Cited by 1,329Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsPhysical Activity and HealthSport Psychology and Performance

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

Kendzierski, Deborah, DeCarlo, Kenneth J.·1991·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

Two studies examined the reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In Study 1, each subject rode an exercise bicycle under control and external focus conditions. The PACES had high internal consistency in both conditions. As predicted, subjects reported enjoying the exercise more, as measured by the PACES, in the external focus condition. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation in the control condition between subjects' PACES scores and their scores on a measure of boredom proneness. In Study 2, each subject rode an exercise bicycle and jogged on a minitrampoline in separate sessions; each then chose one of these activities for their third session. Again, the PACES had high internal consistency. And, as predicted, there was a significant relationship between subjects' PACES ratings (completed after each activity) and their choices of activity. Test-retest reliability was high for jogging and moderate for bicycling. These studies provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the PACES.

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Method
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Method
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Method
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MethodResult
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Method
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Background
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“(Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991): The PACES scale includes18 bipolar items on which individuals rate themselves on a 7 point Likert scale.”
Background
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Janssen, E., Sugiyama, T., WINKLER, E. A. H., de Vries, H., Poel, F. T., & Owen, N. G. (2009) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyp012 · Cited by 30
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Method
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Method
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“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) was used to measure enjoyment through a series of 16 statements that participants responded on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree ).”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Method
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“The third theme addressed here offers evidence that a physical movement scale, such as PACES, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), could also provide meaningful information to shape one’s healing regiment.”
Background
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Background
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“, 1989) as well as PA enjoyment scales (Kendzierski and Decarlo, 1991; Stanley and Cumming, 2010) and their association with concurrent ACMS (e.”
Background
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“These authors also used PACES (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) to assess PAE and observed no significant change over the course of their 4-week intervention.”
Method
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“…of a questionnaire that can be instead used to measure attitude change with respect to physical activity is the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991), an instrument containing 18 bipolar statements, thoroughly validated in sports and exercise literature (e.g., Crocker,…”
MethodInfluential
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“Participants’ enjoyment of physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Method
Study Protocol: The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study [NDPS]: a 46 month multi - centre, randomised, controlled parallel group trial of a lifestyle intervention [with or without additional support from lay lifestyle mentors with Type 2 diabetes] to prevent transition to Type 2 diabetes in high risk groups with non - diabetic hyperglycaemia, or impaired fasting glucose
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“Thus, the persistence, Godspeed questionnaire [2], and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES) [8] were used.”
MethodInfluential
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“Mean values of the PACES scores were calculated after reverse scoring of the seven negatively worded items.”
MethodInfluential
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“A common measurement instrument to measure PA enjoyment and children and adolescents is the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), originally designed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo [34] with 18 items representing a scale between to bipolar adjectives (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Enjoyment of physical activity was assessed by the 18-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Method
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BackgroundInfluential
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Baruth, M., Wilcox, S., Blair, S. N., Hooker, S. P., Hussey, J. M., & Saunders, R. P. (2010) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyq007 · Cited by 25
“Exercise enjoyment was measured using a five-item modified version of the PA enjoyment scale [22].”
Method
Physical self-concept and physical activity enjoyment in elementary school children
Lohbeck, A., Tietjens, M., & Bund, A. (2016) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1132708 · Cited by 25
