Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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Method
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Method
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“However, other [42] did perform this analysis with adolescent population, also finding problems in their one-dimensional adjustment.”
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“naire (29) immediately after completing their supervised train-”
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Goal conflict and the physical activity intention-behavior relationship: Insights from a study of People's daily experiences
Bray, S. R., & Harris, S. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102805 · Cited by 5
Active Video Games Training for Older Adults: Comparative Study of User Experience, Workload, Pleasure, and Intensity
Béraud-Peigné, N., Perrot, A., & Maillot, P. (2025) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/67314 · Cited by 5
“The physical activity enjoyment scale [44] , consisting of ten items translated and validated in French [45] on a scale ranging from 7 to 70 (best score) assessed the perceived enjoyment experienced during physical exercise.”
The Effect of Well-Being and Exercise Intensity on Enjoyment in Soccer Players
Xu, W., Silva, R., Trybulski, R., Han, X., Yu, Y., & Clemente, F. M. (2025) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2025.292 · Cited by 7
“The total enjoyment score, ranging from 18 to 126, was calculated by summing all item ratings, with higher scores reflecting greater enjoyment (Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991).”
Active Videogames and Weight Management: Is There a Future?
Maddison, R., Jull, A., Marsh, S., Direito, A., & Mhurchú, C. N. (2013) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2013.0031 · Cited by 5
Development and evaluation of an exergaming application for improving seniors' well-being
Κωστάκη, Χ., & Goumopoulos, C. (2016) · Panhellenic Conference on Informatics · doi:10.1145/3003733.3003736 · Cited by 5
“subset of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was used to measure exercise enjoyment [18].”
Method
Rationale and study protocol for Unidas por la Vida (United for Life): A dyadic weight-loss intervention for high-risk Latina mothers and their adult daughters
Sorkin, D. H., Rook, K. S., Campos, B., Marquez, B., Solares, J., Mukamel, D. B., Marcus, B. H., Kilgore, D. B., Dow, E., Ngo‐Metzger, Q., et al. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.03.013 · Cited by 5
“Kendzierski D, DeCarlo KJ. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two validation studies.”
Influential
Comparative effectiveness of an adult social physical play versus traditional group exercise program for adherence and fitness: Protocol for a randomized-controlled trial
Ladwig, M. A., Sciamanna, C., Rovniak, L. S., Conroy, D. E., Gottschall, J. S., Silvis, M. L., Smyth, J. M., Wang, M., & Auer, B. J. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100736 · Cited by 8
“Participants will rate their perceived enjoyment of PA at baseline, 6, and 12-months using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES [45]), an 18-item questionnaire with 7-point bipolar scales where a higher score indicates greater perceived enjoyment.”
BackgroundMethod
The Effects of a Science-Based Community Intervention on Health Outcomes in Minority Children: The Translational Health in Nutrition and Kinesiology Program
PERRY, A. C., Flanagan, E. W., Velasquez, C., Bolon, K. D., Zito, G., & Ahn, S. (2021) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2020-0622 · Cited by 5
The impact of variation and autonomy on psychological responses to high intensity interval training exercise
Mastrofini, G. F., Collins, R. P., Rosado, A. P., Tauran, R. C., Fleming, A. R., & Kilpatrick, M. W. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102142 · Cited by 6
¿Qué implica disfrutar del deporte? Presentación de un instrumento para su evaluación
Schmidt, V., Molina, F., Raimundi, M. J., Celsi, I., Liotard, A. G., Pérez-Gaido, M., & Arabehety, M. G. (2022) · Diversitas · doi:10.15332/22563067.6009 · Cited by 13
Perceived importance of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity as a weight control strategy in behavioral weight loss
Ehmann, M. M., LaFata, E. M., McCausland, H. C., Knudsen, F. M., & Butryn, M. L. (2023) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.695 · Cited by 3
Comparison of enjoyment and energy expenditure of exergame with and without blood flow restriction in men and women
Mousavi, Z., Karimi, Z., Wong, A., Cheraghloo, N., Bagheri, H., & Bagheri, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59379-8 · Cited by 6
“Participants were instructed to provide self-reports of their perceived enjoyment levels in the activities using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo 46 .”
