Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects
Open accessAbstract
Enteric-formulated capsules can mitigate gastrointestinal (GI) side effects following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) ingestion; however, it remains unclear how encapsulation alters postingestion symptoms and acid–base balance. The current study aimed to identify the optimal ingestion form to mitigate GI distress following NaHCO 3 ingestion. Trained males (n = 14) ingested 300 mg/kg body mass of NaHCO 3 in gelatin (GEL), delayed-release (DEL), and enteric-coated (ENT) capsules or a placebo in a randomized cross-over design. Blood bicarbonate anion concentration, potential hydrogen, and GI symptoms were measured pre- and postingestion for 3 hr. Fewer GI symptoms were reported with ENT NaHCO 3 than with GEL (p = .012), but not with DEL (p = .106) in the postingestion phase. Symptom severity decreased with DEL (4.6 ± 2.8 arbitrary units) compared with GEL (7.0 ± 2.6 arbitrary units; p = .001) and was lower with ENT (2.8 ± 1.9 arbitrary units) compared with both GEL (p < .0005) and DEL (p = .044) NaHCO 3. Blood bicarbonate anion concentration increased in all NaHCO 3 conditions compared with the placebo (p < .0005), although this was lower with ENT than with GEL (p = .001) and DEL (p < .0005) NaHCO 3. Changes in blood potential hydrogen were reduced with ENT compared with GEL (p = .047) and DEL (p = .047) NaHCO 3, with no other differences between the conditions. Ingestion of ENT NaHCO 3 attenuates GI disturbances for up to 3 hr postingestion. Therefore, ENT ingestion forms may be favorable for those who report GI disturbances with NaHCO 3 supplementation or for those who have previously been deterred from its use altogether.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) reduced gastrointestinal symptom severity compared with gelatine and delayed-release capsules in trained males, but it also blunted blood bicarbonate and pH responses. Delayed-release capsules better preserved extracellular buffering, suggesting a trade-off between GI tolerability and bioavailability.
Key findings
- GI symptom severity was lower with enteric-coated NaHCO₃ (2.8 ± 1.9 AU) than with gelatine (7.0 ± 2.6 AU; P < 0.0005) and delayed-release (4.6 ± 2.8 AU; P = 0.044) capsules.
- Blood [HCO₃⁻] increased in all NaHCO₃ conditions versus placebo (P < 0.0005), but was lower with enteric-coated than gelatine (P = 0.001) and delayed-release (P < 0.0005) NaHCO₃.
- Changes in peak blood pH were reduced with enteric-coated (0.06 ± 0.02 AU) compared with gelatine (0.08 ± 0.02 AU; P = 0.047) and delayed-release (0.08 ± 0.02 AU; P = 0.047) NaHCO₃.
- Delayed-release NaHCO₃ maintained blood [HCO₃⁻] above 5 mmol·L⁻¹ for longer than gelatine capsules, which the authors suggest may provide a greater “ergogenic window.”
Methods
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised crossover design with five laboratory visits; 14 trained males (age 23.6 ± 4.9 years, BM 80.9 ± 11.5 kg, maximal oxygen uptake 57.7 ± 5.3 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) ingested 300 mg·kg⁻¹ BM NaHCO₃ in gelatine, delayed-release, or enteric-coated capsules, or placebo.
- Blood [HCO₃⁻] and pH were measured pre-ingestion and every 20 min for 180 min post-ingestion, with 10 min sampling from 80 to 140 min; GI symptoms were recorded at the same time points using a 9-item questionnaire on a 10 cm visual analogue scale.
- Data were analysed with two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons, partial eta squared effect sizes, and Pearson correlations.
Limitations
- The paper states that future research should determine the effects of enteric-coated NaHCO₃ on exercise performance, and that it is difficult to suggest which GI symptoms may adversely affect performance based on the current data.
- Evident from the text: the study measured GI symptoms and acid-base responses but not exercise performance, so performance implications remain speculative.
- Evident from the text: the sample was 14 trained males without GI-related disorders, limiting generalisability to other populations, and assessments were limited to 3 h post-ingestion.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
1 of 7 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingnone given§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Timing of peak blood bicarbonate concentration varied dramatically (60-180 min) across ingestion forms.
