The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 20 of the 74 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most commonly, adolescence is divided into three developmental periods: early adolescence (10-14 years of age), late adolescence (15-19 years of age), and young adulthood (20-24 years of age). Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity, acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image. Here, we describe the physiology, metabolism, and nutritional requirements for adolescents and pregnant adolescents, as well as nutrition-related behavior and current trends in adolescent nutrition. We conclude with thoughts on the implications for nutrition interventions and priority areas that would require further investigation.
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24 No full text of the sources · 8 Partly supported · 8 Sources not found · 7 Couldn’t confirm · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Height velocity peaks at B3 between 11 and 12 years of age.30”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [30] 30. Fellmeth, G.L., C. Heffernan, J. Nurse, et al. 2013. Educa- tional and skills-based interventions for preventing relation- ship and dating violence in adolescents and young adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6: CD004534. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Discussion passages address adolescent dating violence and participants’ ages, not physical growth. Searches for peak height velocity and Tanner stage B3 found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed timing. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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In the paper
“behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use, often begin during adolescence and are closely related to physiological and nutritional aspects.64,65”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. World Health Organization. 2014. Health for the world's adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. http:// apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/. Accessed Novem- ber 24, 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Could not verifycites [65] 65. Swanson, S.A., S.J. Crow, D. Le Grange, et al. 2011. Preva- lence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents: results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68: 714-723. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Age at Onset; page unavailable) give adolescent onset ages for eating disorders, not for smoking, drinking, or illicit drug use. Searches for those behaviors and for links to physiological or nutritional aspects found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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In the paper
“For a lactating mother, her micronutrient status determines the health and development of her breast-fed infant, especially during the first 6 months of life.47,48”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] 47. Ward, D., A. Drahota, D. Gal, et al. 2008. Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003164. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003164.pub2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Implications for research section discusses comparing care-home, hospital, and own-home environments for rehabilitation of older people; no page number is provided in our copy. Searches for lactating mothers, maternal micronutrients, breastfeeding, and infant development found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [48] 48. Rich-Edwards, J.W., A. Fraser, D.A. Lawlor & J.M. Catov. 2014. Pregnancy characteristics and women's future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women's health? Epidemiol. Rev. 36: 57-70. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The review’s Implications for research and Search methods sections concern rehabilitation settings for older people, not maternal or infant nutrition (page numbers unavailable). Searches for lactating mothers, micronutrient status, breastfeeding, and infant development found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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In the paper
“However, prepregnancy obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy dramatically increase the risk for preeclampsia among adolescents.50,51”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Baker, A.M. & S. Haeri. 2012. Estimating risk factors for development of preeclampsia in teen mothers. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 286: 1093-1096. source
- Could not verifycites [51] 51. Timpka, S., C. Macdonald-Wallis, A.D. Hughes, et al. 2016. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and offspring cardiac structure and function in adolescence. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5: pii: e003906. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Statistical Analyses; page unavailable) list prepregnancy BMI as a covariate, but do not report whether it increases preeclampsia risk. Searches for prepregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain found no passage assessing their effects on preeclampsia risk among pregnant adolescents. The paper instead examines cardiac outcomes in adolescent offspring exposed to maternal preeclampsia. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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In the paper
