Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research

Pauw, Kevin De; Roelands, Bart; Cheung, Stephen S.; de Geus, Bas; Rietjens, Gerard; Meeusen, Romain

doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111

Cited by 680Sports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiologySport Psychology and Performance

Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research

Pauw, Kevin De, Roelands, Bart, Cheung, Stephen S., de Geus, Bas, Rietjens, Gerard, Meeusen, Romain·2013·International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

DOI 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

AIM: To review current cycling-related sport-science literature to formulate guidelines to classify female subject groups and to compare this classification system for female subject groups with the classification system for male subject groups. METHODS: A database of 82 papers that described female subject groups containing information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology, biometrical and physiological parameters, and cycling experience was analyzed. Subject groups were divided into performance levels (PLs), according to the nomenclature. Body mass, body-mass index, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), peak power output (PPO), and training status were compared between PLs and between female and male PLs. RESULTS: Five female PLs were defined, representing untrained, active, trained, well-trained, and professional female subjects. VO2max and PPO significantly increased with PL, except for PL3 and PL4 (P < .01). For each PL, significant differences were observed in absolute and relative VO2max and PPO between male and female subject groups. Relative VO2max is the most cited parameter for female subject groups and is proposed as the principal parameter to classify the groups. CONCLUSION: This systematic review shows the large variety in the description of female subject groups in the existing literature. The authors propose a standardized preexperimental testing protocol and guidelines to classify female subject groups into 5 PLs based on relative VO2max, relative PPO, training status, absolute VO2max, and absolute PPO.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111

Cites

129 of 129 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Tier 2: Trained/Developmental is estimated from national reports to include ∼12% to 19% of the population.
“Tier 2: Trained/Developmental is estimated from national reports of sport participation rates to include ∼12% to 19% of the population.[25][26][27]”
From Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework (2022) · cites this paper as [27]

Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions
Joyner, M. J., & Coyle, E. F. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
The maximally attainable V o 2during exercise in humans: the peak vs. maximum issue
Day, J. R., Rossiter, H. B., Coats, E. M., Skasick, A., & Whipp, B. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2003 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
The bioenergetics of world class cycling
Jeukendrup, A. E., Craig, N. P., & Hawley, J. A. (2000) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80008-0 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Incremental Exercise Test Design and Analysis: Implications for Performance Diagnostics in Endurance Athletes
Bentley, D. J., Newell, J., & Bishop, D. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Aging, Total Body Potassium, Fat-free Mass, and Cell Mass in Males and Females Between Ages 18 and 85 Years
Novâk, L. P. (1972) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/27.4.438 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
The Science of Cycling
Faria, E. W., Parker, D., & Faria, I. E. (2005) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200535040-00002 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Effects of heat stress on physiological responses and exercise performance in elite cyclists
Tatterson, A., Hahn, A. G., Martin, D. T., & Febbraio, M. A. (2000) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80080-8 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists: a longitudinal study.
A, A. L., HOYOS, J. S., REZ, M. P., & Chicharro, J. L. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200010000-00018 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists
Halson, S. L., Bridge, M. W., Meeusen, R., Busschaert, B., Gleeson, M., Jones, D. A., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01164.2001 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brain activity and fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat
Nielsen, B., Hyldig, T., Bidstrup, F., González‐Alonso, J., & Christoffersen, G. R. J. (2001) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004240100515 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Physiology of Professional Road Cycling
Lucı́a, A., Hoyos, J., & Chicharro, J. L. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131050-00004 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espa??a: Which Is Harder?
