Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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Impact of Nintendo Wii Games on Physical Literacy in Children: Motor Skills, Physical Fitness, Activity Behaviors, and Knowledge
George, A. M., Rohr, L. E., & Byrne, J. M. (2016) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports4010003 · Cited by 55
“The PACES is a 16-question assessment of enjoyment levels of physical activity, with responses ranging from 1 (disagree a lot) to 5 (agree a lot).”
MethodInfluential
Physical Activity Enjoyment and Self-Efficacy As Predictors of Cancer Patients' Physical Activity Level
Ungar, N., Wiskemann, J., & Sieverding, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00898 · Cited by 56
“Although it has a good internal consistency and is based on a measure used in other oncological studies (e.g., Rogers et al., 2011, 2015), a multi-item measure such as the PA enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991) would be preferable and would allow more differentiated analysis.”
BackgroundMethod
The importance of cohesion and enjoyment for the fitness improvement of 8–10‐year‐old children participating in a team and individual sport school‐based physical activity intervention
Elbe, A., Wikman, J. M., Zheng, M., Larsen, M. N., Nielsen, G., & Krustrup, P. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1260641 · Cited by 55
“The enjoyment of PA was assessed with the revised Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), which consists of 16 statements which begin with the stem “When I am physically active…”.”
Method
Let’s Walk Outdoors! Self-Paced Walking Outdoors Improves Future Intention to Exercise in Women With Obesity
Krinski, K., Machado, D. G. D. S., Lirani, L. D. S., DaSilva, S. G., Costa, E. C., Hardcastle, S. J., & Elsangedy, H. M. (2017) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2016-0220 · Cited by 65
Influence of well-being variables and recovery state in physical enjoyment of professional soccer players during small-sided games
Selmi, O., Gonçalves, B. V., Ouergui, I., Sampaio, J. E., & Bouassida, A. (2018) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2018.1431540 · Cited by 55
“This study was conducted to support the interest of PACES as a simple non- invasive, non-fatiguing, sensitive and effective for helping the technical staff to control soccer players’ perceived enjoyment and to indicate that players’ enjoyment related to exercises modality and not contributing signal pre-fatigue signs.”
MethodInfluential
Interval training elicits higher enjoyment versus moderate exercise in persons with spinal cord injury
Astorino, T. A., & Thum, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2016.1235754 · Cited by 58
Acute high‐intensity football games can improve children"s inhibitory control and neurophysiological measures of attention
Lind, R. R., Beck, M. M., Wikman, J., Malarski, K., Krustrup, P., Lundbye‐Jensen, J., & Geertsen, S. S. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13485 · Cited by 52
Effects of music, video, and 360‐degree video on cycle ergometer exercise at the ventilatory threshold
Bird, J. M., Karageorghis, C. I., Baker, S. J., & Brookes, D. A. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13453 · Cited by 53
Exercise Self-Efficacy, Enjoyment, and Feeling States Among Adolescents
Robbins, L. B., Pis, M. B., Pender, N. J., & Kazanis, A. S. (2004) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945904267300 · Cited by 56
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) was used to measure how individuals felt during PA. Internal consistency was found to be .90 when used with 12- to 16-year-old children (Crocker, Bouffard, & Gessaroli, 1995).”
Method
The Feasibility of a Novel School Peer-Led Mentoring Model to Improve the Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Time of Adolescent Girls: The Girls Peer Activity (G-PACT) Project
Owen, M. B., Kerner, C., Taylor, S. L., Noonan, R. J., Newson, L., Kosteli, M., Curry, W. B., & Fairclough, S. J. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5060067 · Cited by 56
“The survey consisted of four components: 7-item PA enjoyment scale [65,66], 7-item wellbeing scale [67], 10-item social support scale [68], and 8-item self-efﬁcacy scale [69,70].”
Method
The Effect of Exergaming on Vascular Function in Children
Mills, A., Rosenberg, M., Stratton, G., Carter, H. H., Spence, A. L., Pugh, C. J. A., GREEN, D. J., & Naylor, L. H. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.076 · Cited by 52
Results of a Culturally Adapted Internet-Enhanced Physical Activity Pilot Intervention for Overweight and Obese Young Adult African American Women
Joseph, R. P., Pekmezi, D., Dutton, G. R., Cherrington, A., Kim, Y., Allison, J. J., & Durant, N. H. (2014) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659614539176 · Cited by 59
Exergaming: Feels good despite working harder
Glen, K., Eston, R. G., Loetscher, T., & Parfitt, G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186526 · Cited by 54
Personal, social and environmental correlates of resilience to physical inactivity among women from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds
Cleland, V. J., Ball, K., Salmon, J., Timperio, A. F., & Crawford, D. A. (2008) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyn054 · Cited by 55
“Enjoyment of walking and enjoyment of vigorous physical activity were assessed using a modified scale [31] with very high internal consistency (Cronbach’s a = 0.”