“Given the dramatic variation in the timing of peak blood [HCO 3 -] (60-180 min) across ingestion forms, it is recommended that athletes continue to adopt an individualised ingestion strategy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Gastrointestinal symptoms
Ingestion of 300 mg/kg body mass NaHCO3 in enteric-coated capsules resulted in fewer GI symptoms than gelatine capsules in the post-ingestion phase.
“The ENT trial also resulted in significantly lower GI symptom scores compared to GEL (4.8 ± 1.4 AU; 95% CI 1.0-8.6AU; P = 0.025) but not DEL (P = 0.211) post-ingestion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Changes in blood bicarbonate concentration were less variable with enteric-coated capsules.
“Interestingly, changes in blood [HCO 3 -] were less variable with enteric-coated capsules which suggests that much of the variation derives from the degree of neutralisation in the stomach.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Blood bicarbonate concentration was increased above 5 mmol/L for longer with delayed-release NaHCO3 compared to gelatine capsules.
“Interestingly, blood [HCO 3 -] was increased above 5 mmol•L -1 for longer with delayed-release NaHCO 3 compared to the gelatine capsules (Figure 2), which may provide a greater 'ergogenic window' following supplementation (Carr et al., 2011b), although this has yet to be confirmed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ [INSERT FIGURE 2 NEAR HERE]
Changes in peak blood pH were reduced with enteric-coated NaHCO3 compared with gelatine and delayed-release NaHCO3.
“Changes in peak blood pH were similar in the GEL (0.08 ± 0.02 AU) and DEL (0.08 ± 0.02 AU) trials, whereas changes with ENT (0.06 ± 0.02) were significantly lower than with GEL (P = 0.047) and DEL (P = 0.047) NaHCO 3 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ Acid-base responses
Blood bicarbonate concentration was lower with enteric-coated NaHCO3 than with gelatine and delayed-release NaHCO3.
“Blood [HCO 3 -] and pH were significantly lower with ENT than with GEL and DEL in the post-ingestion phase.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
More participants reached blood bicarbonate concentrations associated with performance-enhancing effects with delayed-release NaHCO3.
“Similarly, more participants reached concentrations that are associated with performance-enhancing effects (Carr et al., 2011b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carr et al., 2011b source
- Interpretationown data§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
GI symptoms following NaHCO3 ingestion can be attributed to NaHCO3 alone rather than to the large number of capsules ingested.
“In relation to causes of GI symptoms, these are unlikely to be due to the large number of capsules ingested since only minor symptoms were experienced with the placebo. Instead, GI symptoms can be attributed to the NaHCO 3 alone, which also highlights that in some athletes, symptoms are likely to occur with oral delivery despite substantially fewer side-effects with entericformulated capsules.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Much of the inter-individual variation in blood bicarbonate changes derives from the degree of neutralisation in the stomach.
“Interestingly, changes in blood [HCO 3 -] were less variable with enteric-coated capsules which suggests that much of the variation derives from the degree of neutralisation in the stomach.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Ingestion form may alter the ergogenic potential of NaHCO3.
“Given that higher pre-exercise blood [HCO 3 -] is associated with greater performance enhancements (Carr et al., 2011b;Matson & Tran, 1993), ingestion form may alter the ergogenic potential of NaHCO 3 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Enteric-coated NaHCO3 is optimal for minimising GI symptoms.
“Enteric-coated NaHCO 3 is optimal for minimising GI symptoms and may be favourable for those who report GI disturbances following supplementation, even in those who have tried alternative ingestion strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Some individuals are more prone to GI disturbances than others following NaHCO3 ingestion.
“Given the relationships observed for GI symptoms between ingestion forms, it appears that some individuals are more prone to GI disturbances than others, although the reasons for this are currently unclear.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION
Ingestion of NaHCO3 in delayed-release or enteric-coated capsules attenuates GI disturbances following NaHCO3 ingestion.
“In conclusion, the ingestion of NaHCO 3 in delayed-release or enteric-coated capsules attenuates GI disturbances following NaHCO 3 ingestion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSIONBicarbonate anions are actively transported across the intestinal mucosa rather than passively and become saturated.