A, A. L., HOYOS, J. S., Santalla, A., Earnest, C. P., & Chicharro, J. L. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Respiratory gas-exchange ratios during graded exercise in fed and fasted trained and untrained men
Bergman, B. C., & Brooks, G. A. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.479 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The rate of increase in rating of perceived exertion predicts the duration of exercise to fatigue at a fixed power output in different environmental conditions
Bayne, H., Tucker, R., & Noakes, T. D. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0741-7 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Physiological and Performance Characteristics of Male Professional Road Cyclists
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131070-00003 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research
Atkinson, G., Davison, R. R., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Passfield, L. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000102097 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Exercise intensity during competition time trials in professional road cycling
Padilla, S., Mujika, I., ANOS, J. O., et al. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200004000-00019 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Cadence, power, and muscle activation in cycle ergometry
MacIntosh, B. R., Neptune, R. R., & Horton, J. F. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200007000-00015 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Preferred pedalling cadence in professional cycling
A, A. L., HOYOS, J. S., & Chicharro, J. L. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200108000-00018 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Effect of Hydrotherapy on Recovery from Fatigue
Vaile, J., Halson, S. L., Gill, N., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-989267 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Caffeine Improves Physical and Cognitive Performance during Exhaustive Exercise
Hogervorst, E., Bandelow, S., Schmitt, J. A. J., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Oliveira, M., Allgrove, J. E., CARTER, T., & Gleeson, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817bb8b7 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Immunological Responses to Overreaching in Cyclists
Halson, S. L., Lancaster, G. I., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Gleeson, M. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000064964.80040.e9 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Cycling efficiency in humans is related to low UCP3 content and to type I fibres but not to mitochondrial efficiency
Mogensen, M., Bagger, M., Pedersen, P. K., Fernström, M., & Sahlin, K. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101691 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Level ground and uphill cycling ability in professional road cycling
Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Cuesta, G., & Goiriena, J. J. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199906000-00017 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Effect of cold water immersion on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat
Vaile, J., Halson, S. L., Gill, N., et al. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701567425 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Effects of Prior Warm-up Regime on Severe-Intensity Cycling Performance
Burnley, M., Doust, J. H., & JONES, A. M. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000162617.18250.77 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow
Vaile, J., O’Hagan, C., Stefanovic, B., Walker, M. A., Gill, N., & Askew, C. D. (2010) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.067272 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Heart rate recovery as a guide to monitor fatigue and predict changes in performance parameters
Lamberts, R. P., Swart, J., Capostagno, B., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, M. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00977.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Effect of recovery duration from prior exhaustive exercise on the parameters of the power-duration relationship
Ferguson, C., Rossiter, H. B., Whipp, B. J., Cathcart, A. J., Murgatroyd, S. R., & Ward, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91425.2008 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Influence of Feedback and Prior Experience on Pacing during a 4-km Cycle Time Trial
Mauger, A. R., JONES, A. M., & Williams, C. A. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181854957 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Effects of long duration exercise on cognitive function, blood glucose, and counterregulatory hormones in male cyclists
Grego, F., Vallier, J., Collardeau, M., Bermon, S., Ferrari, P. P., Candito, M., Bayer, P., Magnié-Mauro, M.-N., & Brisswalter, J. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.085 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Novel Precooling Strategy Enhances Time Trial Cycling in the Heat
ROSS, M. L. R., Garvican, L. A., JEACOCKE, N. A., Laursen, P. B., Abbiss, C. R., Martin, D. T., & Burke, L. M. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e93210 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Reference values and improvement of aerodynamic drag in professional cyclists
García-López, J., Marroyo, J. A. R., Juneau, C.-É., et al. (2007) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701501697 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Maximal torque- and power-pedaling rate relationships for elite sprint cyclists in laboratory and field tests
Gardner, A. S., Martin, J. C., Martin, D. T., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0498-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Metabolic demands of intense aerobic interval training in competitive cyclists
Stepto, N. K., Martin, D. T., Fallon, K. E., & Hawley, J. A. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200102000-00021 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Caffeine Increases Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise
Yeo, S. E., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Wallis, G. A., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2005 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Influence of acetaminophen on performance during time trial cycling
Mauger, A. R., JONES, A. M., & Williams, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Neural, Metabolic, and Performance Adaptations to Four Weeks of High Intensity Sprint-Interval Training in Trained Cyclists
Creer, A., Ricard, M. D., Conlee, R. K., Hoyt, G. L., & Parcell, A. C. (2004) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-819945 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Drink temperature influences fluid intake and endurance capacity in men during exercise in a hot, dry environment
Mündel, T., King, J., Collacott, E., & Jones, D. A. (2006) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2006.034223 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Physiological Responses to Cold Water Immersion Following Cycling in the Heat
