Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,000

Ready Exerciser One : Effects of music and virtual reality on cycle ergometer exercise
Bird, J. M., Karageorghis, C. I., Baker, S. J., Brookes, D. A., & Nowicky, A. V. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12445 · Cited by 50
“After the participant completed each trial, perceived enjoyment was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
Caffeine consumption around an exercise bout: effects on energy expenditure, energy intake, and exercise enjoyment
Schubert, M. M., Hall, S., LEVERITT, M. D., Grant, G. D., Sabapathy, S., & Desbrow, B. (2014) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00570.2014 · Cited by 47
A Comparison of Methods of Recruitment to a Health Promotion Program for University Seniors
SARKIN, J. A., Marshall, S. J., Larson, K. A., Calfas, K. J., & Sallis, J. F. (1998) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0327 · Cited by 46
Associations between availability of facilities within three different neighbourhood buffer sizes and objectively assessed physical activity in adolescents
Prins, R., Ball, K., Timperio, A. F., et al. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.07.012 · Cited by 45
Effects of Active Videogame and Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids Physical Education on Children's Health-Related Fitness and Enjoyment
Chen, H., & Sun, H. (2017) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2017.0001 · Cited by 45
“Participants’ PA enjoyment was measured using a revised Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) originally designed to assess college students’ PA enjoyment.(23) The original PACES contains 18 bipolar questions anchored on a 7-point Likert scale.”
Patient Engagement Is Related to Impairment Reduction During Digital Game-Based Therapy in Stroke
Putrino, D. F., Zanders, H., Hamilton, T., Rykman, A., Lee, P. N., & Edwards, D. J. (2017) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2016.0108 · Cited by 47
“Research reports the PACES to be a valid and reliable tool of enjoyment.(48,49) The PACES uses a seven-point semantic differential approach.”
Method
Comparing the effects of a home-based exercise program using a gerontechnology to a community-based group exercise program on functional capacities in older adults after a minor injury
Martel, D., Lauzé, M., Agnoux, A., de Laclos, L. F., Daoust, R., Émond, M., Sirois, M., & Aubertin‐Leheudre, M. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.03.016 · Cited by 46
“Regarding acceptability of exercises, the perceived level of difficulty (PLD) and personal level of enjoyment (PLE) were recorded using a four-level analog scale at the end of each session in the participant logbook and was based on the physical activity enjoyment scale (Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991).”
Psychological responses, muscle damage, inflammation, and delayed onset muscle soreness to high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise in overweight men
Farias-Junior, L. F., Browne, R. A. V., Freire, Y. A., Dantas, F. F. O., Lemos, T. M. A. M., Coelho, N. L. G., Hardcastle, S. J., Okano, A. H., Aoki, M. S., & Costa, E. C. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.028 · Cited by 47
Associations Between Physical Activity Enjoyment and Age-Related Decline in Physical Activity in Children—Results From a Longitudinal Within-Person Study
Haas, P., Yang, C., & Dunton, G. F. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2020-0156 · Cited by 44
Examination of print and telephone channels for physical activity promotion: Rationale, design, and baseline data from Project STRIDE
Marcus, B. H., Napolitano, M. A., King, A. C., Lewis, B. A., Whiteley, J. A., Albrecht, A. E., Parisi, A. F., Bock, B. C., Pinto, B. M., SCIAMANNA, C., et al. (2006) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2006.04.003 · Cited by 48
“Additionally, enjoyment of physical activity has been significantly related to type of physical activity chosen by participants based on a Fisher's Exact Test (p=0.05 [45]).”
MethodInfluential
Towards an understanding of change in physical activity from pregnancy through postpartum
Evenson, K. R. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.04.010 · Cited by 45
Active video games for rehabilitation in respiratory conditions: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Simmich, J., Deacon, A. J., & Russell, T. G. (2019) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/10116 · Cited by 43
“Established, validated instruments for assessing enjoyment of exercise include the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [79] or Feeling Scale [80].”