“It has become increasingly clear that several conditions in pregnancy predispose both mother and offspring for later disease, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes.49”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [49] 49. Bellamy, L., J.P. Casas, A.D. Hingorani & D.J. Williams. 2007. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 335: 974. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) reports increased later hypertension and cardiovascular disease among women with a history of pre-eclampsia. The paper does not establish later disease in offspring or an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and it addresses pre-eclampsia rather than several pregnancy conditions. Its Introduction also leaves open whether the cardiovascular association reflects a shared cause or damage during pregnancy, so the claim's causal wording is stronger than the source supports. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“Adolescence is a time for catch-up growth; the extent to which pubertal growth can contribute to stunting recovery at this time is under much investigation, but studies of children who migrated or were adopted may offer more insight into later linear growth increases.3,82,83”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Future research areas
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Avenell, A., W.J. Gillespie, L.D. Gillespie & D. O'Connell. 2005. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: CD000227. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000227.pub3. source
- Partly supportedcites [82] 82. Lundeen, E.A., J.R. Behrman, B.T. Crookston, et al. 2014. Growth faltering and recovery in children aged 1-8 years in four low-and middle-income countries: young lives. Public Health Nutr. 17: 2131-2137. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports catch-up growth during the pre-school and early school-age years, and the study measured children at ages 1, 5 and 8. It supports the possibility of catch-up growth after infancy, but does not establish adolescence as a time for it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Sawyer, S.M., R.A. Afifi, L.H. Bearinger, et al. 2012. Adoles- cence: a foundation for future health. Lancet 379: 1630-1640. source
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In the paper
“Maturation of the body owing to hormonal changes during adolescence leads to dramatic changes in body composition.21”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. Corkins, M.R., S.R. Daniels, S.D. de Ferranti, et al. 2016. Nutrition in children and adolescents. Med. Clin. North Am. 100: 1217-1235. source
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In the paper
“Deficiencies in multiple micronutrients are of particular importance to adolescent health because of their direct effects, such as iron-deficiency anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Many theories have been proposed to explain body image disturbances and their link with eating disorders, but most researchers appear to agree that the strongest influence in Western societies is the sociocultural factor, the theory best supported by available data.69”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69] 69. Van Hecke, L., A. Loyen, M. Verloigne, et al. 2016. Variation in population levels of physical activity in European chil- dren and adolescents according to cross-European studies: a systematic literature review within DEDIPAC. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 13: 70.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Thus, one can predict that the global trend for excess weight gain among adolescent girls will lead to elevated rates of diabetes and heart disease among affected women and their offspring.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, low activity levels among adolescents are a key factor that underlies increases in adolescent obesity across the globe.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements during adolescence
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- Rests on an assumption: Appetite increases during adolescence.
In the paper
“while ECG is a small component compared with BMR and AEE.33”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Metabolism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33] 33. Schofield, W. 1984. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 39: 5-41.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“The WHO has endorsed the Schofield equations for estimating BMR that take into account sex, age, and body weight.34,35”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Metabolism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. Schofield, C. 1985. Annotated bibliography of source mate- rial for basal metabolic rate data. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 39 (Suppl. 1): 42-91.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] 35. Hellerstedt, W.L. 2005. Adolescent growth and develop- ment: Trends in Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Contracep- tive Use, Pregnancy, and Pregnancy Resolution. In Guide- lines for Adolescent Nutrition Services. M. Story & J. Stang, Eds.: 1-8. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Leadership, Educa- tion and Training in Maternal and Child Nutrition, Divi- sion of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. http://www.epi. umn.edu/let/pubs/adol_book.shtm.