Method
Exploring the Psychological Effects and Physical Exertion of Using Different Movement Interactions in Casual Exergames That Promote Active Microbreaks: Quasi-Experimental Study
Berglund, A., & Orädd, H. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/55905 · Cited by 9
“After the session ended, the final score was noted, while the participant filled in the second questionnaire, which included (1) the PANAS [87], (2) the Borg RPE scale [40], and (3) the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [70,89].”
Method
Unveiling the Power of AI Fitness Apps
Du, Z., Wang, S., Deng, Z., & Wang, F. (2025) · Journal of Global Information Management · doi:10.4018/jgim.376833 · Cited by 10
Semisupervised Physical Exercise and Lifestyle Counseling in Cardiometabolic Risk Management in Sedentary Adults: Controlled Randomized Trial (BELLUGAT)
Ensenyat, A., Espigares-Tribó, G., Machado, L., Sinfreu-Bergués, X., & Blanco, A. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0409 · Cited by 5
Psychosocial factors associated with physical activity in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery
Kovacs, S. J., Courcoulas, A. P., Rogers, R. J., Davis, K. K., & Jakicic, J. M. (2020) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2020.07.031 · Cited by 5
Might High-Intensity Interval Exercise Be Remembered as More Pleasurable? An Attempt to Test the Peak-End Rule in the Exercise Context
Alves, E. D., Júlio, U. F., Panissa, V. L. G., Franchini, É., & Takito, M. Y. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211010047 · Cited by 7
“PACES has a high reliability (ICC¼ 0.93; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), and its Portuguese version reached an almost perfect reproducibility (CCI¼ 0.91, 95% CI 0.85, 0.94; Alves et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
What Type of Body Shape Moves Children? An Experimental Exploration of the Impact of Narrative Cartoon Character Body Shape on Children’s Narrative Engagement, Wishful Identification, and Exercise Motivation
Alon, D., Sousa, C., & Lu, A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653626 · Cited by 5
Pasos Hacia La Salud II: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a theory- and technology-enhanced physical activity intervention for Latina women, compared to the original intervention
Mendoza-Vasconez, A. S., Benitez, T. J., DUNSIGER, S. I., Gans, K. M., Hartman, S. J., Linke, S., Larsen, B. A., Pekmezi, D., & Marcus, B. H. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06575-4 · Cited by 6
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [50] measures the level of enjoyment that a person derives from engaging in PA.”
Background
A Bifactor Analysis Approach to Construct Validity and Reliability of the Affective Exercise Experience Questionnaire among Chinese College Students
Wang, T., Gerber, M., Herold, F., Bardeen, J. R., Ludyga, S., Taylor, A., Kramer, A. F., & Zou, L. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.029804 · Cited by 9
Predictors of meeting physical activity and fruit and vegetable recommendations in 9–11-year-old children
Courtney, J. B., Witt, P. D., McNally, J., Siegfried, S., Hill, J. O., & Stroebele‐Benschop, N. (2014) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896913518315 · Cited by 5
The use of active living every day to improve mass transit district employees' physical activity affect and enjoyment
Das, B. M., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2014) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2014.978349 · Cited by 5
“The primary dependent variables assessed were affective response (via FS) and physical activity enjoyment (via PACES).”
MethodInfluential
Effect and comparison of cognitive self-compassion and mindfulness on educational well-being of overweight students
Nazeri, R., Lotfabadi, H., & Pourshahriar, H. (2019) · Journal of Research and Health · doi:10.29252/jrh.9.3.268 · Cited by 5
Design and Rationale for the Deep South Interactive Voice Response System–Supported Active Lifestyle Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Brown, N. I., Powell, M. A., Baskin, M. L., Oster, R. A., Demark‐Wahnefried, W., Hardy, C. M., Pisu, M., Thirumalai, M., Townsend, S., Neal, W. N., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/29245 · Cited by 5
“…scale ( α =.61-.91) [40], 9-item outcome expectations scale ( α =.89) [41], 18-item physical activity enjoyment scale with high internal consistency and test-retest reliability [42], 10-item walking self-efficacy scale ( α =.82) [43], and the 12-item exercise confidence scale ( α =.92) [44].”