Background
When It HIITs, You Feel No Pain: Psychological and Psychophysiological Effects of Respite–Active Music in High-Intensity Interval Training
Karageorghis, C. I., Jones, L., Howard, L. W., Thomas, R. M., Moulashis, P., & Santich, S. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2019-0335 · Cited by 45
Comparison of the Physical, Physiological, and Psychological Responses of the High-Intensity Interval (HIIT) and Small-Sided Games (SSG) Training Programs in Young Elite Soccer Players
Ouertatani, Z., Selmi, O., Marsigliante, S., Aydi, B., Hammami, N., & Muscella, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113807 · Cited by 45
“PACES is an 18-item questionnaire that evaluates pleasure from physical activity [35].”
Background
A systematic narrative review of extrinsic strategies to improve affective responses to exercise
Jones, L., & Zenko, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1186986 · Cited by 48
Exercise motivation, self-efficacy, and enjoyment as indicators of adult exercise behavior among the transtheoretical model stages
Kuroda, Y., Sato, Y., Ishizaka, Y., Yamakado, M., & Yamaguchi, N. (2012) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/1757975911423073 · Cited by 44
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) (19,20) contains 18 items scored on a 7-point scale (e.”
Method
Psychologically informed physical fitness practice in schools: A field experiment
Vazou, S., Mischo, A. B., Ladwig, M. A., Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A., & Welk, G. J. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.10.008 · Cited by 45
Rethinking physical exercise training in the modern era of cystic fibrosis: A step towards optimising short-term efficacy and long-term engagement
Gruet, M., SAYNOR, Z. L., Urquhart, D. S., & Radtke, T. (2021) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2021.08.004 · Cited by 53
“I’ll work out tomorrow”: The Procrastination in Exercise Scale
Kelly, S. M., & Walton, H. R. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320916541 · Cited by 48
Examining elementary school children’s level of enjoyment of traditional tag games vs. interactive dance games
Gao, Z., Zhang, P., & Podlog, L. W. (2013) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2013.845304 · Cited by 43
“Specifically, we used the PA Enjoyment Scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) to measure children’s enjoyment level.”
Method
Development and Validation of the Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire
Schembre, S. M., Durand, C. P., Blissmer, B. J., & Greene, G. W. (2014) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.131021-quan-539 · Cited by 43
“Reviewed instruments included the Perceived Benefits and Barriers Scale, 14 the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, 11 and the Exercise Goal-Setting and Exercise Planning and Scheduling scales.”
Method
Psychometric Evaluation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in Adults with Functional Limitations
Murrock, C. J., Bekhet, A. K., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1088904 · Cited by 44
“The objective of this secondary analysis was to examine the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) to measure enjoyment for physical activity in a sample of adults with functional limitations.”
BackgroundMethod
Skill-Based and Planned Active Play Versus Free-Play Effects on Fundamental Movement Skills in Preschoolers
Roach, L., & Keats, M. R. (2018) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512518773281 · Cited by 58
BAILAMOS ©
Márquez, D. X., Bustamante, E. E., Aguiñaga, S., et al. (2014) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198114543006 · Cited by 42
“…(McAuley, 1993), available in English and in Spanish (Marquez & McAuley, 2006), and a modified version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), original available in English and in Spanish (de Gracia & Marco, 2000), where having participants use a Likert-type…”
Background
Pilot Intervention to Increase Physical Activity Among Sedentary Urban Middle School Girls
Robbins, L. B., Pfeiffer, K. A., Maier, K. S., Lo, Y.-J., & Wesolek, S. M. (2012) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840512438777 · Cited by 42
“A 16-item Physical Activity Enjoyment scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) has demonstrated construct validity for use with adolescent girls (Motl et al., 2001).”
Background
“Girls on the Move” intervention protocol for increasing physical activity among low-active underserved urban girls: a group randomized trial
Robbins, L. B., Pfeiffer, K. A., Vermeesch, A., Resnicow, K., You, Z., An, L., & Wesolek, S. M. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-474 · Cited by 39
“Enjoyment, another mediating variable, is assessed with the PA Enjoyment Scale [47], which has demonstrated factorial and construct validity when used with adolescents [48,49].”
