A Novel Ingestion Strategy for Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation in a Delayed-Release Form: a Randomised Crossover Study in Trained Males
Open accessAbstract
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a well-established nutritional ergogenic aid, though gastrointestinal (GI) distress is a common side-effect. Delayed-release NaHCO3 may alleviate GI symptoms and enhance bicarbonate bioavailability following oral ingestion, although this has yet to be confirmed. In a randomised crossover design, pharmacokinetic responses and acid-base status were compared following two forms of NaHCO3, as were GI symptoms. Twelve trained healthy males (mean ± SD age 25.8 ± 4.5 years, maximal oxygen uptake ( $$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\max } $$ ) 58.9 ± 10.9 mL kg min−1, height 1.8 ± 0.1 m, body mass 82.3 ± 11.1 kg, fat-free mass 72.3 ± 10.0 kg) underwent a control (CON) condition and two experimental conditions: 300 mg kg−1 body mass NaHCO3 ingested as an aqueous solution (SOL) and encased in delayed-release capsules (CAP). Blood bicarbonate concentration, pH and base excess (BE) were measured in all conditions over 180 min, as were subjective GI symptom scores. Incidences of GI symptoms and overall severity were significantly lower (mean difference = 45.1%, P < 0.0005 and 47.5%, P < 0.0005 for incidences and severity, respectively) with the CAP than with the SOL. Symptoms displayed increases at 40 to 80 min post-ingestion with the SOL that were negated with CAP (P < 0.05). Time to reach peak bicarbonate concentration, pH and BE were significantly longer with CAP than with the SOL. In summary, CAP can mitigate GI symptoms induced with SOL and should be ingested earlier to induce similar acid-base changes. Furthermore, CAP may be more ergogenic in those who experience severe GI distress with SOL, although this warrants further investigation.
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Sodium bicarbonate's gastrointestinal side effects may negatively impact performance, limiting its use in populations that may benefit.
“Although its ergogenic potential is well‐established, sodium bicarbonate's GIS side effects may negatively impact performance (Freis et al. 2017), limiting its use in populations that may benefit (Grgic, Pedisic, et al. 2021; Hilton et al. 2019).”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Hilton et al. 2019
Both capsule-versus-solution studies provided 0.3 g/kg sodium bicarbonate in solutions and capsules acutely, though Gurton et al. 2023 provided vegetarian capsules while Hilton et al. 2019 used delayed-release capsules.
“Both provided 0.3 g/kg in solutions and capsules acutely, though (W. H. Gurton, Matta, et al. 2023) provided vegetarian capsules while (Hilton et al. 2019) used delayed‐release capsules.”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Hilton et al. 2019
Two delivery-form studies compared capsule versus solution ingestion (Hilton et al. 2019; W. H. Gurton, Matta, et al. 2023).
“Two studies compared capsule versus solution ingestion (Hilton et al. 2019; W. H. Gurton, Matta, et al. 2023).”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Hilton et al. 2019
Hilton et al. 2019 found that all participants experienced GIS following solution ingestion, with lower GIS at 40-, 60-, and 80-min post-ingestion (p = 0.004; p = 0.035; p = 0.017) and overall less severe GIS following delayed-release capsules than solution (p = 0.001).
“(Hilton et al. 2019) found that all participants experienced GIS following solution ingestion, with lower GIS at 40‐, 60‐, and 80‐min post‐ingestion (p = 0.004; p = 0.035; p = 0.017) and overall less severe GIS following delayed‐release capsules than solution (p = 0.001).”
From Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Protocols: A Systematic Review (2026) · cites this paper as Hilton et al. 2019
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- Authors
- Hilton, N. P., Leach, N. K., Sparks, S. A., Gough, L. A., Craig, M. M., Deb, S. K., & McNaughton, L. R.
- Affiliations
- Edge Hill University (GB)
- Birmingham City University (GB)
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Trust (GB)
- University of Westminster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hilton, Nathan Philip
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sports Medicine - Open
- Published
- 2019-01-24
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-4
- ISSN
- 2198-9761 (ISSN-L)
- 2199-1170
- PMC
- PMC6346694
- OpenAlex
- W2914239547
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 7.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine - Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (acceptedVersion)
- WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Edge Hill University (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- sodium bicarbonate, delayed-release capsules, gastrointestinal distress, acid-base status, blood bicarbonate, base excess, pH, pharmacokinetics, ergogenic aids, trained men
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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