Halson, S. L., Quod, M. J., Martin, D. T., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.3.3.331 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Muscular activity during uphill cycling: Effect of slope, posture, hand grip position and constrained bicycle lateral sways
Duc, S., Bertucci, W., Pernin, J. N., et al. (2006) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.09.007 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
In Professional Road Cyclists, Low Pedaling Cadences Are Less Efficient
Lucía, A., Juan, A. F. S., Montilla, M., et al. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000128249.10305.8a · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Effect of pre-cooling, with and without thigh cooling, on strain and endurance exercise performance in the heat
Cotter, J. D., Sleivert, G. G., Roberts, W. S., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00273-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Effect of a 5-min cold-water immersion recovery on exercise performance in the heat
Peiffer, J. J., Abbiss, C. R., Watson, G., Nosaka, K., & Laursen, P. B. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.048173 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Regulation of Pacing Strategies during Successive 4-km Time Trials
Ansley, L., Schabort, E. J., Gibson, A. S. C., Lambert, M., & Noakes, T. D. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000142409.70181.9d · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Changes in heart rate recovery after high-intensity training in well-trained cyclists
Lamberts, R. P., Swart, J., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, M. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0952-y · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Pacing strategies during a cycling time trial with simulated headwinds and tailwinds
Atkinson, G., & Brunskill, A. (2000) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/001401300750003899 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Changes of Pedaling Technique and Muscle Coordination during an Exhaustive Exercise
Dorel, S., Drouet, J.-M., Couturier, A., et al. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31819825f8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Changes in cycling efficiency and performance after endurance exercise
Passfield, L., & DOUST, J. H. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200011000-00018 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CYCLING MECHANICS AND CORE STABILITY
Abt, J. P., Smoliga, J. M., Brick, M. J., Jolly, J. T., Lephart, S. M., & Fu, F. H. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-21846.1 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Metabolic and Neuromuscular Adaptations to Endurance Training in Professional Cyclists. A Longitudinal Study.
Lucı́a, A., Hoyos, J., Pardo, J., & Chicharro, J. L. (2000) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.50.381 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Determinants of “optimal” cadence during cycling
Ansley, L., & Cangley, P. (2009) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390802684325 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The influence of cadence and power output on force application and in-shoe pressure distribution during cycling by competitive and recreational cyclists
Sanderson, D. J., Hennig, E. M., & Black, A. H. (2000) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404100365072 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Strength training improves 5‐min all‐out performance following 185 min of cycling
Rønnestad, B. R., Hansen, E. A., & Raastad, T. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Glycogen Synthesis in Muscle Fibers during Active Recovery from Intense Exercise
Fairchild, T. J., ARMSTRONG, A. A., RAO, A., LIU, H., LAWRENCE, S., & Fournier, P. A. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000058436.46584.8e · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Analysis and Utilization of Cycling Training Data
Jobson, S., Passfield, L., Atkinson, G., et al. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11317840-000000000-00000 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Relation between physical exertion and heart rate variability characteristics in professional cyclists during the Tour of Spain
Earnest, C. P., Jurča, R., Church, T. S., Chicharro, J. L., Hoyos, J., & Lucía, A. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.005140 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Carbohydrate feeding during recovery alters the skeletal muscle metabolic response to repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise in humans
Cochran, A. J. R., Little, J. P., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00659.2009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Dietary quercetin supplementation is not ergogenic in untrained men
Cureton, K. J., Tomporowski, P. D., Singhal, A., Pasley, J. D., Bigelman, K. A., Lambourne, K., Trilk, J. L., McCully, K. K., Arnaud, M. J., & Zhao, Q. C. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00234.2009 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Power Output During a Professional Men’s Road-Cycling Tour
Ebert, T. R., Martin, D. T., Stephens, B., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.4.324 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Practical precooling: Effect on cycling time trial performance in warm conditions
Quod, M. J., Martin, D. T., Laursen, P. B., Gardner, A. S., Halson, S. L., Marino, F. E., Tate, M., Mainwaring, D. E., Gore, C. J., & Hahn, A. G. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802298268 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The effects of face cooling during hyperthermic exercise in man: evidence for an integrated thermal, neuroendocrine and behavioural response
Mündel, T., Bunn, S. J., Hooper, P., & Jones, D. A. (2006) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2006.034934 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Effects on the crank torque profile when changing pedalling cadence in level ground and uphill road cycling
Bertucci, W., Grappe, F., Girard, A., et al. (2004) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.05.037 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Determinants of metabolic cost during submaximal cycling
McDaniel, J., Durstine, J. L., Hand, G. A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Influence of Hydration Status on Thermoregulation and Cycling Hill Climbing
Ebert, T. R., Martin, D. T., Bullock, N., Mujika, I., Quod, M. J., Farthing, L. A., Burke, L. M., & Withers, R. T. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000247000.86847.de · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on performance and carbohydrate oxidation after intensified cycling training
Halson, S. L., Lancaster, G. I., Achten, J., Gleeson, M., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01368.2003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Effects of training frequency on the dynamics of performance response to a single training bout
Busso, T., Benoit, H. C., Bonnefoy, R., et al. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00429.2001 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of active versus passive recovery on power output during repeated bouts of short term, high intensity exercise.