Method
Effects of mindfulness on psychological and psychophysiological responses during self‐paced walking
Bigliassi, M., Galano, B. M., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Bertuzzi, R. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13529 · Cited by 42
The Booster Break program: Description and feasibility test of a worksite physical activity daily practice
Taylor, W. C., Shegog, R., Chen, V., Rempel, D. M., Baun, M. P., Bush, C. L., Green, T., & Hare-Everline, N. (2010) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2010-1097 · Cited by 41
“The enjoyment scale (6 items) was adapted from previous studies [21,29] that documented high internal consistency and test-retest reliability [21] and evidence of factorial validity and convergent evidence of construct validity [29].”
Let the beat flow: How game difficulty in virtual reality affects flow
Lemmens, J. S., & von Münchhausen, C. F. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103812 · Cited by 40
Examining the Influencing Factors of Exercise Intention Among Older Adults: A Controlled Study Between Exergame and Traditional Exercise
Wu, Z., Li, J., & Theng, Y. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0065 · Cited by 40
“32 The original scale consists of 18 items, which were tedious to answer for the older adults.”
Drinking and exercise behaviors among college students: between and within-person associations
Abrantes, A. M., Scalco, M. D., O’Donnell, S. E., Minami, H., & Read, J. P. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9863-x · Cited by 40
Modified sprint interval training protocols: physiological and psychological responses to 4 weeks of training
McKie, G. L., Islam, H., Townsend, L. K., Robertson‐Wilson, J., Eys, M., & Hazell, T. J. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0595 · Cited by 42
Effects of mental fatigue on exercise decision-making
Harris, S., & Bray, S. R. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.04.005 · Cited by 45
Physical Activity Intensity, Perceived Exertion, and Enjoyment During Head-Mounted Display Virtual Reality Games
Evans, E., Naugle, K. E., Kaleth, A. S., Arnold, B. L., & Naugle, K. M. (2021) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2021.0036 · Cited by 40
Fiziksel Aktivitelerden Keyif Alma Ölçeği (FAKÖ): Türk Kültürüne Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Özkurt, B., Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2022) · Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18506/anemon.976300 · Cited by 44
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Improves Exercise Tolerance in Sedentary Women
Ivanova, E. L., Jensen, D., Cassoff, J., Гу, Ф., & Knaüper, B. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000536 · Cited by 49
“The PACES has good predictive and discriminant validity (31).”
Background
The Development of the Physical Activity and Social Support Scale
Golaszewski, N. M., & Bartholomew, J. (2019) · Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP) · doi:10.1123/jsep.2018-0234 · Cited by 39
“This 18-item scale assessed how participants felt at the moment about the physical activity that they have been engaging in on a 7-point Likert scale (e.g., 1, I enjoy it to 7, I hate it; 1, I feel bored to 7, I feel interested; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
The event-focused interview: what is it, why is it useful, and how is it used?
Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J., Goddard, S. G., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2021.1904442 · Cited by 39
“For example, the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2; Jackson and Eklund 2002) and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski and DeCarlo 1991) are multi-item measures designed to be completed soon after a physical activity to assess the level of flow and enjoyment in that activity, respectively.”
Method
An Interactive Physical-Cognitive Game-Based Training System Using Kinect for Older Adults: Development and Usability Study
Kamnardsiri, T., Phirom, K., Boripuntakul, S., & Sungkarat, S. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/27848 · Cited by 44
“After completing the game-based exercise, participants were asked to rate their enjoyment using the PACES questionnaire [69,70].”
Method
Exergame Apps and Physical Activity: The Results of the ZOMBIE Trial
Cowdery, J. E., Majeske, P., Frank, R. E., & Brown, D. L. (2015) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2015.1043063 · Cited by 39
“Secondary outcomes included the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, an 18-item tool that has been validated in adults, that was used to assess the extent to which an individual enjoys doing a particular physical activity.(23) Theoretical constructs related to SDT were collected through the use of the Treatment Self-Reg…”
Method
Do the Individual, Social, and Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity Differ Between Urban and Rural Women?