BackgroundMethod
Home-based virtual reality training after discharge from hospital-based stroke rehabilitation: a parallel randomized feasibility trial
Sheehy, L., Taillon‐Hobson, A., Sveistrup, H., Bilodeau, M., Yang, C. P., Welch, V. A., Hossain, A., & Finestone, H. M. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3438-9 · Cited by 53
Randomised clinical trial: combined impact and resistance training in adults with stable Crohn's disease
Jones, K., Baker, K., Speight, R. A., Thompson, N. P., & Tew, G. A. (2020) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16002 · Cited by 52
Anxiolytic Effects of a Single Session of the Exergame Zumba ® Fitness on Healthy Young Women
Viana, R. B., Alves, C. L., Vieira, C. A., Vancini, R. L., Campos, M. H., Gentil, P., Andrade, M. S., & de Lira, C. A. B. (2017) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2017.0085 · Cited by 54
“The enjoyment was assessed using the PACES, 28 modiﬁed by Graves et al. 12 In brief, the modiﬁed PACES kept only 5 items from the original scale.”
Mediators of physical activity behavior change: Findings from a 12-month randomized controlled trial.
Papandonatos, G. D., Williams, D. M., Jennings, E., Napolitano, M. A., Bock, B. C., DUNSIGER, S. I., & Marcus, B. H. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026667 · Cited by 58
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) is an 18-item measure that examines perceived PA attributes (e.g., “It’s very pleasant,” “It’s no fun at all”) and has been predictive of PA behavior (Williams et al., 2006).”
Peer-Victimization during Physical Education and Enjoyment of Physical Activity
Scarpa, S., Carraro, A., Gobbi, E., & Nart, A. (2012) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/06.05.10.pms.115.4.319-324 · Cited by 50
Exploring the Health-Promoting Potential of the “parkrun” Phenomenon: What Factors are Associated With Higher Levels of Participation?
Cleland, V. J., Nash, M., Sharman, M. J., & Claflin, S. B. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118770106 · Cited by 50
Translation, adaptation, and reproducibility of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) and Feeling Scale to Brazilian Portuguese
Alves, E. D., Panissa, V. L. G., Barros, B. J., Franchini, É., & Takito, M. Y. (2018) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-018-0516-4 · Cited by 53
Effects of Two TGfU Lessons Period on Game Performance, Knowledge and Psychosocial Variables in Elementary Physical Education
Estero, J. L. A., Jaquero, P., Martínez-López, A. N., & Morales-Belando, M. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103378 · Cited by 49
“Enjoyment and perceived competence: Students completed the enjoyment and perceived competence scale [29].”
Background
Effects of school-based interventions on motivation towards physical activity in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review
Demetriou, Y., Reimers, A. K., Alesi, M., Scifo, L., Borrego, C. C., Monteiro, D., & Kelso, A. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1029-1 · Cited by 48
Exercise Improves Video Game Performance: A Win–Win Situation
Heras, B. D. L., Li, O., Rodrigues, L., Nepveu, J.-F., & Roig, M. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002277 · Cited by 60
Alternating high-intensity interval training and continuous training is efficacious in improving cardiometabolic health in obese middle-aged men
Poon, E. T., Parco Ming-fai, S. I. U., Wongpipit, W., Gibala, M. J., & Wong, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2021.11.003 · Cited by 53
Feasibility, design and conduct of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to reduce overweight and obesity in children: The electronic games to aid motivation to exercise (eGAME) study
Maddison, R., Foley, L. S., Mhurchú, C. N., Jull, A., Jiang, Y., Harry Prapavessis, A., Rodgers, A., Hoorn, S. V., Hohepa, M., & Schaaf, D. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-146 · Cited by 48
Tai Chi for treating knee osteoarthritis: Designing a long-term follow up randomized controlled trial
Wang, C., Schmid, C. H., Hibberd, P. L., Kalish, R. A., Roubenoff, R., Rones, R., Okparavero, A., & McAlindon, T. E. (2008) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-108 · Cited by 49
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale adapted from Kendzierski and DeCarlo [41] is used to evaluate enjoyment of physical activity.”
Method
An Examination of Multilevel Factors That May Explain Gender Differences in Children’s Physical Activity
Crespo, N. C., Corder, K. L., Marshall, S. J., Norman, G. J., Patrick, K., Sallis, J. F., & Elder, J. P. (2013) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.10.7.982 · Cited by 47
Physical activity maintenance among Spanish-speaking Latinas in a randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based intervention
Hartman, S. J., DUNSIGER, S. I., Bock, B. C., Larsen, B. A., Linke, S., Pekmezi, D., Marquez, B., Gans, K. M., Mendoza-Vasconez, A. S., & Marcus, B. H. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9800-4 · Cited by 46
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) assessed the level of personal satisfaction derived from physical activity participation (a = 0.96) (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Influential
Why do they do it? Differences in high-intensity exercise-affect between those with higher and lower intensity preference and tolerance
Box, A. G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.04.011 · Cited by 56
The effects of leadership style and exercise program choreography on enjoyment and intentions to exercise
Bray, S. R., Millen, J. A., Eidsness, J., & Leuzinger, C. (2004) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.07.003 · Cited by 47

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

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