Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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“Of note, two of the studies included in the current review measured enjoyment with the original (18 items) Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
Vocal Conversion from Speaking Voice to Singing Voice Using STRAIGHT
Saitou, T., Goto, M., Unoki, M., & Akagi, M. (2007) · Cited by 15
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“Gender showed no effect on differences between both conditions for HRmean ( P = 0.61), HRmax ( P = 0.122), RPE ( P = 0.862), Flow ( P = 0.376), nor PACES ( P = 0.867).”
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Plante, T. G. (2011) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.35.2.7 · Cited by 15
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Method
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Method
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“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is regarded as the most widely used measure of enjoyment (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), and is a reliable instrument for assessing the enjoyment of physical activity in older adults (Mullen et al., 2011).”
Method
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“In the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), participants are invited to report whether they liked or disliked the past experience they had had.”
Background
Psycho-physiological aspects of small combats in taekwondo: impact of area size and within-round sparring partners
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“The PACES is an 18-item measure of enjoyment associated with exercise [44, 45].”
Background
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MethodInfluential
Effectiveness of an affect-adjusted, supervised, multimodal, online and home-based exercise group protocol for major depression: A randomized controlled trial
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Method
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“…rated statements on a 7-point scale ranging from ‘I enjoy it’ vs. ‘I hate it’/‘it interests me’ vs. ‘it bores me’/‘it is tiring’ vs. ‘it is energising’, etc. Studies have demonstrated the internal consistency (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) and validity of the scale (Felton, Ott, & Jeter, 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Hybrid high-intensity interval training using functional electrical stimulation leg cycling and arm ski ergometer for people with spinal cord injuries: a feasibility study
Vestergaard, M., Jensen, K., & Juul‐Kristensen, B. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-00997-2 · Cited by 16
“Participant experience was measured after the 8-week intervention, using a customized questionnaire based upon the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [49].”
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“Each participant’s responses were summed and averaged, so the maximum enjoyment score for this scale is 126, which represents the greatest enjoyment while being physically active [21].”
Background
Assessing basic and higher-level psychological needs satisfied through physical activity
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“Exercise enjoyment Enjoyment was assessed with the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
Warm-up music and low-dose caffeine enhance the activity profile and psychophysiological responses during simulated combat in female taekwondo athletes
Delleli, S., Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Bridge, C. A., Ardigò, L. P., & Chtourou, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64880-1 · Cited by 17
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“This scale has demonstrated high internal consistency and test–retest reliability in past studies [73].”
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“93) and test-retest reliability in our current study as well as previous research [58].”
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“Participants’ perceived enjoyment was assessed through the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
MethodInfluential
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“, game experience questionnaire (GEQ [13]) or physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES [14]—motivation).”
Background
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“A paper-based, shortened version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES-8) was completed immediately after exercise to measure enjoyment of the exercise sessions (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991; Raedeke, 2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Psychological Changes Among Muslim Students Participating in a Faith-Based School Physical Activity Program
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“Application of the RCI requires knowledge of scale and subscale test–retest reliability, which were obtained from relevant sources (Guay et al., 2002; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
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“The short version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) was used to measure enjoyment.(29) A sample item is, “When I am active I feel as though I would rather be doing something else”.”
Method
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“Responses to six items on a seven-point Likert scale about physical activity enjoyment [21] were summed (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.”
Method
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Method
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“The questions were adapted from the System Usability Scale (SUS) [9], the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) [11, 44], and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [26].”
Method
EGZERSİZ VE KEYİF: ERGEN VE YETİŞKİN SPORCULAR İÇİN ÖLÇEK UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI
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“…reflect higher feelings of presence in the VR environment) ( Riva, Davide & IJsselsteijn, 2003 ; Slater, Usoh & Steed, 1994 ) and the Physical Activity Enjoyment questionnaire (PACES; higher scores indicating greater enjoyment) ( Jekauc et al., 2012 ; Kendzierski & De Carlo, 1991 ) were completed.”