Cleland, V. J., Ball, K., King, A. C., & Crawford, D. A. (2010) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916510393275 · Cited by 36
“Responses to six items on a 7-point Likert-type scale about enjoyment of physical activity were summed (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991; Cronbach’s α = .95), and responses to six reasons for doing physical activity (outcome expectancies) on a 4-point scale were summed (Lechner, Bolman, & Van Dijke,…”
Method
Pilot feasibility study of a home‐based fall prevention exercise program ( StandingTall ) delivered through a tablet computer (iPad) in older people with dementia
Taylor, M. E., Close, J., Lord, S. R., Kurrle, S. E., Webster, L., Savage, R., & Delbaere, K. (2019) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12717 · Cited by 37
Impact of a Worksite Behavioral Skills Intervention
Nichols, J. F., Wellman, E., Caparosa, S. L., Sallis, J. F., Calfas, K. J., & Rowe, R. (2000) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-14.4.218 · Cited by 38
Assessing the effects of artificial gravity in an analog of long-duration spaceflight: The protocol and implementation of the AGBRESA bed rest study
Clement, G. R., Rittweger, J., Nitsche, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.976926 · Cited by 37
“As an evaluation of countermeasure acceptability, a modified Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991) was administered to evaluate the subject’s intrinsic motivation (e.”
Method
Feasibility of Virtual Tablet-Based Group Exercise Among Older Adults in Siberia: Findings From Two Pilot Trials
Nikitina, S., Didino, D., Báez, M., & Casati, F. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.7531 · Cited by 36
“In the analyses explained in the following sections, we use the following determinants of physical activity as covariates: • Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) [39]: This scale includes 16 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1=“disagree a lot” to 5=“agree a lot”).”
Virtual reality exergaming improves affect during physical activity and reduces subsequent food consumption in inactive adults
Sauchelli, S., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106058 · Cited by 38
Physical activity, function, and quality of life: Design and methods of the FlexToBa™ trial
McAuley, E., Wójcicki, T. R., White, S. M., Mailey, E. L., Szabo‐Reed, A. N., Gothe, N. P., Olson, E. A., Mullen, S. P., Fanning, J. T., Motl, R. W., et al. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2011.10.002 · Cited by 39
“tom Inventory [31]; the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory [32]; the Physica”
Method
Evaluating affective usability experiences of an exergaming platform for seniors
Billis, A. S., Konstantinidis, E. I., Ladas, A. I., Tsolaki, M., Pappas, C., & Bamidis, P. D. (2011) · International Workshop on Biomedical Engineering (IWBE) · doi:10.1109/iwbe.2011.6079048 · Cited by 36
Physical Activity and Social Cognitive Theory Outcomes of an Internet-Enhanced Physical Activity Intervention for African American Female College Students.
Joseph, R. P., Pekmezi, D., Lewis, T., Dutton, G. R., Turner, L. W., & Durant, N. H. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Construct validity of Brazilian cooking skills and healthy eating questionnaire by the known-groups method
Jomori, M. M., Proença, R. P. D. C., Echevarría-Guanilo, M. E., Bernardo, G. L., Uggioni, P. L., & Fernandes, A. C. (2017) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-10-2016-0448 · Cited by 36
Psychology of physical activity: a 30-year reflection on correlates, barriers, and theory
Biddle, S., Gorely, T., Faulkner, G., & Mutrie, N. (2022) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2022.2147261 · Cited by 35
“Given that the “Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale” (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) is used frequently, and has items reflecting gratification and sense of accomplishment, it is difficult to be precise as to the exact nature of “enjoyment” being expressed.”