“Bicarbonate anions are actively transported across the intestinal mucosa rather than passively and become saturated (Turnberg, 1970), which could explain why blood concentrations are reduced with enteric-coated NaHCO 3 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Turnberg, 1970 source
The Discussion says bicarbonate absorption is at least partially saturable at high luminal concentrations and can occur against steep electrochemical gradients. But the Introduction and Abstract attribute that absorption to active hydrogen-ion secretion, rather than direct transport of bicarbonate anions. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSIONEnteric-coated NaHCO3 reduced the bioavailability of bicarbonate, with changes of approximately 4 mmol/L post-ingestion.
“Indeed, enteric-coated capsules reduced the bioavailability of bicarbonate with changes of ~ 4 mmol•L -1 post-ingestion, which may hinder the effect on exercise performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ Acid-base responsesBlood bicarbonate concentration increased in all NaHCO3 conditions compared to placebo.
“No changes in blood [HCO 3 -] or pH were observed for PLA throughout the post-ingestion phase (P > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitation§ Statistical analysisData were assessed for normality using standard graphical methods prior to analyses.
“Data were assessed for normality using standard graphical methods prior to analyses (Grafen & Hails, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grafen & Hails, 2002
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ INTRODUCTIONEnteric-coated capsules resist disintegration in the stomach and release compounds in the small intestine, decreasing overall GI transit time.
“Through encapsulation in a polymer barrier, which is less soluble at high acidity (Mazarati et al., 2016), capsules resist disintegration in the stomach and compounds are released in the small intestine, therefore preventing GI disturbances.”
- Also stated in: § [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION · hedged
“Furthermore, as enteric-coated capsules do not disintegrate until reaching the small intestine, overall GI transit time is decreased which may have contributed to reduced blood concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mazarati et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § [INSERT FIGURE 3 NEAR HERE] DISCUSSION · hedged
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data§ Assessment of acid-base balanceBlood samples were analysed immediately for blood bicarbonate concentration and pH.
“Samples were collected in heparincoated glass capillary tubes (Radiometer Medical Ltd, Denmark) using an aseptic technique and were analysed immediately (Radiometer ABL800 BASIC, Denmark) for blood [HCO 3 -] and pH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ 517Experimental trials were counterbalanced in order of administration and conducted at least 48 h apart to allow blood bicarbonate to return to normal.
“Experimental trials were counterbalanced (balanced Latin-square) in the order of administration and conducted at least 48 h apart to allow for blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO 3 -]) to return to 'normal' values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ Experimental overviewThe study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised crossover design.
“In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised crossover design, participants attended the laboratory on five separate occasions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ Experimental overviewCapsules were manually filled by the same individual and doses were tested for accuracy.
“Capsules were manually filled by the same individual using a capsule filling device (Capsule Connection LLC, USA) and doses were tested for accuracy (Fisher, OHAUS™).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ Experimental overviewParticipants abstained from alcohol or caffeine for 12 h and strenuous exercise for 24 h before each laboratory visit.
“Participants were required to abstain from alcohol or caffeinecontaining beverages for 12 h, and strenuous exercise 24 h before each laboratory visit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ Experimental overviewExperimental trials took place under standardised laboratory conditions and commenced at the same time of day to account for circadian rhythms.
“Experimental trials took place under standardised laboratory conditions (temperature 20-22 °C, humidity 50 ± 5 %) and commenced at the same time of day to account for circadian rhythms (Reilly et al., 1990).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Reilly et al., 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ Experimental overviewParticipants arrived after an overnight fast of approximately 12 h, which was verbally confirmed upon arrival.
“Participants arrived at the laboratory after an overnight fast (~ 12 h) which was verbally confirmed upon arrival.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Another paper reported that blood bicarbonate concentrations were lower in the group administered enteric-coated capsules than in the group administered uncoated gelatin capsules.
“On the other hand, another paper has reported that blood bicarbonate concentrations were lower in the group administered enteric-coated capsules than in the group administered uncoated gelatin capsules [36].”
From Effects of Enteric-Coated Formulation of Sodium Bicarbonate on Bicarbonate Absorption and Gastrointestinal Discomfort (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract and results give different ENT-versus-GEL symptom P values
MajorBoth passages describe post-ingestion GI symptoms for ENT compared with GEL, but the abstract reports P = 0.012 and the results report P = 0.025.
