Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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Comparison of Virtual Vs. Traditional Cycling Exercise on Perceived Duration and Exercise Enjoyment: A Pilot Study
Reason, K. W., Killen, L. G., Allen, J. A. H., & Green, J. M. (2025) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/siou8054 · Cited by 1
Effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity training versus short moderate-intensity continuous training on biomarkers of mortality risk in sedentary women: A randomized clinical trial
El-Deen, H. A. B., Atef, H., Muñoz‐Gómez, E., Moreno‐Segura, N., ElZalabany, S., Alanazi, R. M., Alruwili, W., Alruwili, S., Sultan, S., & Marqués‐Sulé, E. (2025) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.01.056 · Cited by 1
Physical activity promotion based on positive psychology: development and piloting of a novel intervention approach
Bohlen, L. C., Oselinsky, K. M., Vornlocher, C., Lee, H., Michels, E., DUNSIGER, S. I., Bock, B. C., Kahler, C. W., & Williams, D. M. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf004 · Cited by 1
A Preliminary Investigation of an Automated Online Program for Increasing Physical Activity among Adults: A Randomized Trial
Unick, J. L., Oselinsky, K. M., Cao, Z., Webster, J., Allen, A., Pellegrini, C. A., Tobin, S. Y., & Wing, R. R. (2025) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000296 · Cited by 1
Affective Responses to Barbell-Based Resistance Training in a 16-Week Barbell-Based Strength Training Program for Recreationally Active Adults
Kercher, V. M. M., Goss, J. M., Watkins, J. M., et al. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13030088 · Cited by 1
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [37,38] assessed overall enjoyment with physical activities on 18 bilateral items using a 7-point scale.”
Exploring the impact of dance: intersectoral quantitative and qualitative methodological challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations
SWAINE, B. R., Raymond, C., Fortin, S., Lemay, M., Poncet, F., Duval, H., Bherer, L., Esmail, A., Beaudry, L., Glickman, H., et al. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2478310 · Cited by 1
The feasibility and acceptability of delivering and evaluating a physical activity intervention (ACCEPTANCE) for cervical cancer survivors
Millet, N., McDermott, H. J., Munir, F., Edwardson, C. L., Plekhanova, T., & Moss, E. L. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01622-8 · Cited by 2
“The booklet contained the self-efficacy for walking scale (SEW) [42], PA Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [43], European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer core Quality of Life question - naire (EORTC QLQ-30), Menopausal Rating Scale [44], Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) [45] and…”
Legato: Virtual Reality for Physical Rehabilitation of Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
Eom, S., Xu, W., Zou, L., et al. (2025) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw66409.2025.00207 · Cited by 1
“…we will evaluate usability, the quality of the experience, and the game’s effectiveness in promoting mobility through structured interviews and established questionnaires, such as the Game Experience Questionnaire [14], System Usability Scale [20], and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [15].”
The ASSIST Trial: Acute Effects of Manipulating Strength Exercise Volume on Insulin Sensitivity in Adults Living With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled, Crossover, Clinical Trial
Silva, L. F. R., Evangelista-Silva, P. H., do Carmo, J. O., Garcia, B. C. C., Esteves, E. A., Mang, Z. A., Amorim, F. T., Dias‐Peixoto, M. F., Gripp, F., Tricoli, V., et al. (2025) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.70024 · Cited by 1
Competition, Cooperation, or Both? A Field Study on a Persuasive Smartwatch Fitness Application with Intergroup Competition for Promoting Physical Activity
Zhao, J., Yao, J., Guo, X., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93221-2_17 · Cited by 1
Effects of a single session of in-person and remote strength training on low back pain and disability outcomes in pregnant women: a randomized and controlled crossover clinical trial
Pires, V. J., Miranda, C., Fraga, B. S., et al. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08544-9 · Cited by 1
“The level of enjoyment in different exercise sessions was measured using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [14] at the end of each session.”