Background
Rationale, design, and baseline findings from Seamos Saludables: A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a culturally and linguistically adapted, computer- tailored physical activity intervention for Latinas
Pekmezi, D., DUNSIGER, S. I., Gans, K. M., Bock, B. C., Gaskins, R. B., Marquez, B., Lee, C. S., Neighbors, C. J., Jennings, E., Tilkemeier, P. L., et al. (2012) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.07.005 · Cited by 39
“Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale, Abbreviated (NEWS-A) includes 54 items [42,43] assessing various aspects of the built environment related to walking, neighborhood esthetics, and traffic.”
Background
Physical Activity and Quality of Life: Key Considerations
Berger, B. G., & Tobar, D. A. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118270011.ch27 · Cited by 36
Effects of leisure constraints and negotiation on activity enjoyment: a forgotten part of the leisure constraints theory
Kono, S., & Ito, E. (2021) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2021.1949737 · Cited by 35
“The single-item scale was chosen over multi-item scales because enjoyment scholars (Kimiecik and Harris 1996; McManus and Furnham 2010) have criticized these measures for confounding enjoyment with other concepts (e.g. ﬂ ow; Kendzierski and DeCarlo 1991).”
BackgroundMethod
Elucidating satisfaction with physical activity: An examination of the day-to-day associations between experiences with physical activity and satisfaction during physical activity initiation
Baldwin, A. S., Baldwin, S. A., Loehr, V. G., Kangas, J. L., & Frierson, G. M. (2013) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.822078 · Cited by 35
“Five items assessed positive experiences with physical activity and were based on existing scales (Cash et al., 1994; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
Self-efficacy and affect responses to Sprint Interval Training
Tritter, A., Fitzgeorge, L., Cramp, A. G., Valiulis, P., & Harry Prapavessis, A. (2013) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.08.002 · Cited by 40
High-intensity interval exercise training before abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (HIT-AAA): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial
Tew, G. A., Weston, M., Kothmann, E., Batterham, A. M., Gray, J., Kerr, K., Martin, D., Nawaz, S., Yates, D., & Danjoux, G. R. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004094 · Cited by 34
“Overall enjoyment of the exercise programme will be assessed during the week 5 assessment, using the validated multidimensional Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES).(37) This will be 2–3 days following completion of the overall programme, allowing participants’ reflection and evaluation time (see week 5 assessmen…”
Method
Optimization of a technology-supported physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors: Fit2Thrive study protocol
Phillips, S. M., Collins, L. M., Penedo, F. J., Courneya, K. S., Welch, W. A., Cottrell, A., Lloyd, G. R., Gavin, K. L., Cella, D. F., Ackermann, R. T., et al. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.01.001 · Cited by 37
Beyond Broadway: Analysis of Qualitative Characteristics of and Individual Responses to Creatively Able, a Music and Movement Intervention for Children with Autism
Lakes, K. D., Neville, R. D., Vazou, S., Schuck, S. E. B., Stavropoulos, K. K. M., Krishnan, K., Gonzalez, I., Guzman, K., Tavakoulnia, A., Stehli, A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16081377 · Cited by 41
“The PACES survey is an effective measure of children’s enjoyment across different physical activities with high reliability and internal consistency of scores [43].”
Background
Reciprocal effects model of Children’s physical activity, physical self-concept, and enjoyment
Garn, A. C., Moore, E. W. G., Centeio, E. E., Kulik, N. L., Somers, C. L., & McCaughtry, N. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101568 · Cited by 40
Understanding the Benefits of Brief Classroom‐Based Physical Activity Interventions on Primary School‐Aged Children's Enjoyment and Subjective Wellbeing: A Systematic Review
Papadopoulos, N. V., Mantilla, A., Bussey, K., Emonson, C., OLIVE, L. S., McGillivray, J., Pesce, C., Lewis, S., & Rinehart, N. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13196 · Cited by 54
Leucine-enriched protein feeding does not impair exercise-induced free fatty acid availability and lipid oxidation: beneficial implications for training in carbohydrate-restricted states
Impey, S. G., Smith, D., Robinson, A. L., Owens, D. J., Bartlett, J. D., Smith, K., Limb, M., Tang, J., Fraser, W. D., Close, G. L., et al. (2015) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1876-y · Cited by 34
“Interestingly, subjects’ ratings of perceived enjoyment (as quantified by the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale) also tended to be higher in GEL (90 ± 5) versus both WHEY (84 ± 5) and PLACEBO (79 ± 5).”
