Cited by 2,012Heavy metals in environmentHeavy Metals in PlantsHeavy Metal Pollution Remediation

Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting

Rascio, Nicoletta, Navari-Izzo, Flavia·2011·Plant Science

Abstract

The term "hyperaccumulator" describes a number of plants that belong to distantly related families, but share the ability to grow on metalliferous soils and to accumulate extraordinarily high amounts of heavy metals in the aerial organs, far in excess of the levels found in the majority of species, without suffering phytotoxic effects. Three basic hallmarks distinguish hyperaccumulators from related non-hyperaccumulating taxa: a strongly enhanced rate of heavy metal uptake, a faster root-to-shoot translocation and a greater ability to detoxify and sequester heavy metals in leaves. An interesting breakthrough that has emerged from comparative physiological and molecular analyses of hyperaccumulators and related non-hyperaccumulators is that most key steps of hyperaccumulation rely on different regulation and expression of genes found in both kinds of plants. In particular, a determinant role in driving the uptake, translocation to leaves and, finally, sequestration in vacuoles or cell walls of great amounts of heavy metals, is played in hyperaccumulators by constitutive overexpression of genes encoding transmembrane transporters, such as members of ZIP, HMA, MATE, YSL and MTP families. Among the hypotheses proposed to explain the function of hyperaccumulation, most evidence has supported the "elemental defence" hypothesis, which states that plants hyperaccumulate heavy metals as a defence mechanism against natural enemies, such as herbivores. According to the more recent hypothesis of "joint effects", heavy metals can operate in concert with organic defensive compounds leading to enhanced plant defence overall. Heavy metal contaminated soils pose an increasing problem to human and animal health. Using plants that hyperaccumulate specific metals in cleanup efforts appeared over the last 20 years. Metal accumulating species can be used for phytoremediation (removal of contaminant from soils) or phytomining (growing plants to harvest the metals). In addition, as many of the metals that can be hyperaccumulated are also essential nutrients, food fortification and phytoremediation might be considered two sides of the same coin. An overview of literature discussing the phytoremediation capacity of hyperaccumulators to clean up soils contaminated with heavy metals and the possibility of using these plants in phytomining is presented.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.016

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Authors
Rascio, N., & Navari-Izzo, F.
Affiliations
University of Padua (IT)
Corresponding author
Rascio, Nicoletta
Venue
Plant Science
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-02
Volume
180
Issue
2
Pages
169-181
ISSN
0168-9452 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2164512472
Cited by
2,012
References
188
Citations by year
2026: 83 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 207 · 2019: 167 · 2018: 138 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 41
FWCI
3.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Plant Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
Keywords
heavy metal hyperaccumulator, heavy metal uptake, root-to-shoot translocation, metal detoxification, vacuolar sequestration, transmembrane transporters, ZIP family, MATE family, phytoremediation, phytomining, metal-contaminated soil, food fortification, gene expression regulation
MeSH terms
Animals, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biological Transport, Food, Fortified, Humans, Plants, Soil Pollutants, Plant Leaves, Plant Roots, Plant Shoots, Metals, Heavy

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