Exergaming Versus On-Court Tennis: Comparing Enjoyment, Exertion, and Energy Expenditure in Training
Ngo, J. S., Hoe, S.-Z., & Rosly, M. M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3588890 · Cited by 1
Examining the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a group-based physical activity intervention integrating strength training among pre- and perimenopausal women: A randomized pilot trial
Lewis, B. A., Schuver, K. J., Swinney, K. B., Dregney, T. M., & Linde, J. A. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251361243 · Cited by 1
“The 18-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) 34 was used to assess enjoyment for PA. Participants answered questions like “how you feel at the moment about the PA you have been doing” using a seven-point Likert scale.”
Feasibility of combining tDCS with exercise for increasing physical activity in people with depression
Abrantes, A. M., Browne, J., Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Carpenter, L. L., Stein, M. D., Uebelacker, L. A., Audet, D., Desaulniers, J. A., & Garnaat, S. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1597234 · Cited by 1
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), an 18-item self-report scale, was used to measure level of physical enjoyment (Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991).”
Sport for Recovery from Psychiatric Disorders: Psychosocial Outcomes and Factors Contributing Subjective Well-Being
Nagata, S., Yamaguchi, T., Sassa, T., Orita, Y., Inoue, S., Saito, M., & Kono, S. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-025-00488-6 · Cited by 1
“(Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Effects of an exercise program with audiovisual stimuli on affective mechanisms and future physical activity: a randomized controlled trial
Wang, Y., Cheval, B., Hutchinson, J., Heath, M. D., Gerber, M., Lowe, C. J., Herold, F., & Zou, L. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2563306 · Cited by 1
VRCycle: the clinical translation of a virtual reality cycling program to enhance exercise engagement in people with knee osteoarthritis
MacIntyre, E., Saredakis, D., Stanford, T., Smith, A. E., Parfitt, G., Smith, R., & Stanton, T. R. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.103009 · Cited by 1
Investigating Gamification Modalities in Running: A Comparison of Auditory and Visual Feedback on User Performance and Experience
Schubhan, M., Deutschen, A., Kosmalla, F., Daiber, F., & Altmeyer, M. (2025) · Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction and Sports (SportsHCI) · doi:10.1145/3749385.3749419 · Cited by 1
“H2 Gamification (audio and visual) increases the UX (IMI [28], RPE [6], PACES [22]) compared to no gamification.”
Influential
Enjoyment of physical education during transition to secondary school: links with attitudes, activity, and self-concept in Welsh adolescents
Jarvis, S., & Rainer, P. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2584915 · Cited by 1
“To measure participants enjoyment of PA, this study used the 16-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which was modified by Motl et al. (2001) from the original Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991) instrument.”
Mindfulness and stress-reduction programs’ effectiveness on university student productivity in physical education
Wang, Y. B., Yao, Z. M., & Zhang, G. H. (2025) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2025.2587887 · Cited by 1
“The final score is calculated as the sum of all ratings, where a higher score indicates a greater level of enjoyment (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Last in Line, Lasting in Mind? A Retrospective Investigation of the Relationship Between Physical Education Experiences and Adult Physical Activity
Limmeroth, J., Leisterer, S., Hagemann, N., & Ladwig, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2025-0008 · Cited by 2
REVIVE-HF: rehabilitation with immersive virtual reality and exercise in hospitalized patients with heart failure—a randomized controlled trial protocol
Costa, A. D. S., Barbosa, C. B., Guizilini, S., Begot, I., Moraes, P. I. D. M., dos Santos, V. R., & Moreira, R. S. L. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09430-y · Cited by 1
“Secondary objectives: To assess between-group differences in perceived enjoyment (PACES) [18, 19], and system usability (SUS) [20, 21], as well as physiological responses.”
Gamified Physical Education and Cognitive Performance Among Chinese Secondary School Students: Cross-Sectional Moderation Mediation Study
Zhang, J., Oh, S.-S., & Xu, Y. (2026) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/81086 · Cited by 5
“The second independent variable, physical activity enjoyment, was assessed using the physical activity enjoyment scale with a representative item, “ I feel energetic after physical activity, ” as suggested by Kendzierski and DeCarlo [77].”

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

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