Connolly, D., Brennan, K. M., & Lauzon, C. D. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
EMG versus oxygen uptake during cycling exercise in trained and untrained subjects
Hug, F., Decherchi, P., Marqueste, T., et al. (2003) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/s1050-6411(03)00081-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
No Effect of Carbohydrate-Protein on Cycling Performance and Indices of Recovery
BREEN, L., TIPTON, K. D., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c91f1a · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Combining Explosive and High-Resistance Training Improves Performance in Competitive Cyclists
Paton, C. D., & Hopkins, W. G. (2005) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-16334.1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Aerodynamic Characteristics as Determinants of the Drafting Effect in Cycling
Edwards, A. G., & Byrnes, W. C. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000239400.85955.12 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The effect of stage duration on the calculation of peak VO2 during cycle ergometry
Bishop, D. J., Jenkins, D. G., & MACKINNON, L. T. (1998) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80012-1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Thermoregulatory Responses to Constant versus Variable-Intensity Exercise in the Heat
Mora‐Rodríguez, R., Coso, J. D., & Estévez, E. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817f9843 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Manipulation of dietary carbohydrates after prolonged effort modifies muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum responses in exercising males
Duhamel, T. A., Perco, J. G., & Green, H. J. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00858.2005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The influence of whole-body vs. torso pre-cooling on physiological strain and performance of high-intensity exercise in the heat
Sleivert, G. G., Cotter, J. D., Roberts, W. S., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00272-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kinetics of &OV0312;O2 in professional cyclists
A, A. L., HOYOS, J. S., Santalla, A., REZ, M. P., & Chicharro, J. L. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200202000-00021 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Glutamine supplementation further enhances exercise-induced plasma IL-6
Hiscock, N. J., Petersen, E. W., Krzywkowski, K., Bozá, J., Halkjær-Kristensen, J., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00471.2002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The effect of 2 weeks vitamin C supplementation on immunoendocrine responses to 2.5 h cycling exercise in man
Davison, G., & Gleeson, M. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0196-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effect of alcohol intake on muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise
Burke, L. M., Collier, G. R., Broad, E., Davis, P. G., Martin, D. T., Sanigorski, A. J., & Hargreaves, M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
No effect of carbohydrate feeding on 16 km cycling time trial performance
Jeukendrup, A. E., Hopkins, S., Vargas, A., & Hulston, C. J. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0838-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
VO2max during successive maximal efforts
Foster, C., Kuffel, E. E., Bradley, N., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0565-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Deciphering the metabolic and mechanical contributions to the exercise-induced circulatory response: insights from eccentric cycling
Dufour, S. P., Doutreleau, S., Lonsdorfer‐Wolf, E., Lampert, E., Hirth, C., Piquard, F., Lonsdorfer, J., Gény, B., Mettauer, B., & Richard, R. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00567.2006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Transferability of workload measurements between three different types of ergometer
Reiser, M., Meyer, T., Kindermann, W., et al. (2000) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050678 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Physiological Characteristics of Nationally Competitive Female Road Cyclists and Demands of Competition
Martin, D. T., McLean, B. D., Trewin, C. B., Lee, H., Victor, J., & Hahn, A. G. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131070-00002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Exercise intensity and load during uphill cycling in professional 3-week races
Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Santisteban, J., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Goiriena, J. J. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0602-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Laboratory versus Outdoor Cycling Conditions: Differences in Pedaling Biomechanics
Bertucci, W., Grappe, F., & Groslambert, A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.23.2.87 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Influence of body position when considering the ecological validity of laboratory time-trial cycling performance
Jobson, S., Nevill, A. M., George, S. R., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Passfield, L. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802183585 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dietary Arginine Supplementation Speeds Pulmonary V˙O2 Kinetics during Cycle Exercise
Koppo, K., Taes, Y., Pottier, A., Boone, J., Bouckaert, J. J., & Derave, W. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31819d81b6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The effect of pedal crank arm length on joint angle and power production in upright cycle ergometry
Too, D., & Landwer, G. E. (2000) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404100365054 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Can Cycling Performance in an Early Morning, Laboratory-Based Cycle Time-Trial be Improved by Morning Exercise the Day Before?