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In the paper
“Recent studies into adolescent eating behaviors suggest that personal factors identified during adolescence were found to be predictive of both persistent dieting and disordered eating from adolescence into young adulthood, as well as initiation of these behaviors during young adulthood.63,68”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source
- Not matchedcites [68] 68. Heinberg, L.J. & J.K. Thompson. 1996. Body image. In Ado- lescent Nutrition-Assessment and Management. V.I. Rickert, Ed.: 136-156. New York: Chapman & Hall Inc.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors during adolescence, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, costs, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image.60”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Moreno, L.A., G. Rodriguez, J. Fleta, et al. 2010. Trends of dietary habits in adolescents. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 50: 106-112. source
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In the paper
“Adolescents who were exposed to maternal preeclampsia as fetuses showed structural and functional changes in their hearts, including greater relative wall thickness and reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume compared with controls.52”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] 52. de Vienne, C.M., C. Creveuil & M. Dreyfus. 2009. Does young maternal age increase the risk of adverse obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcomes: a cohort study. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 147: 151-156. source
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In the paper
“Findings from a recent systematic review 37 evaluating nutrition interventions for adolescents suggest that micronutrient supplementation among adolescents can significantly decrease anaemia prevalence (relative risk (RR): 0.69; 95% CI: 0.62-0.76).37”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements during adolescence
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] 37. Scholl, T.O. & M.L. Hediger. 1993. A review of the epidemiol- ogy of nutrition and adolescent pregnancy: maternal growth during pregnancy and its effect on the fetus. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 12: 101-107. source
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In the paper
“The caloric requirement of adolescent males is higher than that of adolescent females, owing to greater increases in height, weight, and lean body mass.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements during adolescence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies into adolescent eating behaviors suggest that personal factors identified during adolescence were found to be predictive of both persistent dieting and disordered eating from adolescence into young adulthood, as well as initiation of these behaviors during young adulthood.63,68”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source
- Not matchedcites [68] 68. Heinberg, L.J. & J.K. Thompson. 1996. Body image. In Ado- lescent Nutrition-Assessment and Management. V.I. Rickert, Ed.: 136-156. New York: Chapman & Hall Inc.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, in low-income settings, the pubertal growth spurt is frequently extended, thus allowing a substantial degree of catch-up in height and weight compared with the international growth reference standards.3”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Avenell, A., W.J. Gillespie, L.D. Gillespie & D. O'Connell. 2005. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3: CD000227. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000227.pub3. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prepregnancy low body mass index (<18.5)significantly increases perinatal risks, including stillbirths, preterm births, and small for gestational age and LBW babies. 2”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Black, R.E., C.G. Victora, S.P. Walker, et al. 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382: 427-451. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, there is a lack of rigorous nutrition program evaluations and large study cohorts from these countries, 79”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source
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In the paper
“Additionally, wide variations exist between and within regions in adolescent health profiles in relation to the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in adulthood, substance abuse, overweight, and sedentary lifestyles.86”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Future research areas
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It has become increasingly important to target this vulnerable group, as today's adolescents are more exposed to nutritional risks, harmful alcohol consumption, sexually transmitted diseases, and other risks than in the past and face other new challenges, such as social media.[84][85][86]”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Future research areas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84][85][86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“However, there is a lack of rigorous nutrition program evaluations and large study cohorts from these countries, 79”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Age of menarche varies between populations, ranging from 11.0 to 14.1 years, with the mean of 12.6 years, and this has decreased significantly over the last century.28”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] 28. Parent, A.S., G. Teilmann, A. Juul, et al. 2003. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24: 668-693. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