Práctica de actividad física y actitudes en los adolescentes de Canarias / Physical Activity Practice And Attitudes In Canarian Teenagers. pp. 211-222
López-López, E., Navarro-Valdivielso, M. E., Ojeda-García, R., et al. (2015) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2015.58.002 · Cited by 5
Development and Testing of Sample Therapeutic Programs on the Microsoft Kinect for Children with Cerebral Palsy
Ni, L. T. (2013) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 5
Thinking inside the box
Deenik, J. (2019) · doi:10.26481/dis.20190522jd · Cited by 5
Pilot Study of a Budget-Tailored Culinary Nutrition Education Program for Undergraduate Food Science Students
Kerrison, D. A. (2014) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 5
Cardiometabolic response to high intensity functional training versus rowing-based high intensity interval training
Astorino, T. A., Mower, M., Flores, A., & Flannery, M. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.003 · Cited by 5
“Despite these differences in affective valence between sessions, there was no difference in PACES or intent to participate, which suggests that a less pleasant in-task experience to HIFT may not induce different responses recorded post-exercise.”
Influential
The impact of physical activity variety on physical activity participation
Dregney, T. M., Thul, C. M., Linde, J. A., & Lewis, B. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323195 · Cited by 6
“The 18-item PA Enjoyment Scale (PACES) measured enjoyment [45].”
Real-world efficacy of equipment-free reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training in improving physical and mental health in inactive males: A randomized controlled trial
Hu, M., Chen, X., Nie, J., Shi, Q., & Kong, Z. (2025) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.006 · Cited by 5
The Impact of Active Augmented Reality Games on Physical Activity and Cognition Among Older Adults: Feasibility Study
Lu, A. S., Parkar, B., Gupta, S., Hall, S., Pindus, D. M., & Kramer, A. F. (2025) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/73221 · Cited by 4
“The AAR/PA Intention Scale (Cron-bach α =0.96) [73] and the PA Enjoyment Scale (Cronbach α =0.86) [74] were calculated by averaging their respective items.”
Influential
Effects of Contemporary Dance Training on Executive Function and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in School-Aged Children With Obesity
Intawachirarat, K., Mitranun, W., Permpoonputtana, K., Kaewkamnerdpongse, W., & Sriramatr, S. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0730 · Cited by 5
When Moderate Becomes Unpleasant and Intense Is Manageable: Exercise Intensity and Duration Interact to Regulate Exercise Enjoyment and Changes in Affective Valence
Kinghorn, D., Hutchinson, M., Curry, S., Zhang, J., & Vollaard, N. B. J. (2026) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2025-0086 · Cited by 4
A Preliminary Investigation into the Frequency Dose Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Cardiometabolic Health
Smith, L. E., Guilder, G. P. V., Dalleck, L. C., Lewis, N., Dages, A. G., & Harris, N. K. (2023) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2023.688 · Cited by 4
“…participants completed a modified Physical Activity En-joyment Scale (PACES) to assess “enjoyment” of the previously completed exercise, with two additional questions assessing “intention to continue” the exercise (Heinrich et al., 2020; Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991; Kwan and Bryan, 2010).”
Method
Effects of exercise modality combined with moderate hypoxia on blood glucose regulation in adults with overweight
Tee, C. C. L., Chong, M. C., Cooke, M. B., Rahmat, N., Yeo, W. K., & CAMERA, D. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1396108 · Cited by 5
“Our current study also noted changes in physiological variables (e.g., heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation), as well as changes in the PACES, and perceptual responses that have signi ﬁ cant implications for exercise adherence.”
MethodInfluential
Preliminary Effectiveness of a One-Week Summer Day Camp for Improving Children’s Health Behaviors and Psychosocial Well-Being Outcomes
Tan, Q.-Q., Nie, Y., Son, P., Underwood, R. A., Murray, P., Hebert, C., McKey, K.-L., Hendrick, C. A., Staiano, A. E., & Chen, S. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11091097 · Cited by 4
“Physical Activity Enjoyment: The participants’ enjoyment of physical activity was measured using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [28].”
Method

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

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