Edwards, B., Edwards, W., Waterhouse, J. M., Atkinson, G., & Reilly, T. (2005) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-830439 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Acute sympathetic vasoconstriction at rest and during dynamic exercise in cyclists and sedentary humans
Wray, D. W., Donato, A. J., Nishiyama, S. K., & Richardson, R. S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00984.2006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics and Time to Exhaustion in Cycling and Running: a Comparison Between Trained and Untrained Subjects
Caputo, F., de Mello, M. T., & Denadai, B. S. (2003) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.3109/13813450312331342337 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effect of carbohydrate ingestion and ambient temperature on muscle fatigue development in endurance-trained male cyclists
Abbiss, C. R., Peiffer, J. J., Peake, J. M., Nosaka, K., Suzuki, K., Martin, D. T., & Laursen, P. B. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pedalling rate affects endurance performance during high-intensity cycling
Nielsen, J. S., Hansen, E. A., & Sjøgaard, G. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1048-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Measurement error associated with performance testing in well-trained cyclists : application to the precision of monitoring changes in training status : original research article
Lamberts, R. P., Swart, J., Woolrich, R. W., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, M. (2009) · International sportmed journal for FIMS · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Whole-body pre-cooling does not alter human muscle metabolism during sub-maximal exercise in the heat
Booth, J., Wilsmore, B. R., Macdonald, A. D., Zeyl, A., McGhee, S. S., Calvert, D., Marino, F. E., Storlien, L. H., & Taylor, N. A. S. (2001) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210100410 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of 4 weeks of creatine supplementation in junior swimmers on freestyle sprint and swim bench performance
DAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200211000-00001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effect of isokinetic cycling versus weight training on maximal power output and endurance performance in cycling
Koninckx, E., Leemputte, M. V., & Hespel, P. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1407-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prolonged incremental tests do not necessarily compromise VO2max in well-trained athletes
Pierce, S. J., Hahn, A. G., Davie, A. J., & Lawton, E. W. (1999) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80008-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Seated versus standing position for maximization of performance during intense uphill cycling
Hansen, E. A., & Waldeland, H. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410801910277 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The rotor pedaling system improves anaerobic but not aerobic cycling performance in professional cyclists
Marroyo, J. A. R., García-López, J., Chamari, K., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-0993-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effects of High-Intensity Training by Heart Rate or Power in Well-Trained Cyclists
Swart, J., Lamberts, R. P., Derman, W. E., & Lambert, M. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818cc5f5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Metabolic, thermoregulatory, and perceptual responses during exercise after lower vs. whole body precooling
White, A. T., Davis, S. L., & Wilson, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00720.2002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Overshoot in V?O2 following the onset of moderate-intensity cycle exercise in trained cyclists
Koppo, K., Whipp, B. J., Jones, A. M., Aeyels, D., & Bouckaert, J. J. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1229-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The effects of intensive training on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins 1 and 3 in competitive cyclists: relationships with glucose disposal
Manetta, J., Brun, J. ‐., Maı̈moun, L., et al. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000070895 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Post-exercise ingestion of a unique, high molecular weight glucose polymer solution improves performance during a subsequent bout of cycling exercise
Stephens, F. B., Roig, M., Armstrong, G., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701361548 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A physiological counterpoint to mechanistic estimates of ?internal power? during cycling at different pedal rates
Hansen, E. A., J�rgensen, L. V., & Sjøgaard, G. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0997-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Relationship Among Peak Power Output, Lactate Threshold, and Short-Distance Cycling Performance: Effects of Incremental Exercise Test Design
McNaughton, L. R., Roberts, S., & Bentley, D. J. (2006) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-15914.1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Recovery Kinetics throughout Successive Bouts of Various Exercises in Elite Cyclists
Hug, F., Grélot, L., Fur, Y. L., Cozzone, P. J., & Bendahan, D. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000235882.86734.9a · Cited by 31 · see citing works
V˙O2 Response in Supramaximal Cycling Time Trial Exercise of 750 to 4000 m
Hettinga, F. J., de Koning, J. J., & Foster, C. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181831f0f · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effects of Low- vs. High-Cadence Interval Training on Cycling Performance
Paton, C. D., Hopkins, W. G., & Cook, C. J. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b3f1d3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Strength training improves supramaximal cycling but not anaerobic capacity
