The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3-], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms
Abstract
CONTEXT: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) is often ingested at a dose of 0.3 g/kg body mass (BM), but ingestion protocols are inconsistent in terms of using solution or capsules, ingestion period, combining NaHCO₃ with sodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇), and coingested food and fluid. PURPOSE: To quantify the effect of ingesting 0.3 g/kg NaHCO₃ on blood pH, [HCO₃-], and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms over the subsequent 3 hr using a range of ingestion protocols and, thus, to determine an optimal protocol. METHODS: In a crossover design, 13 physically active subjects undertook 8 NaHCO₃ experimental ingestion protocols and 1 placebo protocol. Capillary blood was taken every 30 min and analyzed for pH and [HCO₃-]. GI symptoms were quantified every 30 min via questionnaire. Statistics used were pairwise comparisons between protocols; differences were interpreted in relation to smallest worthwhile changes for each variable. A likelihood of >75% was a substantial change. RESULTS: [HCO₃-] and pH were substantially greater than in placebo for all other ingestion protocols at almost all time points. When NaHCO3 was coingested with food, the greatest [HCO₃-] (30.9 mmol/kg) and pH (7.49) and lowest incidence of GI symptoms were observed. The greatest incidence of GI side effects was observed 90 min after ingestion of 0.3 g/kg NaHCO₃ solution. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in pH and [HCO₃-] for the 8 NaHCO₃-ingestion protocols were similar, so an optimal protocol cannot be recommended. However, the results suggest that NaHCO₃ coingested with a high-carbohydrate meal should be taken 120-150 min before exercise to induce substantial blood alkalosis and reduce GI symptoms.
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In the citing paper
“The common or recommended dose of oral sodium bicarbonate supplement is 300 mg·kg−1 body mass [23,24,25,26,27,28]”
From Effects of Enteric-Coated Formulation of Sodium Bicarbonate on Bicarbonate Absorption and Gastrointestinal Discomfort (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“However, administration of sodium bicarbonate supplements is associated with adverse effects, i.e., gastrointestinal symptoms, in ~30% of athletes [25,26,27].”
From Effects of Enteric-Coated Formulation of Sodium Bicarbonate on Bicarbonate Absorption and Gastrointestinal Discomfort (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Given that higher pre-exercise blood [HCO 3 -] is associated with greater performance enhancements (Carr et al., 2011b;Matson & Tran, 1993), ingestion form may alter the ergogenic potential of NaHCO 3 .”
From Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects (2020) · cites this paper as Carr et al., 2011b
In the citing paper
“Similarly, more participants reached concentrations that are associated with performance-enhancing effects (Carr et al., 2011b).”
From Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects (2020) · cites this paper as Carr et al., 2011b
In the citing paper
“Gastrointestinal disturbances often occur with bicarbonate use, but can be managed by consuming the dose in a split protocol with the intake of a small meal/snack [135].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [135]
Citations
Cites
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128
Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement
HOPKINS, W. G., HAWLEY, J. A., & BURKE, L. M. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199903000-00018 · Cited by 708
Self-citationJEUKENDRUP, A. E., VET-JOOP, K., STURK, A., STEGEN, J. H. J. C., SENDEN, J., SARIS, W. H. M., & WAGENMAKERS, A. J. M. (2000) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0980047 · Cited by 371
Variability of competitive performance of distance runners
Hopkins, W. G., & Hewson, D. J. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200109000-00023 · Cited by 207
Effect of acute induced metabolic alkalosis on 800-m racing time
WILKES, D., GLEDHILL, N., & SMYTH, R. (1983) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198315040-00004 · Cited by 176
Ergogenic Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate
McNaughton, L. R., Siegler, J. C., & Midgley, A. W. (2008) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e31817ef530 · Cited by 170
Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on Anaerobic Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review
Matson, L. G., & Tran, Z. V. (1993) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.3.1.2 · Cited by 159
Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance
BISHOP, D., & CLAUDIUS, B. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000161803.44656.3c · Cited by 155
Effects of Ingestion of Bicarbonate, Citrate, Lactate, and Chloride on Sprint Running
VAN MONTFOORT, M. C. E., VAN DIEREN, L., HOPKINS, W. G., & SHEARMAN, J. P. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000132378.73975.25 · Cited by 121
Bicarbonate ingestion: Effects of dosage on 60 s cycle ergometry
McNaughton, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419208729940 · Cited by 120
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IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-performance Athlete
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Self-citationIOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020 · Cited by 540
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Carr, A. J., Slater, G. J., Gore, C. J., Dawson, B., & Burke, L. M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 189-194
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2096818215
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Canberra Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal function and acid-base balance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sodium bicarbonate, blood bicarbonate, blood pH, alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms, exercise performance, sodium citrate, pre-workout supplements
- MeSH terms
- Sodium Citrate, Adult, Citrates, Dietary Carbohydrates, Drug Administration Schedule, Eating, Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Sodium Bicarbonate, Cross-Over Studies, Gastrointestinal Tract
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