“Fewer GI symptoms were reported with ENT NaHCO 3 than with GEL 13 (P = 0.012)”
“The ENT trial also resulted in significantly lower GI symptom scores compared to GEL (4.8 ± 1.4 AU; 95% CI 1.0-8.6AU; P = 0.025)”
Severity at peak alkalosis conflicts between results and discussion
MajorThe results say symptoms reported at T max were rated less than 3/10, while the discussion says participants with symptoms at peak alkalosis all had diarrhoea rated 10.0 AU.
“eleven participants experienced GI symptoms at the point of T max in the GEL trial compared with seven and one in the DEL and ENT trials respectively, although these were rated as less than 3/10 AU throughout.”
“Of these participants, all were experiencing severe diarrhoea (10.0 AU) at the point of peak alkalosis”
ENT symptom count disagrees with Table 1
MinorThe results say twelve of fourteen participants experienced symptoms in the ENT trial, whereas Table 1 reports 92.9%, or thirteen of fourteen, for ENT under "Any."
“All fourteen participants experienced at least one GI symptom in the GEL trial, compared to twelve participants in the DEL and ENT trials (Table 2).”
“Any 100.0 4.2 ± 0.8 14.3 1.8 ± 0.4 100.0 4.1 ± 1.0 85.7 3.0 ± 1.4 92.9 2.8 ± 1.5”
Table 3 labels a time-to-peak variable with concentration units
MinorTable 3 gives T max units of mmol•L -1, although the methods define it as a time and the results report T max in minutes.
“| T max (mmol•L -1 ) | 95.0 ± 31.8 b | 33.5 | 119.3 ± 24.3 a | 20.4 | 120.0 ± 35.1 | 29.2 |”
“time-to-reach C max (T max )”
Peak bicarbonate increases are assigned to opposite capsule types
MinorThe results assign 6.5 mmol•L -1 to GEL and 6.0 mmol•L -1 to DEL, but Table 3 assigns 6.0 to GEL and 6.5 to DEL.
“the values were similar during the GEL and DEL trials (6.5 ± 1.2 mmol•L -1 and 6.0 ± 1.3 mmol•L -1 , respectively; P = 0.116)”
“| ∆C max (mmol•L -1 ) | 6.0 ± 1.3 c | 22.1 | 6.5 ± 1.2 c | 17.8 | 4.4 ± 0.5 a,b | 12.0 |”
Abstract and results give different ENT-versus-DEL symptom P values
MinorFor post-ingestion GI symptoms comparing ENT with DEL, the abstract reports P = 0.106, while the results report P = 0.211.
“but not DEL (P = 0.106) in the post-ingestion phase.”
“but not DEL (P = 0.211) post-ingestion.”
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“For athletes with longer recovery periods (> 90 min) who are more susceptible to severe gastrointestinal symptoms, new forms of NaHCO ₃ such as enteric-coated, delayed-release capsules and mini-tablet NaHCO ₃ hydrogels could be considered as they may mitigate gastrointestinal discomfort [138–140].”
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“This is the first study to report this finding, and it is positive that this change has been seen from a new SB product, considering others, such as SB lotion, has no impact on any acid–base balance variable [23, 24], or enteric coated SB, which typically produces lower Cmax values [6].”
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“[97,98] showed that enteric-coated and delayed-release formulations reduced the typical GI symptoms associated with sodium bicarbonate while still eliciting increases in blood bicarbonate anion concentrations.”
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“The Tlag was defined as an increase in [HCO−3 ] beyond normal daily variability (13).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGurton, W. H., Macrae, H. Z., Gough, L. A., & King, D. G. (2021) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-1120 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Athletes suffering from 365 severe GI discomfort could opt for delivery strategies that bypass gastric side-effects, such as 366 administration via enteric-coated capsules which adequately reduce severity and occurrence of GI 367 symptoms (Hilton et al., 2020a), whilst still eliciting a sufficient, albeit delayed meta…”
BackgroundInfluentialUrwin, C. S., Snow, R. J., Orellana, L., Condo, D., Wadley, G. D., & Carr, A. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251808 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“20–24 min [43, 44]) in a similar fashion to that seen when comparing the 15 and 60 min ingestion periods in the current investigation (by approx.”