MINAHAN, C. L., & Wood, C. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0641-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Overload Training and Tapering
Vollaard, N. B. J., Cooper, C. E., & Shearman, J. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227320.23847.80 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Reliability of an air-braked ergometer to record peak power during a maximal cycling test
Balmer, J., Davison, R. R., & Bird, S. R. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200010000-00020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The effect of caffeine ingestion on human neutrophil oxidative burst responses following time-trial cycling
Walker, G. J., Dziubak, A., Houghton, L., Prendergast, C., Lim, L., & BISHOP, N. C. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701654306 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Optimal power-to-mass ratios when predicting flat and hill-climbing time-trial cycling
Nevill, A. M., Jobson, S., Davison, R. R., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0189-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The response of plasma interleukin-6 and its soluble receptors to exercise in the cold in humans
Patterson, S. D., Reid, S., Gray, S. R., & Nimmo, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410801885941 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The effect of tapering period on plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and performance in elite male cyclists.
Farhangimaleki, N., Zehsaz, F., & Tiidus, P. M. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Whole-body efficiency is negatively correlated with minimum torque per duty cycle in trained cyclists
Edwards, L. M., Jobson, S., George, S. R., Day, S. H., & Nevill, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802526916 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Respiratory compensation and blood pH regulation during variable intensity exercise in trained versus untrained subjects
Coso, J. D., Hamouti, N., Aguado-Jiménez, R., & Mora‐Rodríguez, R. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1101-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of brief leg cooling after moderate exercise on cardiorespiratory responses to subsequent exercise in the heat
Hayashi, K., Honda, Y., Ogawa, T., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1145-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Core Temperature and Metabolic Responses After Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise at 30°C
Horswill, C. A., Stofan, J. R., Lovett, S. C., & Hannasch, C. (2008) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.585 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Basophils and exercise-induced hypoxemia in extreme athletes
Mucci, P., Durand, F., Lebel, B., et al. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.989 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gross cycling efficiency is not altered with and without toe-clips
Ostler, L. M., Betts, J. A., & Gore, C. J. (2007) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701332507 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Active recovery effects by previously inactive muscles on 40-s exhaustive cycling
Fujita, Y., Koizumi, K., Sukeno, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410903229279 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Relationship between Strength Level and Pedal Rate
Bieuzen, F., Vercruyssen, F., Hausswirth, C., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-964859 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
No effect of glutamine supplementation and hyperoxia on oxidative metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise
Marwood, S., & Bowtell, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410801930200 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Feasibility of Implementing a Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight and Obese Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Otto, A. D., Mishler, A. E., Shah, N., Krug, M. M., Phillips, A., Wilson, N., & Kao, A. H. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000403040.26185.b7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework
McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., Smith, E. S., Martin, D. T., Mujika, I., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., Sheppard, J., & Burke, L. M. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451 · Cited by 3,093 · see citing works
The (in)dependency of blood and sweat sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose concentrations during submaximal exercise
Klous, L., de Ruiter, C. J., Scherrer, S., Gerrett, N., & Daanen, H. A. M. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04562-8 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Oxygenation Threshold Derived from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Reliability and Its Relationship with the First Ventilatory Threshold
van der Zwaard, S., Jaspers, R. T., Blokland, I. J., Achterberg, C., Visser, J. M., den Uil, A. R., Hofmijster, M. J., Levels, K., Noordhof, D. A., de Haan, A., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162914 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“At this [O2HbMb-HHbMb] breakpoint, the fractional oxygen extraction supposedly has not _ _ _ _ PLOSONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0162914 September 15, 2016 2 / 16 Abbreviations: Δ[O2HbMb-HHbMb]-BP, oxygenation breakpoint, obtained from subtracting concentration changes in deoxygenated haemoglobinand myoglobin from th…”
MethodInfluential
Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Sex and Training Status
Huiberts, R. O., Wüst, R. C. I., & van der Zwaard, S. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01943-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mental fatigue induced by prolonged motor imagery increases perception of effort and the activity of motor areas