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“The scale was developed by Kendzierski and Decarlo [41] and modified by Motl and colleagues [15].”
Method
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“There was an interaction effect ( P 0.001) for en-joyment reported on the PACES, wherein there was less of a decrease in enjoyment in EX versus HEAT ( P = 0.02), as well as in HEATEX versus CON ( P = 0.01) and HEAT ( P = 0.001), suggesting that interventions with an exercise component were perceived as the most enjoya…”
Influential
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“Two subjects, however, scored Wii tennis as not enjoyable reporting PACES scores of 13 and 20, respectively.”
MethodInfluential
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“Task enjoyment was measured using a short 8-item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES: Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
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The Implementation of Tactical Approach on Students' Enjoyment in Playing Football in Junior High School
Sucipto, S. (2019) · JURNAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN OLAHRAGA · doi:10.17509/jpjo.v4i1.16252 · Cited by 12
Physiological responses and enjoyment of Kinect-based exergames in older adults at risk for falls: A feasibility study
Ogawa, E. F., Huang, H., Yu, L.-F., & You, T. (2019) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.3233/thc-191634 · Cited by 11
“Participants’ exergames enjoyment levels were evaluated using the 5-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [27].”
Depressive symptom severity as a predictor of attendance in the HOME behavioral weight loss trial
Shell, A. L., Hsueh, L., Vrany, E. A., Clark, D. O., Keith, N. R., Xu, H., & Stewart, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109970 · Cited by 12
“PACES is a measure of physical activity enjoyment, and higher scores indicate more enjoyment (36).”
Background
Exercise for affect and enjoyment in overweight or obese males: a comparison of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training
Ram, A., Marcos, L., Morey, R., Clark, T., Håkansson, S., Ristov, M., Franklin, A., McCarthy, C., Carli, L. D., Jones, M. D., et al. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1903055 · Cited by 13
“The 18-item multi-dimensional Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was applied immediately after the initial (1st), middle (9th) and final (18th) training session to assess the overall level of enjoyment of that training session (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
Burpee Interval Training Is Associated With a More Favorable Affective Valence and Psychological Response Than Traditional High Intensity Exercise
Ojeda, E. M., Castro, F. A. D. S., Reich, M., Astorino, T. A., & Benítez‐Flores, S. (2022) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125221083180 · Cited by 17
“The instrument is an adaptation of the original PACES scale that showed good reliability and validity (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
A cybercycling intervention to improve behavioral regulation and classroom functioning among children with behavioral health disorders: Pragmatic randomized trial design for Manville Moves
Davison, K. K., Bowling, A. B., Garcia, J. M., Wood, B., Hermesch, R. M., Prince, J., Hayes, A., Kow, R., Newlan, S., & Slavet, J. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.05.008 · Cited by 12
The roles of need-supportive social environments in university physical education courses
Chu, T. L., Zhang, T., & Cheung, H. Y. (2017) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2017.1339727 · Cited by 12
“High internal reliabilities of αs = .96 were found in the two physical activities among university students (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
BackgroundMethod
Longitudinal affective response to high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomised trial
Patten, R. K., Bourke, M., McIlvenna, L. C., Moreno‐Asso, A., Woessner, M. N., Stepto, N. K., & Parker, A. G. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102325 · Cited by 13
Assessing Superhuman Speed as a Gamified Reward in a Virtual Reality Bike Exergame
McDade, J., Jing, A., Stanton, T. R., et al. (2023) · Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3544549.3585730 · Cited by 11
“PACES compares users’ enjoyment of the exercise performed in each condition in a 7-point Likert scale format.”
MethodInfluential
Effects of different small-sided games on psychological responses and technical activities in young female basketball players
Gok, Y., Süel, E., & Soylu, Y. (2023) · Acta Gymnica · doi:10.5507/ag.2023.006 · Cited by 14
Effects of coach-delivered verbal encouragement on the physiological and psychological responses of adolescent players in small-sided basketball games
Khayati, A., Sahli, F., Ghouili, H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392668 · Cited by 11
Social Exergames in Health and Wellness: A Systematic Review of Trends, Effectiveness, Challenges, and Directions for Future Research
Chan, G., Banire, B., Anukem, S., Imran, M., Meena, S., Nwagu, C., Oyebode, O., Alslaity, A., Arya, A., & Orji, R. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2371686 · Cited by 12
“…used scales and measures that did not fall under the four popular categories presented in Figure 11, namely the physical activity enjoyment scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), the game experience questionnaire (Law et al., 2018), the intrinsic motivation inventory (Ryan & Deci, 1994), and the…”
Impact of virtual reality immersion on exercise performance and perceptions in young, middle-aged and older adults
Hibbs, A. E., Tempest, G. D., Hettinga, F. J., & Barry, G. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307683 · Cited by 13
Changes in Physical Activity and Psychological Variables Following a Web-Based Motivational Interviewing Intervention: Pilot Study
Karnes, S., Meyer, B. B., Berger, L., & Brondino, M. J. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4623 · Cited by 11
“Internal consistency ratings were high in the study at pre ( r =.96), post1 ( r =.93), and post2 ( r =.94), and the scale previously demonstrated discriminant validity when correlated with boredom proneness among adults during exercise ( r =−.30 , P <.05) among adults [16].”
Feasibility of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training in adults with inactive or mildly active Crohn’s disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Tew, G. A., Carpenter, R., Seed, M. P., Anderson, S., Langmead, L., Fairhurst, C. M., & Bottoms, L. M. (2017) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-017-0133-z · Cited by 12
“Overall enjoyment of the exercise programme will be assessed during the week 13 assessment, using the validated multi-dimensional Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [17].”
Method
Physical activity coaching for adults with mobility limitations: protocol for the ComeBACK pragmatic hybrid effectiveness-implementation type 1 randomised controlled trial
Hassett, L. M., Tiedemann, A., Hinman, R. S., Crotty, M., Hoffmann, T., Harvey, L. A., Taylor, N. F., Greaves, C. J., Treacy, D., Jennings, M. D., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034696 · Cited by 12
Serial-multiple mediation of enjoyment and intention on the relationship between creativity and physical activity
Jung, M., Kim, H. S., Loprinzi, P. D., & Kang, M. (2021) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2021008 · Cited by 12
“items were chosen from the original 18-item [60].”
A Technology-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer (Fit2ThriveMB): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Phillips, S. M., Solk, P., Welch, W. A., Auster‐Gussman, L. A., Lu, M., Cullather, E., Torre, E., Whitaker, M., Izenman, E., La, J., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/24254 · Cited by 11
“…from friends, family, and other survivors Social Support for Exercise Scale [41] Measures enjoyment and satisfaction with current physical activity program Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [42] a PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. b SCT: social cognitive theory.”
Protocol of a 12-month multifactorial eHealth programme targeting balance, dual-tasking and mood to prevent falls in older people: the StandingTall+ randomised controlled trial
van Schooten, K. S., Callisaya, M. L., O’Dea, B., Lung, T. W.-C., Anstey, K. J., Lord, S. R., Christensen, H. M., Brown, A., Chow, J., McInerney, G., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051085 · Cited by 12
Effects of Exercise Structure and Modality on Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Exercise
Bogdanis, G. C., Mallios, V. J., Katsikas, C., Fouseki, T., Holman, I., Smith, C. E., & Astorino, T. A. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004107 · Cited by 14
“Our PACES results showing no differences between all bouts corroborate recent data from Stork et al. (23) yet refute other evidence showing higher postexercise enjoyment in response to HIIE vs. MICE (14,24).”
MethodInfluential
Translating Promoting Factors and Behavior Change Principles Into a Blended and Technology-Supported Intervention to Stimulate Physical Activity in Children With Asthma (Foxfit): Design Study
Brons, A., Braam, K. I., Broekema, A., Timmerman, A., Millenaar, K., Engelbert, R., Kröse, B., & Visser, B. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/34121 · Cited by 11
“Those questionnaires regard asthma control, PA participation, enjoyment of PA, and self-perceptions with, respectively the Asthma Control Questionnaire, Activity Questionnaire for Adults and Adolescents, PA enjoyment scale, and the self-perception profile for children (competentie-belevingsschaal voor kinderen) [86-91…”
Acute effects of mindful interval exercise on cognitive performance in a higher education setting
Kao, S., Baumgartner, N. W., Pritt, T., Wu, S., Schmitt, S. A., Ullrich-French, S. C., & Wang, C. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102326 · Cited by 11
Bicycling campaigns promoting health versus campaigns promoting safety: A randomized controlled online study of ‘dangerization’
Gamble, T., Walker, I. O., & Laketa, A. (2015) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2015.05.007 · Cited by 11
An Investigation of the Exergames Experience with Flow State, Enjoyment, and Physical Fitness
Lai, Y., Wang, S.-T., & Yang, J.-C. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt.2012.183 · Cited by 11
“• PACES: The original version of PACES developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo [14] was translated and used for enjoyment measurement in this study.”
Method
Individual, Social, and Physical Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity Among Young Women at Risk of Depression
Azar, D., Ball, K., Salmon, J., & Cleland, V. J. (2011) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.8.1.133 · Cited by 13
Attentional focus strategies used by regular exercisers and their relationship with perceived exertion, enjoyment, and satisfaction
Emad, M., Neumann, D. L., & Abel, L. (2017) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2017.121.09 · Cited by 11
Community-based physical activity as adjunctive smoking cessation treatment: Rationale, design, and baseline data for the Lifestyle Enhancement Program (LEAP) randomized controlled trial
Weg, M. W. V., Coday, M., Stockton, M. B., McClanahan, B. S., Relyea, G. E., Read, M. C., Wilson, N. Z., Connelly, S., Richey, P. A., Johnson, K., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2017.11.013 · Cited by 11
“Participants also completed five items [80] from the 18-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [81].”
Method
Individualized mobile health interventions for cardiovascular event prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol for the iCARE randomized controlled trial
Chen, Y., Ji, M., Wu, Y. X., Deng, Y., Wu, F., & Lu, Y. (2021) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-021-02153-9 · Cited by 11
HOW CAN WE ASSESS PHYSICAL LITERACY IN GYMNASTICS? A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL LITERACY ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Kaioglou, V., & Venetsanou, F. (2020) · Science of Gymnastics Journal · doi:10.52165/sgj.12.1.27-47 · Cited by 11
Active Videogaming Compared to Unstructured, Outdoor Play in Young Children: Percent Time in Moderate- to Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity and Estimated Energy Expenditure
MacArthur, B., Coe, D. P., Sweet, A. F., & Raynor, H. A. (2014) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2014.0017 · Cited by 13
“Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale has been found to be both reliable and valid, 22 even with young children.”
Expérience corporelle et sens du mouvement : matérialisation via l'actimétrie du « contexte altéré par l'action » dans l'évolution du joueur de badminton
Dieu, O. (2013) · Staps · doi:10.3917/sta.098.0049 · Cited by 12
“…impasse est méthodologique car les « déclarations de sens », de type questionnaire sur le plaisir perçu (Delignières & Perez, 1998 ; Deslaurier, 2003 ; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) que l’individu remplit a posteriori de son action, comportent un biais car le sens ne saurait se réduire au…”
Background
Assessing user engagement with a fall prevention game as an unsupervised exercise program for older people
Garcia, J. A., Raffe, W. L., & Navarro, K. F. (2018) · Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (ACSW) · doi:10.1145/3167918.3167943 · Cited by 11
“The results of the FSS scale suggest that the participants enjoyed the game and the results of the PACES scale show that they appreciated the physical activity required to play the game.”
Method
Urban and Regional Planning
(2023) · Urban and Regional Planning · doi:10.11648/j.urp · Cited by 11

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

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