Influential
Hop, Skip … No! Explaining Adolescent Girls’ Disinclination for Physical Activity
Davison, K. K., Schmalz, D. L., & Downs, D. S. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9180-x · Cited by 35
“The PACES was originally developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo [31] and was later revised by Motl and colleagues for use with adolescents [32].”
Method
The interplay of physical and social wellbeing in older adults: investigating the relationship between physical training and social interactions with virtual social environments
Far, I. K., Ferron, M., Ibarra, F., Báez, M., Tranquillini, S., Casati, F., & Doppio, N. (2015) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.30 · Cited by 35
The Relative Efficacy of Land-Based and Water-Based Exercise Training on Macro- and Microvascular Functions in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Suntraluck, S., Tanaka, H., & Suksom, D. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0193 · Cited by 35
“36.8 ± 2.2 (32.5, 41.2) 36.6 ± 2.2 (32.2, 40.9) 34.4 ± 1.9 (30.2, 38.6) 34.5 ± 1.9 (30.4, 38.7) .931 .445 .678 Heart Rate (bpm) 82 ± 2.4 (77.3, 86.6) 77 ± 2.6* (72.2, 82.1) 77 ± 2.1 (71.1, 80.1) 70 ± 2.1*,t (65.7, 75.1) .000 .045 .047 Systolic BP (mmHg) 139 ± 3.1 (129.2, 148.8) 132 ± 3.0 (123.6, 140.8) 140 ± 5.7 (130.…”
MethodInfluential
Exercisers’ Affective and Enjoyment Responses: A Meta-Analytic and Meta-Regression Review
Tavares, V. D. D. O., Schuch, F. B., Tempest, G. D., Parfitt, G., Neto, L. D. O., Coelho, N. L. G., & Hackett, D. A. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211024212 · Cited by 42
“In this same way, enjoyment responses promote acceptance or rejection of the exercise protocol (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
The development and validation of a universal enjoyment measure: The enjoy scale
Davidson, S. S., Keebler, J. R., Zhang, T., Chaparro, B. S., Szalma, J. L., & Frederick, C. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02967-6 · Cited by 47
Using interactive Internet technology to promote physical activity in Latinas: Rationale, design, and baseline findings of Pasos Hacia La Salud
Marcus, B. H., Hartman, S. J., Pekmezi, D., DUNSIGER, S. I., Linke, S., Marquez, B., Gans, K. M., Bock, B. C., Larsen, B. A., & Rojas, C. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.08.004 · Cited by 35
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) 56 assesses the level of personal satisfaction derived from physical activity participation.”
Interval training causes the same exercise enjoyment as moderate-intensity training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in young Chinese women with elevated BMI
Hu, M., Kong, Z., Sun, S., Zou, L., Shi, Q., Chow, B. C., & Nie, J. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1892946 · Cited by 35
“In the present study, the PACES scores in SIT and HIIT were not lower than those in the MICT at any time point of enjoyment measurements throughout the intervention, indicating that the two interval training protocols were perceived as comparably enjoyable as the traditional MICT across the 12-week period.”
MethodInfluential
Brief Vigorous Stair Climbing Effectively Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Trial
Dunford, E. C., Valentino, S. E., Dubberley, J., Oikawa, S. Y., McGlory, C., Lonn, E., Jung, M. E., Gibala, M. J., Phillips, S. M., & MacDonald, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.630912 · Cited by 36
Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of the Active Science Curriculum: Incorporating Physical Activity into Middle School Science Classrooms
Finn, K. E., & McInnis, K. J. (2014) · The Physical Educator · Cited by 34
Examining the construct validity of affective judgments of physical activity measures.