Jacquet, T., Lepers, R., Poulin-Charronnat, B., Bard, P., Pfister, P., & Pageaux, B. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107701 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Perceived Fatigability: Utility of a Three-Dimensional Dynamical Systems Framework to Better Understand the Psychophysiological Regulation of Goal-Directed Exercise Behaviour
Venhorst, A., Micklewright, D., & Noakes, T. D. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0986-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
<p>Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights</p>
McSwiney, F. T., Doyle, L., Plews, D. J., & Zinn, C. (2019) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s180409 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sendra-Pérez, C., Sanchez-Jimenez, J. L., Marzano-Felisatti, J. M., Encarnación-Martínez, A., Salvador-Palmer, R., & Priego-Quesada, J. I. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39651-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A Novel Ingestion Strategy for Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation in a Delayed-Release Form: a Randomised Crossover Study in Trained Males
Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Sparks, S. A., Gough, L. A., Craig, M. M., Deb, S. K., & McNaughton, L. R. (2019) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-019-0177-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Acute administration of high doses of taurine does not substantially improve high-intensity running performance and the effect on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit is unclear
Milioni, F., Malta, E. D. S., Rocha, L. G. S. D. A., Mesquita, C. A. A., de Freitas, E. C., & Zagatto, A. M. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0435 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Comparing the reliability of muscle oxygen saturation with common performance and physiological markers across cycling exercise intensity
Yogev, A., Arnold, J., Nelson, H., Clarke, D. C., Guenette, J. A., Sporer, B. C., & Koehle, M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1143393 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Effect of Pre-Exercise Hyperhydration on Exercise Performance, Physiological Outcomes and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review
Jardine, W. T., Aisbett, B., Kelly, M. K., Burke, L. M., Ross, M. L., Condo, D., Périard, J. D., & Carr, A. J. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01885-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Failure of oral tyrosine supplementation to improve exercise performance in the heat
TUMILTY, L., DAVISON, G., BECKMANN, M., & THATCHER, R. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000243 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
No individual or combined effects of caffeine and beetroot-juice supplementation during submaximal or maximal running
Oskarsson, J., & McGawley, K. (2018) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0547 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The reproducibility of 4-km time trial (TT) performance following individualised sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised controlled trial in trained cyclists
Gough, L. A., Deb, S. K., Sparks, A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2017) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0101-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Coffee increases post-exercise muscle glycogen recovery in endurance athletes: A randomized clinical trial
Loureiro, L. M. R., dos Santos Neto, E., Molina, G. E., Amato, A. A., Arruda, S. F., Reis, C. E. G., & da Costa, T. H. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103335 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Additive benefits of β-alanine supplementation and sprint-interval training
BELLINGER, P. M., & MINAHAN, C. L. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001050 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects
Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Craig, M. M., Sparks, S. A., & McNaughton, L. R. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0151 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
High dose Nitrate ingestion does not improve 40 km cycling time trial performance in trained cyclists
Mosher, S. L., Gough, L. A., Deb, S., Saunders, B., Mc Naughton, L. R., Brown, D. R., & Sparks, S. A. (2020) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2019.1586707 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Post-Exercise Ingestion of Low or High Molecular Weight Glucose Polymer Solution Does Not Improve Cycle Performance in Female Athletes
Mock, M. G., Hirsch, K. R., Blue, M. N. M., Trexler, E. T., Roelofs, E. J., & Smith-Ryan, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002560 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Authors: Pauw, K. D., Roelands, B., Cheung, S. S., de Geus, B., Rietjens, G., & Meeusen, R.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
ORCID: Pauw, Kevin De
Roelands, Bart
Cheung, Stephen S.
Meeusen, Romain
Venue: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2013-03
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-122
ISSN: 1555-0265 (ISSN-L)
1555-0273
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111
OpenAlex: W2166259264
Cited by: 680
References: 129
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 3.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: subject classification, cycling, VO2max, peak power, training status, sex differences, body mass index, body mass
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Bicycling, Biometry, Exercise Test, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Body Mass Index, Statistics, Nonparametric

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks