Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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Changes in VO2max and cardiac output in response to short-term high-intensity interval training in Caucasian and Hispanic young women: A pilot study
Revere, J. L. D., Clausen, R. D., & Astorino, T. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244850 · Cited by 18
“On days 1, 3, 6, and 9 of training, the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) was completed [31].”
Method
“… been down so long …”: Perpetual vs. intermittent inferiority and the Köhler group motivation gain in exercise groups.
Kerr, N. L., Forlenza, S., Irwin, B. C., & Feltz, D. L. (2013) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0031588 · Cited by 17
“If you make reference to this version of the manuscript, use the following information: Kerr, N. L., Forlenza, S. T., Irwin, B. C., & Feltz, D. L. (2013). “.”
MethodInfluential
Is My Exercise Partner Similar Enough? Partner Characteristics as a Moderator of the Köhler Effect in Exergames
Forlenza, S., Kerr, N. L., Irwin, B. C., & Feltz, D. L. (2012) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2012.0047 · Cited by 17
“, from 1 = loved it to 7 = hated it).(30)”
Rationale, design, and baseline findings from HIPP: A randomized controlled trial testing a home-based, individually-tailored physical activity print intervention for African American women in the Deep South
Pekmezi, D., Ainsworth, M. C., Joseph, R. P., Bray, M. S., Kvale, E. A., Isaac, S., Desmond, R. A., Meneses, K., Marcus, B. H., & Demark‐Wahnefried, W. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.02.009 · Cited by 18
“96) and test–retest reliability [59].”
A framework for designing socially assistive robot interactions
Schneider, S., Goerlich, M., & Kümmert, F. (2016) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2016.09.008 · Cited by 17
High Intensity Long Interval Sets Provides Similar Enjoyment as Continuous Moderate Intensity Exercise. The Tromsø Exercise Enjoyment Study
Sagelv, E. H., Hammer, T. M., Hamsund, T., Rognmo, K., Pettersen, S. A., & Pedersen, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01788 · Cited by 18
Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women
Kong, Z., Hu, M., Liu, Y., Shi, Q., Zou, L., Sun, S., Zhang, H., & Nie, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020442 · Cited by 19
“In contrast, the PACES included 18 bipolar items with high internal consistency [41], involving individuals’ cognition and evaluation processes, and it may be a more comprehensive scale to measure post-exercise enjoyment when compared to EES.”
BackgroundResult
High‐intensity exergaming for improved cardiorespiratory fitness: A randomised, controlled trial
Berg, J., Haugen, G., Wang, A. I., & Moholdt, T. T. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1921852 · Cited by 17
“For the PACES score, the multiple regression model included BMI at baseline, sex, average HR during exergaming sessions, and participant (R2 = 0.14, p 0.001) (Supplementary Table 4) whereas the model for the Feeling Scale score included BMI at baseline, sex, peak HR during exergaming sessions, and participant (R2 = 0.…”
MethodInfluential
Sports lunch breaks, vigor, and creativity at work: a test of the work-home resources model
de Vries, J. D., Bakker, A. B., & Breevaart, K. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2021.1993960 · Cited by 20
“…it is well possible that cognitive factors other than satisfaction with sports performance predict employee outcomes as well, such as attentional focus (Wininger & Gieske, 2010), perceived social support (Freeman et al., 2011), and enjoyment during the sports activity (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
Progressing the construct of enjoyment: conceptualizing enjoyment as a proactive process
川端, 雅., & Mallett, C. J. (2022) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-021-00015-1 · Cited by 21
“These differentiations are not clear according to the existing measures in sport (e.g., the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [42]; the Sport Enjoyment subscale of the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 [24]; the Sport Emotions Questionnaire [43]).”