“Age references in well-off conditions” (p. 5) documents differences between populations, but gives 12.0–13.5 years for Western Europe; it does not give the claimed 11.0–14.1-year range or a cross-population mean of 12.6 years. “Secular trends” (pp. 6–7) reports a marked historical decline, but says more recent trends vary by country and have stalled in some. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies in ado-lescent sheep show that excess calories given during pregnancy will be allocated to the mother's growth over the growth of the fetus; 41 the degree to which this is true in humans has not been adequately studied.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [41] 41. Reiches, M.W., S.E. Moore, A.M. Prentice, et al. 2013. The adolescent transition under energetic stress: body compo- sition tradeoffs among adolescent women in The Gambia. Evol. Med. Public Health 2013: 75-85. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions and Implications section says that earlier findings suggest growing pregnant women allocate a higher proportion of energy to maternal than fetal tissue. It does not describe adolescent sheep studies or show that excess calories given during pregnancy are allocated preferentially to maternal growth. The study itself excluded pregnant participants. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Boys' height velocity begins 1-2 years after girls, and, as a result, boys' growth in height occurs for a longer period than girls, and final adult height is usually achieved by 17 years of age.28,30”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] 28. Parent, A.S., G. Teilmann, A. Juul, et al. 2003. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev. 24: 668-693. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Age references in well-off conditions” (p. 5), the paper says girls classically precede boys by an average of 0.8 years in pubertal onset, while noting that some recent studies found no difference. That partly supports later maturation in boys, but it does not establish that boys’ height velocity begins 1–2 years later, that they grow for longer, or that adult height is usually reached by age 17. The discussion of final height (p. 11) explicitly sets aside pubertal growth and final-height patterns. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Could not verifycites [30] 30. Fellmeth, G.L., C. Heffernan, J. Nurse, et al. 2013. Educa- tional and skills-based interventions for preventing relation- ship and dating violence in adolescents and young adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6: CD004534. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background discusses adolescent dating violence, while the Results discuss participants’ ages and gender; neither addresses physical growth. Searches for height velocity, boys’ growth, and adult height at 17 found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that adolescent women are able to grow during pregnancy if their nutrition is adequate, 38,39 while others have shown that pregnancy may limit maternal growth.40”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] 38. Scholl, T.O., M.L. Hediger & I.G. Ances. 1990. Maternal growth during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 790-793. source
- Supportedcites [39] 39. Rah, J.H., P. Christian, A.A. Shamim, et al. 2008. Preg- nancy and lactation hinder growth and nutritional status of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. J. Nutr. 138: 1505- 1511. source
Citation 40 is attached to the claim that pregnancy may limit maternal growth, not to the preceding claim about adequate nutrition. The Discussion reports that pregnant adolescents in rural Bangladesh did not gain stature while never-pregnant adolescents did; the Results likewise report lower growth among the pregnant group. The source therefore supports the hedged claim in this population. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] 40. Wallace, J.M., R.P. Aitken, J.S. Milne & W.W. Hay Jr. 2004. Nutritionally mediated placental growth restriction in the growing adolescent: consequences for the fetus. Biol. Reprod. 71: 1055-1062. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Existing data suggest that, when energy is constrained, the physiology of younger adolescents invests in growth, while that of older adolescent females privileges reproductively valuable adipose tissue.42”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] 42. Gigante, D.P., K.M. Rasmussen & C.G. Victora. 2005. Preg- nancy increases BMI in adolescents of a population-based birth cohort. J. Nutr. 135: 74-80. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that adolescents can continue growing during pregnancy and that growth is associated with increased weight gain and fat storage. The Discussion also reports nutrient competition during adolescent pregnancy. Neither passage establishes that energy-constrained younger adolescents prioritize growth while older adolescents prioritize adipose tissue. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Dietary recommendations suggest that 50% or more of total daily calories should come from carbohydrates, with no more than 10-25% of calories derived from sugars, such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup.36”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements during adolescence
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [36] 36. Salam, R.A., M. Hooda, J.K. Das, et al. 2016. Interventions to improve adolescent nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adolesc. Health 59: S29-S39. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on promoting healthy nutrition and preventing obesity discusses dietary-control interventions and BMI, but gives no recommended calorie shares. Searches for the carbohydrate and sugar percentages, sucrose, and high-fructose corn syrup found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed recommendations; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because at-risk groups of adolescent girls more often have LBW babies and babies born prematurely or suffering neonatal death, 53,54 survivors will have elevated risks for chronic conditions, including hypertension over the life span, 55 early-onset renal disease, 56 type 2 diabetes, 57 mental disorders, 58 and many other chronic conditions.59”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [53] 53. Mombo-Ngoma, G., J.R. Mackanga, R. Gonzalez, et al. 2016. Young adolescent girls are at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: an observational multi- country study. BMJ Open 6: e011783. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results and Discussion report that very young mothers in this sub-Saharan African cohort were more likely to have low-birthweight infants or deliver prematurely. The paper calls these outcomes markers of infant mortality, but does not show that their babies more often died as neonates. The chronic-condition risks have separate citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] 54. Barker, D.J. & C. Osmond. 1988. Low birth weight and hypertension. BMJ 297: 134-135. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Lackland, D.T., H.E. Bendall, C. Osmond, et al. 2000. Low birth weights contribute to high rates of early-onset chronic renal failure in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 160: 1472-1476. source
