adolescence (10–15 years), and differences in nutritional requirements between girls and bo…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAhinkorah, B. O., Kang, M. S., Perry, L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.185 · Cited by 28
“Secondly, ten ‘Nodes’ were created which corresponded to the ten framework components: (1) political recognition, (2) policy initiation, (3) target group definition, (4) adolescent pregnancy issues addressed, (5) policy objectives, (6) scope of activities, (7) financial and human resources, (8) monitoring and evaluati…”
BackgroundInfluentialWiafe, M. A., Apprey, C., & Annan, R. A. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2249 · Cited by 28
“Rapid physiological, sexual, and neurological changes in adolescent growth require adequate intake of energy, protein, iron, zinc, and other micronutrients (Das et al., 2017; Patton et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPsychosocial correlates in patterns of adolescent emotional eating and dietary consumption
Joseph, P. L., Gonçalves, C., & Fleary, S. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285446 · Cited by 34
“, puberty and brain development) require greater nutritional demands on the body [20], while increased autonomy and independence allow youth to take greater responsibility and be more engaged in decision-making for their dietary behaviors [21].”
BackgroundBagnato, M., Roy-Gagnon, M.-H., Vanderlee, L., White, C., Hammond, D., & Potvin Kent, M. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16158-w · Cited by 30
“Youth are exposed to food and beverage marketing (herein referred to as food marketing) daily in a variety of media and settings, which have the power to influence consumption and future health outcomes [10– 13 , 18– 25].”
BackgroundMadzorera, I., Bromage, S., Mwanyika‐Sando, M., Vandormael, A. M., Sherfi, H. A., Worku, A., Shinde, S., Noor, R. A., Bärnighausen, T., Sharma, D., et al. (2023) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13463 · Cited by 31
“Further, energy requirements are increased in male adolescents (2500 – 3000calories per day) (Christian & Smith, 2018; Das et al., 2017).”
Song, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Gong, L., Chen, Q., Jiang, X., Zhang, J., Hao, Y., Zhou, H., Lou, X., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16197-3 · Cited by 31
“Adolescence is a crucial period not only for physical and physiological [7] development, but also for the establishment of lifestyle patterns [8, 9], which may persist into adulthood and impact long-term health outcomes [10].”
BackgroundDietary patterns of adolescent students during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
Martín-Rodríguez, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., López-Pérez, P. J., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113764 · Cited by 27
Incomplete Healing as a Cause of Aging: The Role of Mitochondria and the Cell Danger Response
Naviaux, R. K. (2019) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology8020027 · Cited by 28
Abera, M., Workicho, A., Berhane, M., Hiko, D., Ali, R., Zinab, B., Haileamlak, A., & Fall, C. H. D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280784 · Cited by 28
“emotional and cognitive maturation, are vital changes taking place during adolescence, creating a greater demand for protein and energy [2], and a continued need for micronutrients [3].”
BackgroundDouble Burden of Malnutrition among Female Adolescent Students in Bahir Dar City, Amhara, Ethiopia
Taklual, W., Baye, S., Mekie, M., & Andualem, T. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/6249524 · Cited by 23
“Adolescence is a period of rapid physiological, sexual, neurological, and behavioral changes which lays a foundation to adult role and responsibility [3].”
BackgroundHow adolescents cope with food insecurity in Baltimore City: an exploratory study
Mmari, K., Offiong, A., Gross, S. M., & Mendelson, T. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019001216 · Cited by 23
“During this period of immense change, proper nutrition and energy intake is particularly important(10).”
BackgroundAnderson, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45103-5_4 · Cited by 24
Iyasu, A., Laillou, A., Tilahun, K., Workneh, F., Mogues, S., Chitekwe, S., & Baye, K. (2023) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13527 · Cited by 40
“Besides, while adequate energy and nutrient intake is necessary to support the rapid growth, healthy dietary habits are critical to prevent multiple forms of malnutrition (Das et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMapping and Predicting Patterns of Chinese Adolescents’ Food Preferences
Sun, S., He, J., & Fan, X. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092124 · Cited by 23
“With these changes, adolescents are particularly susceptible to inadequacies of nutrients [20].”
BackgroundDrenowatz, C. J., & Greier, K. (2019) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp.2019.09.03 · Cited by 25
“The rapid physiological, psychological and behavioral changes along with increased social and economic independence during adolescence also make puberty a vulnerable time for behavioral change (23,24).”
BackgroundDouble burden of malnutrition among adolescents in rural West Bengal, India
Darling, A. M., Fawzi, W. W., Barik, A., Chowdhury, A., & Kumar, R. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110809 · Cited by 24
Temple, J. L., Ziegler, A. M., Crandall, A. K., Mansouri, T., Hatzinger, L. A., Barich, R., & Epstein, L. H. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01007-w · Cited by 21
“INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a critical time period for establishing weightrelated behaviors that track to adulthood [1].”