Method
Mobile health-based gamification intervention to increase physical activity participation among patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Xu, L., Li, J., Zhang, X., Pang, Y., Yu, T., Lian, X., Yu, T., Zhu, L., Tong, Q., & Li, F. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054623 · Cited by 20
Effect of High-Intensity Interval, Moderate-Intensity Continuous, and Self-Selected Intensity Training on Health and Affective Responses
Oliveira, G. T. A., Costa, E. C., Santos, T. M., Bezerra, R. A., Lemos, T. M. A. M., Mortatti, A. L., & Elsangedy, H. M. (2023) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2141674 · Cited by 17
“Self-efficacy and enjoyment are important constructs of type II processes, and can represent a global assessment of the post-exercise psychological state (Bandura, 1986; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
Guidelines for assessment of affect-related constructs
Williams, D. M., & Rhodes, R. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1253477 · Cited by 23
“For example, Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991) developed the 18-item physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) to specifically measure affective judgments relating to exercise and physical activity.”
Background
The Effects of Congruent and Incongruent Immersive Virtual Reality Modulated Exercise Environments in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study
Runswick, O. R., Siegel, L., Rafferty, G. F., Knudsen, H., Sefton, L., Taylor, S., Reilly, C. C., Finnegan, S., Sargeant, M., Pattinson, K. T. S., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2276524 · Cited by 18
“A student’s paired t-test was used to examine differences between the data recorded by PACES, Sim-TLX and CALM between the VR and nVR condition (within the same trial).”
Influential
Impact of an exergame intervention on cognitive-motor functions and training experience in young team sports athletes: a non-randomized controlled trial
Martin‐Niedecken, A. L., Bucher, V., Adcock, M., de Bruin, E. D., & Schättin, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1170783 · Cited by 20
“Further, participants ’ training enjoyment was assessed via the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), consisting of 18 bipolar statements (53).”
Method
Feasibility and preliminary effects of the Fit2ThriveMB pilot physical activity promotion intervention on physical activity and patient reported outcomes in individuals with metastatic breast cancer
Phillips, S. M., Starikovsky, J., Solk, P., Desai, R. M., Reading, J. M., Hasanaj, K., Wang, S. D., Cullather, E., Lee, J. J., Song, J., et al. (2024) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-024-07432-5 · Cited by 15
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [53] measured enjoyment and satisfaction with current PA program.”
Effect of Outdoor Cycling, Virtual and Enhanced Reality Indoor Cycling on Heart Rate, Motivation, Enjoyment and Intention to Perform Green Exercise in Healthy Adults
Poli, L., Greco, G., Gabriele, M., Pepe, I., Centrone, C., Cataldi, S., & Fischetti, F. (2024) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk9040183 · Cited by 23
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is a survey designed to gauge how much a person enjoys engaging in physical activity [50,51].”
Background
Research Consortium Grant Findings
Dunton, G. F., Tscherne, J., & Rodríguez, D. (2009) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599543 · Cited by 16
Marathon Kids UK: study design and protocol for a mixed methods evaluation of a school-based running programme
Chalkley, A. E., Routen, A. C., Harris, J., Cale, L., Gorely, T., & Sherar, L. B. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022176 · Cited by 16
“Self-efficacy will be assessed using the Physical Activity Self Efficacy Scale.46 Enjoyment will be assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale.47 Global selfworth (six items) and athletic competence (six items) will be assessed using 12 items from the Physical Self Perception Profile for Children.48 Attitude…”
Body surveillance and affective judgments of physical activity in daily life
Gilchrist, J. D., Pila, E., Lucibello, K. M., Sabiston, C. M., & Conroy, D. E. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.004 · Cited by 20
Penyusunan Latihan Fisik Pada Anggota Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat (KOSTRAD)
Hermawan, I., Indrawira, H., Maslikah, U., et al. (2021) · Jurnal Altifani Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat · doi:10.25008/altifani.v1i1.115 · Cited by 16
Motivational Effects of Acknowledging Feedback from a Socially Assistive Robot
Schneider, S., & Kümmert, F. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47437-3_85 · Cited by 17
“Physical Training Enjoyment We assessed the physical training enjoyment the users had using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale ([18]).”