“The original scale was designed for college students (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) comprising 16 statements beginning with the stem ‘When I’m physically active… ’, followed by a 7-point Likert scale (1 = disagree a lot and 7 = agree a lot).”
Method
Review and Application of Current Literature Related to Culinary Programs for Nutrition Educators
Michaud, P., Condrasky, M. D., & Griffin, S. F. (2007) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/01.tin.0000308470.95060.06 · Cited by 25
The effect of brief intermittent stair climbing on glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study
Godkin, F. E., Jenkins, E. M., Little, J. P., Nazarali, Z., Percival, M. E., & Gibala, M. J. (2018) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0135 · Cited by 25
Social ecological factors associated with physical activity and screen time amongst mothers from disadvantaged neighbourhoods over three years
Morris, K. A., Arundell, L., Cleland, V. J., & Teychenne, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01015-5 · Cited by 24
Effects of caffeine consumption combined with listening to music during warm-up on taekwondo physical performance, perceived exertion and psychological aspects
Delleli, S., Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Ballmann, C. G., Ardigò, L. P., & Chtourou, H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292498 · Cited by 28
Use of Accelerometers to Measure Real-Life Physical Activity in Ambulatory Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Fjeldstad, C., Fjeldstad, A. S., & Pardo, G. (2015) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2014-037 · Cited by 23
The role of physical activity enjoyment in the pathways from the social and physical environments to physical activity of early adolescent girls
Budd, E. L., McQueen, A., Eyler, A. A., Haire-Joshu, D. L., Auslander, W., & Brownson, R. C. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.015 · Cited by 35
Effects of Small-Sided Recreational Volleyball on Health Markers and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Men
Trajković, N., Sporiš, G., Krističević, T., & Bogataj, Š. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093021 · Cited by 25
“The average RPE after the intervention in the RV group was 3.14 ± 0.57 and 72 ± 5% HRmax, and the achieved score on the PACES enjoyment questionnaire was 70.91 ± 5.20.”
MethodInfluential
Psychometric Properties of Eight-Item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in a Chinese Population
Chung, P., & Leung, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0212 · Cited by 23
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was first developed by Kendzierski and DeCarlo (1991), who examined the validity and reliability of their original 18-item 7-point bipolar PACES with college students.”
Adolescent Motivation Toward Physical Exercise: The Role of Sex, Age, Enjoyment, and Anxiety
Navarro, J., Escobar, P., Miragall, M., Cebolla, A., & Baños, R. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120922490 · Cited by 33
“• Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale—Short Version (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
Background
Negative effects of blood flow restriction on perceptual responses to walking in healthy young adults: A pilot study
Mok, E., Suga, T., Sugimoto, T., Tomoo, K., Dora, K., Takada, S., Hashimoto, T., & Isaka, T. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04745 · Cited by 23
“The PACES has been established as a reliable and valid measure of physical activity enjoyment [42, 43] and a reactive measure of acute exercise [24, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychological need-supportive instruction improves novel skill performance, intrinsic motivation, and enjoyment: a cluster-randomised study
Manninen, M., Deng, Y., Hwang, Y., Waller, S., & Yli-Piipari, S. R. (2020) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2020.1826999 · Cited by 26
“The scale was developed for college students and has demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion validity among this population (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991).”
BackgroundMethod
A feasibility study of a peer-facilitated physical activity intervention in methadone maintenance
Abrantes, A. M., Noppen, D. V., Bailey, G. L., Uebelacker, L. A., Buman, M. P., & Stein, M. D. (2021) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100419 · Cited by 23
The Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Bodyweight and Treadmill Running High-Intensity Interval Exercises
Bellissimo, G. F., Ducharme, J. B., Mang, Z. A., Millender, D. J., Smith, J., Stork, M., Little, J. P., Deyhle, M. R., Gibson, A. L., Magalhães, F. D. C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.824154 · Cited by 22
“Exercise enjoyment was determined by the PACES survey (Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991) and was administered during the 10 min of post-HIIE passive rest.”
Method
Walk This Beam: Impact of Different Balance Assistance Strategies and Height Exposure on Performance and Physiological Arousal in VR
Dietz, D., Oechsner, C., Ou, C., Chiossi, F., Sarto, F., Mayer, S., & Butz, A. M. (2022) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3562939.3567818 · Cited by 24
“After each trial, subjects were to answer the Physical Activity En-joyment Scale (PACES) [38] and raw NASA-TLX questionnaires [34].”
Method
Initial insight into why physical activity may help prevent adolescent smoking uptake
Audrain-McGovern, J. E., Rodriguez, D., Cuevas, J., & Sass, J. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.006 · Cited by 27
“I enjoy it”…I get something out of it“….it feels good” are rated on a 5-point bipolar scale (Motl et al., 2001) (“1 = Disagree a lot” and “5 = Agree a lot”) with scores ranging from 16-80 (Dishman et al., 2005; Kendzierski and DeCarlo, 1991; Motl et al., 2001; Wilson et al., 2005).”
Background
Is Gamification Effective in Motivating Exercise?
Goh, D. H., & Razikin, K. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20916-6_56 · Cited by 28
The Dutch ‘Focus on Strength’ intervention study protocol: programme design and production, implementation and evaluation plan
ten Hoor, G. A., Kok, G., Rutten, G. M., Ruiter, R. A. C., Kremers, S., Schols, A. M. W. J., & Plasqui, G. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3150-6 · Cited by 28
“Enjoyment is measured with the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), adapted for children [23, 35].”
Method
The role of physical activity enjoyment on the acute mood experience of exercise among smokers with elevated depressive symptoms
Abrantes, A. M., Farris, S. G., Garnaat, S. L., Minto, A., Brown, R. A., Price, L. H., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2017) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.02.001 · Cited by 23
“The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) is a self-report measure used to assess enjoyment of physical activity.”
Method
Physiological and psychophysiological responses in experienced players while playing different dance exer-games
Bronner, S., Pinsker, R., & Noah, J. A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.047 · Cited by 23
That feeling I get: Examination of the exercise intensity-affect-enjoyment relationship
Greene, D. R., Greenlee, T. A., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.009 · Cited by 27
Peripheral BDNF and psycho-behavioral aspects are positively modulated by high-intensity intermittent exercise and fitness in healthy women
de Poli, R. A. B., Lopes, V. H. F., Lira, F. S., Zagatto, A. M., Jiménez‐Maldonado, A., & Antunes, B. M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83072-9 · Cited by 28
Youth Physical Activity and Enjoyment during Semi-Structured versus Unstructured School Recess
Larson, J. N., Brusseau, T. A., Chase, B., Heinemann, A., & Hannon, J. C. (2014) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2014.48072 · Cited by 22
“I feel as though I would rather be doing something else [28].”
Background
Lifestyle modification and metformin as long-term treatment options for obese adolescents: study protocol
Wilson, A., Harry Prapavessis, A., Jung, M. E., Cramp, A. G., Vascotto, J., Lenhardt, L., Shoemaker, J. K., Watson, M. M., Robinson, T., & Clarson, C. L. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-434 · Cited by 22
DATE: Depressed adolescents treated with exercise: Study rationale and design for a pilot study
Hughes, C. W., Trivedi, M. H., Cleaver, J., Greer, T. L., Emslie, G. J., Kennard, B. D., Dorman, S., Bain, T. M., Dubreuil, J., & Barnes, C. (2009) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.005 · Cited by 22
Integrating children’s physical activity enjoyment into public health dialogue (United States)
Barnett, E. Y., Ridker, P. M., Okechukwu, C. A., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2017) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dax068 · Cited by 21
Glucose response to exercise in the post‐prandial period is independent of exercise intensity
Shambrook, P., Kingsley, M., Wundersitz, D. W. T., Xanthos, P. D., Wyckelsma, V. L., & Gordon, B. A. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12999 · Cited by 24
Study protocol of the quasi-experimental evaluation of “KEIGAAF”: a context-based physical activity and nutrition intervention for primary school children
Verjans-Janssen, S. R. B., van Kann, D., Gerards, S. M. P. L., Vos, S. B., Jansen, M. W. J., & Kremers, S. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5764-3 · Cited by 25
Affective and perceptual responses during reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT)
Songsorn, P., Brick, N., Fitzpatrick, B., Fitzpatrick, S., McDermott, G., McClean, C. M., Davison, G. W., Vollaard, N. B. J., & Metcalfe, R. S. (2019) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2019.1593217 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, exercise enjoyment (unmodified PACES; (Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991)) was assessed immediately post-exercise with participants resting comfortably in a chair.”
Method
Ambulatory blood pressure reduction following 2 weeks of high-intensity interval training on an immersed ergocycle
Sosner, P., Gayda, M., Dupuy, O., Garzón, M., Grémeaux, V., Lalongé, J., Hayami, D., Juneau, M., Nigam, A., & Bosquet, L. (2019) · Archives of cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2019.07.005 · Cited by 22
Similar perceptual responses to reduced exertion high intensity interval training (REHIT) in adults differing in cardiorespiratory fitness
Astorino, T. A., Clausen, R. D., Marroquin, J. R., Arthur, B., & Stiles, K. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112687 · Cited by 22
Effect of motor imagery on enjoyment in knee-injury prevention and rehabilitation training: A randomized crossover study
Cederström, N., Granér, S., Nilsson, G., & Ageberg, E. (2020) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.004 · Cited by 22

Authors: Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J.
Affiliations: Villanova University (US)
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 1991-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 50-64
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.13.1.50
OpenAlex: W2170398533
Cited by: 1,329
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, exercise enjoyment, scale validation, reliability statistics, external focus, boredom proneness, cycling, test-retest reliability, internal consistency

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Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies

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