ResultEfficacy of sodium bicarbonate ingestion strategies for protecting blinding
Gurton, W. H., Matta, G., Gough, L. A., & Hurst, P. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05031-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“2 g·kg−1 BM) or within different types of capsules (delayed-release, enteric-coated), as these ingestion strategies may reduce severity and occurrence of gastrointestinal side-effects (Gurton et al. 2020; Hilton et al. 2020) which should strengthen blinding during RCTs examining sports performance.”
BackgroundUrwin, C. S., Snow, R. J., Condo, D., Snipe, R. M. J., Wadley, G. D., Convit, L., & Carr, A. J. (2023) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0083 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Miller, L. E., Bhattacharyya, R., Katz, S. J., Bhattacharyya, M., & Herbert, W. G. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2538606 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jiang, F.-L., Jeong, D.-H., Eom, S.-H., Lee, H.-M., Cha, B.-J., Park, J.-S., Kwon, R., Nam, J.-Y., Yu, H.-S., Heo, S.-H., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16050744 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It can also decrease gastrointestinal discomfort associated with the high oral dose.”
BackgroundAktitiz, S., Koşar, Ş. N., & Turnagöl, H. H. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05434-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In this context, recent research suggests that acute intake of enteric formulated (Hilton et al. 2020a, b; Hilton et al. 2020a, b; Leach et al. 2023) or delayed release (Hilton et al. 2019) capsules could be effective in reducing the GI symptoms.”
BackgroundZhou, N., Fan, Y., Kong, X., Wang, X., Wang, J., & Wu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.931671 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is an ergogenic aid and has been well-documented.”
BackgroundInfluentialShannon, E. S., Sparks, S. A., McNaughton, L. R., Marrin, K., & Bridge, C. A. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-06069-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“As such, NaHCO 3 dissolved in aqueous solution and encapsulated with a gelatin/vegetarian coating have been found to increase the frequency of gastro-intestinal symptoms (GIS) in comparison to alternative ingestion forms (Hilton et al. 2020b; Gough and Sparks 2024a ).”
Self-citationTinnion, D. J., Marticorena, F. M., Dobson, B., Hilton, N. P., McNaughton, L. R., & Sparks, S. A. (2023) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2023.2286357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Hilton et al. (2020) later demonstrated that enterically coated (ENT) capsules have the capacity to further attenuate GIS versus gelatine (GEL) and DEL capsules, providing an additional option for those who experience notable GIS, at an added financial cost.”
InfluentialSelf-citationWinter, I. P., Sarac, P., & Wilson, P. B. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70225
“While this implies that sodium bicarbonate in enteric‐coated capsules was better than gelatin capsules, there was no difference between those two conditions ( p = 0.211) (Hilton, Leach, Hilton, et al. 2020).”
InfluentialHilton, N. P. (2020)
Self-citationAntonio, B. B., Shannon, E. S., Candow, D. G., Gough, L. A., Grgić, J., Gurton, W. H., McNaughton, L. R., Roberts, J., Saunders, B., Schwarz, A. V., et al. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2724103
“Such capsules are encapsulated in an enteric coating, which is designed to reduce interaction with stomach acid [5].”
InfluentialSelf-citationHilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Hilton, M. M., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04387-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationCalvo, J. L., Xu, H., Mon-López, D., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Jiménez, S. L. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00410-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“For example, ingestion of a large amount of water [58], with food [9], with carbohydrate [59] or administration as entericformulated capsules [60].”
Background
- Authors
- Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Craig, M. M., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R.
- Affiliations
- Edge Hill University (GB)
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Trust (GB)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2020-01-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 62-68
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2991001708
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal function and acid-base balance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- sodium bicarbonate, enteric-coated capsules, delayed-release capsules, gelatin capsules, gastrointestinal adverse effects, acid-base balance, blood bicarbonate, potential hydrogen, sodium bicarbonate supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Acid-Base Equilibrium, Adult, Biological Availability, Double-Blind Method, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Male, Tablets, Enteric-Coated, Sodium Bicarbonate, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
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