Method
Relationship between objectively measured intensity of physical activity and self-reported enjoyment of physical activity
Schwaneberg, T., Weymar, F., Ulbricht, S., Dörr, M., Hoffmann, W. U., & van den Berg, N. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.06.004 · Cited by 21
“After wearing the accelerometer for seven days, the participants were asked to complete the 18-item self-report questionnaire physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) (Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991).”
MethodInfluential
Physical Activity Maintenance Following Home-Based, Individually Tailored Print Interventions for African American Women
Pekmezi, D., Ainsworth, M. C., Desmond, R. A., Pisu, M., Williams, V., Wang, K., Holly, T., Meneses, K., Marcus, B. H., & Demark‐Wahnefried, W. (2018) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839918798819 · Cited by 15
Snacktivity™ to Promote Physical Activity in Primary Care, Community Health and Public Health Settings: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial
Daley, A., Griffin, R. A., Sanders, J. P., Gokal, K., Ives, N. J., Skrybant, M., Parretti, H. M., Edwardson, C. L., Biddle, S., Jolly, K. B., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-025-10352-3 · Cited by 20
“Participants also completed the Physical Activity Enjoy-ment Scale [41] and Exercise Self-efficacy Questionnaire [42] and the Self-Report Habit Index (for Snacktivity™) [43] but this data is not reported.”
High‐Intensity Interval Training for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study
Golightly, Y. M., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Blue, M. N. M., Álvarez, C., Allen, K. D., & Nelson, A. E. (2021) · ACR Open Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/acr2.11318 · Cited by 15
“Adherence and tolerability were evaluated on the basis of the number of sessions attended/ completed, modifications to mode, adverse events, and exercise enjoyment (rating of 17 in which 1 = “not at all” and 7 = “extremely” regarding enjoyment of the physical activity) on each training day from an item from the Physic…”
Method
Activity-induced pain as a predictor of physical activity behavior among individuals with chronic pain: the role of physical activity enjoyment
LaRowe, L. R., & Williams, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00318-1 · Cited by 17
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) was used to measure PA enjoyment at baseline.”
MethodInfluential
Making a HIIT: study protocol for assessing the feasibility and effects of co-designing high-intensity interval training workouts with students and teachers
Duncombe, S. L., BARKER, A. R., Price, L., Walker, J. L., Dux, P. E., Fox, A. J., Matthews, N. L., & Stylianou, M. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03440-w · Cited by 14
“Enjoyment Enjoyment of general physical activity will be measured for all groups using physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) before the intervention [61].”
Method
The User Experience of an Immersive and Interactive Wall Exergame in Older Adults
Béraud-Peigné, N., Maillot, P., & Perrot, A. (2022) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2022.0075 · Cited by 15
“The physical activity enjoyment scale , 37 comprising 10 items translated and validated in French, 38 measures the perceived enjoyment during the practice of physical exercise.”
Impact of Coastal Walking Outdoors and Virtual Reality Indoor Walking on Heart Rate, Enjoyment Levels and Mindfulness Experiences in Healthy Adults
Greco, G., Centrone, C., Poli, L., Silva, A. F., Russo, L., Cataldi, S., Giustino, V., & Fischetti, F. (2023) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk9010011 · Cited by 16
“that measures an individual’s subjective enjoyment of PA [25,29].”
Background
Exploring actual and perceived levels of physical activity intensity during virtual reality active games
Naugle, K. E., Cervantes, X. A., Boone, C. L., Wind, B., & Naugle, K. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1349521 · Cited by 17
Introductory dialogue and the Köhler Effect in software-generated workout partners
Samendinger, S., Forlenza, S., Winn, B. M., Max, E. J., Kerr, N. L., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Feltz, D. L. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.001 · Cited by 15
“After finishing Block 2, participants completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991; Raedeke & Amorose, 2013).”

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

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