- Partly supportedcites [56] 56. Barker, D.J., C.N. Hales, C.H. Fall, et al. 1993. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 36: 62-67. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Adolescent girls are two to five times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than women aged 20-29 years.47”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] 47. Ward, D., A. Drahota, D. Gal, et al. 2008. Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4: CD003164. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003164.pub2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Types of participants section concerns rehabilitation for people aged 60 or older. Searches for adolescent pregnancy-related mortality and the comparison with women aged 20–29 returned no passage addressing either point; the retrieved material concerns older-person rehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.79)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In boys, peak weight velocity occurs at about the same time as peak height velocity and averages 9 kg/year.31”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [31] 31. Holliday, M. 1971. Metabolic rate and organ size during growth from infancy to maturity and during late gestation and early infancy. Pediatrics 47: 169-179. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Results passages address adolescent dating violence, not physical growth. Searches for peak weight velocity, peak height velocity, and 9 kg/year found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“More recently, there has been an epidemiological transition in LMICs, since these countries now bear a double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition.77,78”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [77] 77. Wang, H., M. Naghavi, C. Allen, et al. 2016. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause- specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a sys- tematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1459-1544. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable in our copy) identify high BMI as a major stroke risk factor in low- and middle-income countries, which supports the overnutrition side of the claim. The paper does not establish that these countries also bear a burden of undernutrition or describe the claimed double burden; its findings concern stroke risks rather than nutrition status generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [78] 78. Popkin, B.M., L.S. Adair & S.W. Ng. 2012. Global nutri- tion transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr. Rev. 70: 3-21. source
The section “Food security and the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity” says that underweight, stunting, and micronutrient deficiencies commonly coexist with increasing obesity in many low- and middle-income countries. It explicitly calls this the “dual burden” of undernutrition and obesity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Though data on the burden of stunting among adolescent females are limited, it has been estimated that in some countries as many as half of all adolescents are stunted, reflecting persistent and cumulative effects of growth retardation from an early age.18”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] 18. UNICEF. 2013. Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress. New York. UNICEF.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 2011, an estimated 43 million (7%) children younger than 5 years were overweight globally, marking a 54% increase from an estimated 28 million in 1990, 2 and most of these overweight children (32 million) lived in LMICs.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Black, R.E., C.G. Victora, S.P. Walker, et al. 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382: 427-451. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent findings from the global burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents suggest that protein-energy malnutrition is among the top 10 causes of death among children and adolescents, accounting for 225,906 deaths in 2013.15”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Thomas, R.E., M. Russell & D. Lorenzetti. 2010. Interven- tions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9: CD005188. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub2. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Childhood overweight is associated with multiple immediate and long-term risks, including raised cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose; type 2 diabetes; high blood pressure; and an elevated risk of developing adult obesity and its associated”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] 9. Lloyd, L.J., S.C. Langley-Evans & S. McMullen. 2012. Child- hood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 36: 1-11.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Lobstein, T., L. Baur & R. Uauy. 2004. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes. Rev. 5: 4-85. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Current evidence suggests that adolescents grow in distinct spurts that occur only rarely (about 5% of the time), as has been established for infants and young children.23”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Lampl, M. & M.L. Johnson. 2011. Infant growth in length follows prolonged sleep and increased naps. Sleep 34: 641- 650. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The prevalence of underweight among adolescent females aged 13-17 years across the five regions of the world and about 60 countries is generally less than 5%; however, in some LMICs in Africa and Asia, almost 10% or more of younger adolescent girls (13-15 years) are too thin for their age and height.17”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khara, T. & E. Mates. 2015. Adolescent nutrition: policy and programming in SUN+ countries. Save the Children, London. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://www.save thechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Adolescent_ Nutrition.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Global nutrition trends in adolescents have been discussed in detail in a companion paper, 16 but, briefly, overweight and obesity affect one in every three adolescents worldwide.17”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khara, T. & E. Mates. 2015. Adolescent nutrition: policy and programming in SUN+ countries. Save the Children, London. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://www.save thechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/Adolescent_ Nutrition.pdf.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Menarche occurs mostly at stage B4 but can extend into B5 about 2-3 years after the onset of breast development.29”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Eckert, K.L., V.A. Loffredo & K. O'Connor. 2009. Adolescent physiology. In Behavioral Approaches to Chronic Disease in Adolescence: A Guide to Integrative Care. W.T. O'Donohue, Ed.: 29-45. New York, NY: Springer. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many LMICs now bear a double burden of malnutrition, 11,12 with the increasing burden of overweight and obesity along with existing high burden of undernutriton.13,14”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Popkin, B.M. & P. Gordon-Larsen. 2004. The nutrition tran- sition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int. J. Obes. 28: S2-S9. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] 12. Nichols, M.S., A.M. de Silva-Sanigorski, J.E. Cleary, et al. 2011. Decreasing trends in overweight and obesity among an Australian population of preschool children. Int. J. Obes. 35: 916-924. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Rokholm, B., J.L. Baker & T.I. Sørensen. 2010. The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999-a review of evidence and perspectives. Obes. Rev. 11: 835-846. source
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Collaboration GBoDP. 2016. Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013. JAMA Pediatr. 170: 267-287.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high rate of growth during puberty is second to that in infancy, but is greater in duration, and therefore total nutritional requirements during puberty may be greater than during any other period in life.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The growth spurt in adolescence requires rapid tissue expansion with special nutrient requirements, including amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as well as calcium and vitamin D to accommodate bone growth.
In the paper
“Iron-deficiency anemia is the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting an estimated 619 (95% confidence interval (CI), 618-621) million in 2013.8”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Koplan, J.P., C.T. Liverman & V.I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105: 131-138. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since it is a period of rapid growth, adequate nutrition is crucial for achieving full growth potential, and failure to achieve optimal nutrition may lead to delayed and stunted linear growth and impaired organ remodeling.7”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Patton, G.C., C. Coffey, S.M. Sawyer, et al. 2009. Global patterns of mortality in young people: a systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 374: 881-892. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The largest contributors to micronutrient deficiency burden among female youth globally are iron deficiency and iron deficiency-related anemia, which are responsible for about 700-1200 disabilityadjusted life years per 100,000 girls in the 10-14 years age group, 300-900 in 15-to 19-year-olds, and 300-1100 among 20-to 24-year-old females.8”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Koplan, J.P., C.T. Liverman & V.I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance: executive summary. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105: 131-138. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Globally, around 34 deaths per 100,000 children and adolescents are attributed to malnutrition, and this number significantly varies between developing (38.5 per 100,000) and developed countries (0.2 per 100,000).15”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Thomas, R.E., M. Russell & D. Lorenzetti. 2010. Interven- tions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9: CD005188. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub2. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During normal puberty, height and body weight increase (50% of adult body weight is gained during adolescence), bone mass and muscle mass increase, blood volume expands, and the heart, brain, lungs, liver, and kidney all increase in size.22”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Current trends in adolescent nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Lampl, M., J.D. Veldhuis & M.L. Johnson. 1992. Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth. Science 258: 801-803. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nutrition surveys show that many adolescents have inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals, which is more pronounced in females than in males.63”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There appears to be an increasing prevalence of obesity among adolescents worldwide, explained by widespread nutrition transitions to lipid-rich diets and a decrease in physical activity, especially among urban adolescents.62,63”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Schneider, D. 2000. International trends in adolescent nutri- tion. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 955-967. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Henkel, D. 2011. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4: 4-27. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Basal metabolism is the energy required for cellular and tissue maintenance--it increases rapidly to 2 years of age and levels off throughout adolescence 32”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Metabolism