Chmielewski, M. S., Sala, M., Tang, R., & Baldwin, A. S. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000322 · Cited by 36
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Fitbit- and Facebook-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Young Adult Cancer Survivors
Johnson, A. M., Baker, K. S., Haviland, M. J., Syrjala, K. L., Abbey‐Lambertz, M., Chow, E. J., & Mendoza, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2021.0056 · Cited by 34
Definitions and assessments of physical literacy among children and youth: a scoping review
Grauduszus, M., Wessely, S., Klaudius, M., & Joisten, C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16680-x · Cited by 47
Changes in enjoyment, self-efficacy, and motivation during a randomized trial to promote habitual physical activity adoption in bariatric surgery patients
Bond, D. S., Thomas, J. G., Vithiananthan, S., Webster, J., Unick, J. L., Ryder, B. A., & Pohl, D. (2016) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.02.009 · Cited by 33
“The 18-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) evaluated changes in PA enjoyment ((23)).”
Feasibility, Acceptability and Effects of a Home-Based Exercise Program Using a Gerontechnology on Physical Capacities After a Minor Injury in Community-Living Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Lauzé, M., Martel, D., Agnoux, A., Sirois, M., Émond, M., Daoust, R., & Aubertin-Leheudre, M. (2018) · The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0938-8 · Cited by 34
“The use of this assessment tool to measure acceptability was inspired by the physical activity enjoyment scale (31, 32).”
ExerG: adapting an exergame training solution to the needs of older adults using focus group and expert interviews
Ringgenberg, N., Mildner, S., Hapig, M., Hermann, S., Kruszewski, K., Martin‐Niedecken, A. L., Rogers, K., Schättin, A., Behrendt, F., Böckler, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-022-01063-x · Cited by 36
“The dimensions and questions of the guideline were developed based on different models and existing questionnaires mainly coming from the field of Human– Computer-Interaction, such as the Game Flow Model [27] the Dual Flow Model [28] and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale [29].”
Method
Self-selected or imposed exercise? A different approach for affective comparisons
Oliveira, B. R. R., Deslandes, A. C., Nakamura, F. Y., Viana, B. F., & Santos, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.968191 · Cited by 38
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), a bipolar scale with 18 items rated on a scale from 1 to 7, was used to measure perceived enjoyment (Kenzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
Psychosocial and Demographic Correlates of Television Viewing
Williams, C. D., Sallis, J. F., Calfas, K. J., & Burke, R. S. (1999) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-13.4.207 · Cited by 33
“78, and good validity.(30) The mean of the PACES items was used.”
Method
Validity and reliability of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale questionnaire (PACES) in children with asthma
Román, P. Á. L., García‐Pinillos, F., Navarro-Martínez, A. V., & Rus, T. I. (2014) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2014.898773 · Cited by 36
“This study highlights the scales developed by Kendzierski and De Carlo [24], Crocker et al. [25] and Motl et al. [26].”
MethodResult
Fitmersive Games
Tuveri, E., Macis, L., Sorrentino, F., Spano, L. D., & Scateni, R. (2016) · International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) · doi:10.1145/2909132.2909287 · Cited by 34
“The PACES [4] test consists of 18 questions in a 1 to 7 Likert scale, and deﬁnes how to aggregate the scores for the diﬀerent questions.”
Method
Comparison of Psychological and Physiological Responses to Imposed vs. Self-selected High-Intensity Interval Training
Kellogg, E., Cantacessi, C., McNamer, O., Holmes, H., von Bargen, R., Ramírez, R., Gallagher, D., Vargas, S., Santia, B., Rodriguez, K., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002528 · Cited by 33
“G Power (14) was used to confirm that a sample size of 11 is adequate to detect a change in affect equal to 1.0 units, V_ O2 equal to 0.20 L$min21, and PACES equal to 10 units between regimes.”