BackgroundPrevalence and determinants of gestational weight gain among pregnant women in Niger
Ouédraogo, C. T., Wessells, K. R., Young, R. R., Faye, M. T., & Hess, S. Y. (2019) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12887 · Cited by 23
“Adolescence is a period of rapid growth, and when pregnancy occurs during this period, there is increased competition for nutrients with the fetus, which increases the risk of undernutrition among adolescent pregnant women (Das et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBrandl, B., Skurk, T., Rennekamp, R., Hannink, A., Kiesswetter, E., Freiherr, J., Ihsen, S., Roosen, J., Klingenspor, M., Haller, D., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.582387 · Cited by 22
Physical, emotional and social aspects of vulnerability in adolescence
Ciampo, L. A. D., & Ciampo, I. R. L. D. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Community Medicine · doi:10.33545/comed.2020.v3.i1c.135 · Cited by 38
Associations between dietary habits, socio-demographics and gut microbial composition in adolescents
Kemp, K. M., Orihuela, C. A., Morrow, C. D., Judd, S. E., Evans, R. R., & Mrug, S. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523002271 · Cited by 26
“Adolescent eating behaviours are shaped by a variety of factors, such as food availability, peer influences, socio-economic status (SES) and personal and cultural beliefs (19) .”
BackgroundSchildroth, S., Friedman, A., Bauer, J. A., & Henn, B. C. (2022) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20457 · Cited by 21
Telisa, I., & Eliza, E. (2020) · AcTion Aceh Nutrition Journal · doi:10.30867/action.v5i1.241 · Cited by 20
Adolescent Nutrition—Developing a Research Agenda for the Second Window of Opportunity in Indonesia
Sparrow, R. A., Agustina, R., Bras, H. A. J., Sheila, G., Rieger, M., Yumna, A., Feskens, E. J. M., & Melse‐Boonstra, A. (2021) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0379572120983668 · Cited by 29
Klisic, A. N., Kavarić, N., Kotur, J., et al. (2021) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/132757 · Cited by 20
“Adolescence, as a period of increased nutritional demand and changes in psychosocial behavior, is often associated with obesity and metabolic disturbances closely related to insulin resistance (IR) [1].”
BackgroundSchool readiness to adopt a school-based adolescent nutrition intervention in urban Indonesia
Octaria, Y. C., Apriningsih, A., Dwiriani, C. M., & Februhartanty, J. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020001299 · Cited by 19
“habits onto this cohort as it moves into adulthood(6,7).”
BackgroundThe relationship between pubertal timing and under‐nutrition in rural Pakistan
Campisi, S. C., Humayun, K. N., Wasan, Y., Soofi, S. B., Islam, M., Hussain, A., Shakeel, A., Vandermorris, A., Söder, O., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.002 · Cited by 23
Self-citationCampisi, S. C., Zasowski, C., Shah, S., Shah, A., Bradley-Ridout, G., Korczak, D. J., & Szatmári, P. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa021 · Cited by 19
“To achieve this development and growth, nutritional requirements increase relative to childhood (25).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFujiwara, T., Ono, M., Mieda, M., Yoshikawa, H., Nakata, R., Daikoku, T., Sekizuka‐Kagami, N., Maida, Y., Ando, H., & Fujiwara, H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051294 · Cited by 19
“Accordingly, these periods can be divided into early adolescence (10–14 years), late adolescence (15–19 years), and young adulthood (20–24 years) [1].”
Backgroundda Silva, S. U., Alves, M. D. A., de Vasconcelos, F. D. A. G., Gonçalves, V. S. S., Barufaldi, L. A., & de Carvalho, K. M. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257603 · Cited by 21
Haynes, A., Morley, B., Dixon, H., Scully, M. L., McAleese, A., Gascoyne, C., Busbridge, R., Cigognini, M., Regev, I., & Wakefield, M. A. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020003535 · Cited by 18
“Optimal nutrition during adolescence is therefore important for both physiological development and the establishment of healthy dietary habits(1).”
BackgroundAlemu, T. G., Muhye, A. B., & Ayele, A. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254166 · Cited by 18
“result of the early growth spurt seen in adolescent girls with a sudden increase in nutritional requirement in early age group [6].”
BackgroundHolly, S., Jantzi, H. A., Seabrook, J. A., McEachern, L. W., Burke, S. M., Irwin, J. D., & Gilliland, J. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad058 · Cited by 18
Li, X., Yu, S., Huang, K., Zhu, W., Ye, G., Qi, J., Shu, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Z., Maimaiti, S., et al. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143267 · Cited by 23
Gestational weight gain and newborn anthropometric outcomes in rural Bangladesh
Kac, G., Arnold, C. D., Matias, S. L., Mridha, M. K., & Dewey, K. G. (2019) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12816 · Cited by 19
“This implies that the potential benefits of adequate GWG, with regard to infant birth size, did not differ between adults and adolescents even though adolescents are at higher risk for adverse birth outcomes (Das et al., 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Thornburg, K. L., Prentice, A. M., Campisi, S., Lassi, Z. S., Koletzko, B., & Bhutta, Z. A.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 1393
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-33
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2608466962
- Cited by
- 597
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Keywords
- adolescent nutrition, adolescent growth, puberty, nutrient requirements, dietary habits, pregnant adolescents, adolescent transition, nutrition interventions, body image, food preferences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