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Norgan, N.G., B. Bogin & N. Cameron. 2012. Nutrition and growth. In Human Growth and Development. 2nd ed. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excessive total energy intake may lead to overweight and obesity; however, if a decreased total energy intake falls below BMR, then ECG and AEE will be compromised and can lead to growth stunting, pubertal delay, menstrual abnormalities in girls, and interference with bone mass accumulation.”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Metabolism
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Teens as a group tend to snack and graze, miss meals, eat away from home, consume fast foods, and diet (especially females) more frequently than younger children.60,62”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] 60. Moreno, L.A., G. Rodriguez, J. Fleta, et al. 2010. Trends of dietary habits in adolescents. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 50: 106-112. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Schneider, D. 2000. International trends in adolescent nutri- tion. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 955-967. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a systematic review, Bellamy estimated that the relative risk for a mother who suffered preeclampsia at any age to acquire hypertension within 14 years was 3.7 (95% CI: 2.70-5.05), to acquire ischemic heart disease and stroke within 10 years was 2.16 (95% CI: 1.86-2.52)and 1.81 (95% CI: 1.45-2.27),respectively, and to acquire thromboembolic venous disease within 5 years was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.37-2”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Nutritional requirements for adolescent pregnancy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bellamy
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“and most of the large-scale initiatives exist in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, where there have been efforts to systematically address obesity.79”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and most of the large-scale initiatives exist in Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, where there have been efforts to systematically address obesity.79”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Adolescent behavior and nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] 79. Ruel, M.T., H. Alderman & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382: 536- 551. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has become increasingly important to target this vulnerable group, as today's adolescents are more exposed to nutritional risks, harmful alcohol consumption, sexually transmitted diseases, and other risks than in the past and face other new challenges, such as social media.[84][85][86]”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Future research areas
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84][85][86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The timing and duration of body composition changes are linked directly to sexual maturation, and nutritional requirements depend more on sexual maturity than on chronological age.
“The timing and duration of body composition changes are linked directly to sexual maturation; thus, nutritional requirements depend more on sexual maturity than on chronological age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescent bodies are not physically ready for pregnancy.
“Nutrition in pregnant teens is crucial, since their bodies are not physically ready for pregnancy and they tend to give low priority to nutrition despite having enhanced needs for nutrients owing to their pregnant state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescent fertility is three times higher in LMICs owing to contextual factors including traditional marriage practices, poverty, lack of education and employment, restricted access to care, weak health systems, abuse, unplanned or unwanted pregnancies, and absence of autonomy or support.
“Adolescent fertility is three times higher in LMICs owing to various contextual factors, including traditional marriage practices, poverty, lack of education and employment, restricted access to care, weak health systems, abuse, unplanned or unwanted pregnancies, and the absence of autonomy or support in their social arrangements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Appetite increases during adolescence.
“Appetite increases during adolescence, and sedentary individuals are more likely to accumulate fat if they have access to high-energy food.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The growth spurt in adolescence requires rapid tissue expansion with special nutrient requirements, including amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as well as calcium and vitamin D to accommodate bone growth.
“The growth spurt in adolescence requires rapid tissue expansion with special nutrient require-ments, including amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as well as calcium and vitamin D to accommodate bone growth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Protein requirements per unit of height are highest for females in the 11-to 14-year age range and for males in the 15-to 18-year age range, corresponding to the usual timing of peak height velocity.
“Protein requirements per unit of height are highest for females in the 11-to 14-year age range and for males in the 15-to 18-year age range, corresponding to the usual timing of peak height velocity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adult health can be affected by nutrition during adolescence.
“Adolescents are vulnerable and deserve special attention in nutrition because adult health can be affected by nutrition during adolescence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents are vulnerable.
“Adolescents are vulnerable and deserve special attention in nutrition because adult health can be affected by nutrition during adolescence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Height and weight are affected by the quantity and quality of nutrition, energy expenditure, and some infections.19,20”
From Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Unhealthy eating contributes to obesity and associated health issues among adolescents such as growth retardation, impaired organ development, micronutrient deficiencies, and later in life can lead to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension [3–7].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Background
“early adolescence (10-14 years), late adolescence (15-19 years), and young adulthood (20-24 years).”
§ Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs > Box 1: High-priority areas of investigation among adolescents
“Delineation of nutrition requirements for adolescents (early (12-15) and late (15-19)) across various contexts, including LMICs”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“10.1186/1758-5996-5-49”
Cited work 10.1186/1758-5996-5-49 · retracted 2014-05-20 · notice 10.1186/1758-5996-6-60 · this paper published 2017-04
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Low birth weight: causes and consequences
Negrato, C. A., & Gomes, M. B. (2013) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-49 · Cited by 115
RetractedMaternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x · Cited by 8,475
Self-citationWang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Coates, M. M., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 · Cited by 6,596
Self-citationGlobal nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x · Cited by 4,313
Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00133.x · Cited by 3,801
Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., Bonell, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1 · Cited by 3,785
Self-citationTanner, J. M. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,742
Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work.
Wn, S. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2,955
Adolescence: A foundation for future health
Sawyer, S. M., Afifi, R. A., Bearinger, L. H., Blakemore, S.-J., Dick, B., Ezeh, A. C., & Patton, G. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60072-5 · Cited by 2,635
Bellamy, L., Casas, J.-P., Hingorani, A. D., & Williams, D. J. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.be · Cited by 2,552
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Hellerstedt W.L., 2005, Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services
- Story M., 1992, Nutritional requirements during adolescence, Textbook of Adolescent Medicine, 75
- UNICEF, 2013, Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress
- 10.1007/978-0-387-87687-0_4 · DOI · Paper page
- Hellerstedt W.L., 2005, Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services, 1
- 10.1093/jn/138.8.1505 · DOI · Paper page
- Story M., 2005, Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services, 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Phelps, N. H., Singleton, R. K., Zhou, B., Heap, R. A., Mishra, A., Bennett, J. E., Paciorek, C. J., Lhoste, V. P., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Stevens, G. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02750-2 · Cited by 2,544
“19,20 For decades before the COVID-19 pandemic, higher incomes allowed more spending on food, especially in poor countries and households where a large share of income is spent on food.”
Self-citationThe importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences
Marshall, N. E., Abrams, B., Barbour, L. A., Catalano, P., Christian, P., Friedman, J. E., Hay, W. W., Hernandez, T. L., Krebs, N. F., Oken, E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.035 · Cited by 709
Self-citationRodriguez-Martinez, A., Zhou, B., Sophiea, M. K., Bentham, J., Paciorek, C. J., Iurilli, M. L., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Bennett, J. E., Di Cesare, M., Taddei, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31859-6 · Cited by 417
Self-citationAdolescence and the next generation
Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., Skirbekk, V., Saffery, R., Wlodek, M. E., Azzopardi, P. S., Stonawski, M., Rasmussen, B., Spry, E., Francis, K., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25759 · Cited by 385
Self-citationNutrition in school-age children: a rationale for revisiting priorities
Saavedra, J. M., & Prentice, A. M. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac089 · Cited by 224
“growth, and consist of basal metabolic rate, energy cost of growth, and activity energy expenditure.(50) As a frac-”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Thornburg, K. L., Prentice, A. M., Campisi, S., Lassi, Z. S., Koletzko, B., & Bhutta, Z. A.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 1393
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-33
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2608466962
- Cited by
- 597
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Keywords
- adolescent nutrition, adolescent growth, puberty, nutrient requirements, dietary habits, pregnant adolescents, adolescent transition, nutrition interventions, body image, food preferences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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