MethodInfluential
Fiziksel etkinlikten hoşlanma ölçeği-kısa formunun Türk çocuk ve gençleri için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması
Mirzeoğlu, A. D. (2014) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2794 · Cited by 32
Dance-Based ExerGaming: User Experience Design Implications for Maximizing Health Benefits Based on Exercise Intensity and Perceived Enjoyment
Thin, A. G., & Poole, N. (2010) · Transactions on edutainment · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14484-4_16 · Cited by 36
Gamification
Marston, H. R., & Hall, A. K. (2015) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9522-1.ch005 · Cited by 33
More isn’t necessarily better: Examining the intensity–affect–enjoyment relationship in the context of resistance exercise.
Greene, D. R., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2014) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000030 · Cited by 37
Engineering online and in-person social networks to sustain physical activity: application of a conceptual model
Rovniak, L. S., Sallis, J. F., Kraschnewski, J. L., Sciamanna, C., Kiser, E., Ray, C. A., Chinchilli, V. M., Ding, D., Matthews, S. A., Bopp, M., et al. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-753 · Cited by 32
“• Walking enjoyment (adapted scale) [89] X X X”
Background
Optimizing beat synchronized running to music
Buhmann, J., Moens, B., Dyck, E. V., Dotov, D. G., & Leman, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208702 · Cited by 39
Sprint interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training during inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: a randomized trial
Mcleod, J. C., Diana, H., & Hicks, A. L. (2019) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-019-0345-6 · Cited by 33
Physical activity enjoyment, exercise motivation, and physical activity in patients with heart failure: A mediation analysis
Klompstra, L. V., Deka, P., Bonet, L. A., Pathak, D., Muñoz‐Gómez, E., López‐Vilella, R., & Marqués‐Sulé, E. (2022) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155221103696 · Cited by 33
“The scale is reliable and valid.(13,14) All continuous variables were found to be normally distributed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests.”
Method
Weight Stigma and Avoidance of Physical Activity and Sport: Development of a Scale and Establishment of Correlates
Bevan, N., O’Brien, K., Latner, J. D., Lin, C., Vandenberg, B., Jeanes, R., & Fung, X. C. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316370 · Cited by 33
“A modified 16 item version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Enjoyment) was used to assess enjoyment of PA and sport [25,26].”
Method
Design and Evaluation of Virtual Reality–Based Therapy Games with Dual Focus on Therapeutic Relevance and User Experience for Children with Cerebral Palsy
Ni, L. T., Fehlings, D. L., & Biddiss, E. A. (2014) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2014.0003 · Cited by 35
Instructors' and Classroom Characteristics Associated with Exercise Enjoyment by Females
Wininger, S. R. (2002) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.395 · Cited by 32
Subjective Well-Being in Obese Individuals: The Multiple Roles of Exercise
Berger, B. (2004) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2004.10491815 · Cited by 33
“Although enjoyment is an elusive experience and in the eye of the beholder, Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991) have developed a paper-and-pencil measure of exercise enjoyment, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES).”
Background
Acute physical-activity related increases in interoceptive ability are not enhanced with simultaneous interoceptive attention
Wallman-Jones, A., Palser, E. R., Benzing, V., & Schmidt, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19235-z · Cited by 32
Correlates of socio-economic inequalities in women's television viewing: a study of intrapersonal, social and environmental mediators
Teychenne, M. J., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-3 · Cited by 31
“Enjoyment of television viewing was assessed using a modified scale [29] (Cronbach’s = 0.”
Method
Daily Grind: A Comparison of Causality Orientations, Emotions, and Fantasy Sport Participation
Dwyer, B., & Weiner, J. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9684-4 · Cited by 31
When exercise does not pay: Counterproductive effects of impending exercise on energy intake among restrained eaters
Sim, A. Y., Lee, L. L., & Cheon, B. K. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.017 · Cited by 34
Functional Resistance Training and Affective Response in Female College-Age Students
Faro, J. M., Wright, J. A., Hayman, L. L., Hastie, M. L., Gona, P. N., & Whiteley, J. A. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001895 · Cited by 36
Self-efficacy and enjoyment of physical activity in children: factorial validity of two pictorial scales
Morano, M., Bortoli, L., Ruiz, M. C., Vitali, F., & Robazza, C. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.7402 · Cited by 31

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks