Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to trauma in childhood is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of psychopathology. Here we present a biopsychosocial model outlining the mechanisms that link child trauma with psychopathology and protective factors that can mitigate these risk pathways. We focus on four mechanisms of enhanced threat processing: information processing biases that facilitate rapid identification of environmental threats, disruptions in learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of fear, heightened emotional responses to potential threats, and difficulty disengaging from negative emotional content. Supportive relationships with caregivers, heightened sensitivity to rewarding and positive stimuli, and mature amygdala-prefrontal circuitry each serve as potential buffers of these risk pathways, highlighting novel directions for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of psychopathology following child trauma.
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Stress and trauma exposure has physiological effects on the developing brain and stress response system, disrupting adolescents' capacities for emotion regulation and executive functioning and heightening risks for emotional and behavioral problems.
“stress and trauma exposure has physiological effects on the developing brain and stress response system (Lupien et al., 2009), disrupting adolescents’ capacities for emotion regulation and executive functioning (Compas, 2006; McLaughlin & Lambert, 2017) and heightening current and downstream risks for emotional and behavioral problems”
From Positive impacts of a universal trauma-informed intervention on student mental health: The Project POWER trial (2025) · cites this paper as McLaughlin & Lambert, 2017
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll subtypes of maltreatment were associated with mental health problems, including experiences involving threat and deprivation.
“Second, all subtypes of maltreatment were associated with mental health problems, including experiences involving threat (e.g., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) and deprivation (e.g., neglect), consistent with non-quasi experimental evidence (71).”
From Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies (2023) · cites this paper as [71]
The ‘Trauma Exposure and Threat Processing’ section links interpersonal violence, including physical and sexual abuse, to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Our copy does not establish that all maltreatment subtypes are associated with mental health problems; in particular, it does not report that association for neglect or emotional abuse. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredELA is robustly linked to stronger emotional reactivity across several measurement methods.
“research has demonstrated a robust link between ELA and heightened emotional reactivity.62 This association has been found across multiple measurement methods—from self-reported emotional reactivity91 to cardiovascular responses92,93 and amygdala reactivity.90”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [62]
Adverse early environments shape brain and behavior in ways that help survival in the short term but harm physical health in the long term.
“We posit that adverse early life environments influence brain and behavioral development in ways that are adaptive in the short term by promoting survival62 but are maladaptive in the long term to physical health.”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [62]
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- [14]Lambert HK Sambrook K Sheridan MA Rosen ML Askren MK McLaughlin KA The role of the hippocampus in context encoding and disruption following violence exposure in youth Journal of Neuroscience 2016
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“, altered brain structure and function (67, 68), emotional dysregulation (69), or information-processing biases (70)) rather than disorder-specific risk factors (29).”
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“…group of youth still grow up to be healthy adults (Ungar, 2013), in particular if they have supportive relationships with caregivers, and heightened sensitivity to rewards and positive stimuli (McLaughlin & Lambert, 2017), which emphasizes the importance of a therapeutic living group climate.”
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLaughlin, Katie A
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 29-34
- ISSN
- 2352-250X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5111863
- OpenAlex
- W2546129326
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-MH103291, R01-MH106482)
- Brain and Behavior Foundation
- Jacobs Foundation
- AIM for Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- childhood trauma, psychopathology, resilience, threat processing, information processing biases, fear learning, emotional disengagement, caregiver relationships, reward sensitivity, biopsychosocial model
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