The link between neuroinflammation and the neurovascular unit in synucleinopathies
Open accessAbstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. As a fundamental functional module in the central nervous system, the NVU maintains homeostasis in the microenvironment and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Disruption of the NVU and interactions among its components are involved in the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, which are characterized by the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein. Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. This review aims to summarize the neuroinflammatory response of glial cells and vascular cells in the NVU. We also review neuroinflammation in the context of the cross-talk between glial cells and vascular cells, between glial cells and pericytes, and between microglia and astroglia. Last, we discuss how α-synuclein affects neuroinflammation and how neuroinflammation influences the aggregation and spread of α-synuclein and analyze different properties of α-synuclein in synucleinopathies.
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Pericytes play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB.
“Pericytes play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB [30]”
From Healthy Human Fecal Microbiota Transplantation into Mice Attenuates MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity <i>via</i> AMPK/SOD2 Pathway (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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“Pericytes play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB [30], and loss of pericytes may increase BBB permeability, allowing harmful intestinal substances to enter the brain and damage neurons.”
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Protein–protein interactions regulating α-synuclein pathology
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“These interactions are disrupted in age-associated pathologies, for instance in PD, repression of Wnt signaling in astrocytes concomitant with microglial inflammatory activation, as well as BBB leakage, were noted [90,91].”
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“The complex interactions between A β , tau, and NVU components highlight the multi-faceted nature of AD pathogenesis, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches targeting NVU dysfunction [97,100].”
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“…cerebral artery; AchA, anterior choroidal artery; HP, hippocampus; HY, hypothalamus; ICA, internal carotid artery; LHA, lateral hypothalamic artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; TH, thalamus; VTA, ventral thalamic artery. synucleinopathies et al. and should be investigated in more detail [61].”
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Self-citationIntrinsically disordered proteins studied by NMR spectroscopy
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Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
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“Targeting glial cell activity offers new strategies for protecting the BBB and improving outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (Wang et al. 2023c).”
Abnormal Cerebrovascular Activity, Perfusion, and Glymphatic Clearance in Lewy Body Diseases
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“110 PBM therapy has demonstrated advantageous effects in mitigating neuroinflammation via the regulation of various cytokines.”
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In Situ Detection of Neuroinflammation Using Multicellular 3D Neurovascular‐Unit‐on‐a‐Chip
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“Parkinson ’ s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder 1 – 4 .”
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“…but also in lipids (61). a -Syn stimulates microglia activation, which induces reactive oxygen species production and leads to apoptosis of pericytes, and the reduction of pericytes leads to a dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which allows for the entry of VLDL into the brain (62, 63).”
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“Firstly, it is well known that environmental toxins such as rotenone or gene mutation-induced MCI dysfunction and neuroinflammation played key roles in the occurrence and progression of PD [34,35,40 – 43].”
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Parkinson’s Disease Dementia Patients: Expression of Glia Maturation Factor in the Brain
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“A recent article links neuroinflammation with neurovascular changes in synucleinopathies [19].”
BackgroundThe Hidden Hand in White Matter: Pericytes and the Puzzle of Demyelination
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“The NVU comprises endothelial cells, mural cells, and astrocytic end-feet, playing a crucial role in regulating vascular homeostasis and adaptive capabilities [123].”
α-Synuclein Degradation in Brain Pericytes Is Mediated via Akt, ERK, and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways
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“These pathogenic proteins also induce microglial activation to release various inflammatory cytokines [12,16].”
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“It emphasizes the importance of cell-cell signaling between neuronal, glial, and vascular cells for central nervous system (CNS) function [8].”
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“Moreover, although the gut–brain axis is crucial, inflammatory processes are also linked to this phenomenon [5].”
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“The leakage of Blood–brain barrier (BBB), which was observed in various neurodegeneration diseases [1], predisposes individuals to proinflammatory states where an influx of fibrinogen (FG), a blood coagulation protein containing three polypeptide chains ( a , b and c ) [11] can lead to an immune…”
Self-citationNeurovascular dysfunction in the development and progression of neuroinflammatory diseases
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“The a-syn aggregates that form in PD directly interact with the NVU to regulate BBB permeability and exacerbate neuroinflammation (Lan et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023).”
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“Furthermore, an increase in permeability of the BBB, as commonly occurs in inflammatory responses [66], has been linked to SD induction through impaired potassium homeostasis [72].”
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“Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, serve critical roles in neurodevelopment, synaptic remodeling, and response to injury and disease [7].”
Neuroinflammation in fungal infections: from pathogen recognition to pathological manifestations
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“Cell death and degeneration are associated with oxidative stress and an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant defences [11,49,50].”
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White matter hyperintensities and cholinergic degeneration as Lewy body disease
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Acute Neurovascular Inflammatory Profile in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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“The neurovascular unit (NVU), composed of vascular cells, glial cells, neurons, and extracellular matrix (ECM), contributes to maintaining BBB integrity [43,44].”
Why are neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons lost in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease?
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Microglia: Formidable Players in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
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Mechanistic correlation of potassium channel sensing and nitric oxide activity in neuroinflammation
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“…ponent of the neurovascular unit (NVU) which comprises endothelial cells, pericytes, neurons, astrocyte end-feet, and the extracellular matrix that maintains the homeostasis of the CNS, can allow the infiltration of these peripheral immune cells, further contributing to neuroinflammation [22 – 24].”
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“…disorder, accumulating evidence underscores cerebral small vessel disease and microcirculatory dysfunction as integral components of its pathological progression [109, 110], often alongside sustained glial activation and neuroinflammatory stress at the neurovascular interface [111, 112].”
Underestimated virus impaired cognition-more evidence and more work to do
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“These signatures are involved in neuroinflammation 148,149 and vascular degeneration 150,151 but do not correlate with amyloid pathology.”
Wnt Signaling, Musculoskeletal Disease, and the Onset of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
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Nanobiotechnology‐Based Approaches for Targeted Glioma Therapy
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“Astrocyte activation and BBB leakage also occur in MPTP-treated PD mice [2]; however, whether Fn accumulates in the SNpc of PD mouse models and the role of Fn in PD pathogenesis are unknown.”
Self-citationRole of secondary metabolites in neurodegenerative disorders
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Self-citationFriend or foe? Glial–vascular interactions in health and neurodegenerative disease
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“Additional evidence comes from omics-based studies. snRNAseq analysis of PD postmortem tissue by Wang et al 11 identified ECs and pericytes as among the most transcriptionally altered cell types, with numerous differentially expressed genes between cases and controls.”
Fu, J., Zhu, C., & Fan, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1885103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The cellular microenvironment further modulates α -Syn propagation, because astrocytes and microglia can internalize, degrade, transfer, or inflammatory amplify extracellular α -Syn species (Figure 1; Chakraborty et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Xia et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2024b).”
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Impaired glymphatic clearance independently contributes to poor outcomes in Parkinson’s diseasePreprint
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Neuroinflammatory Modulation and Potential Photocompounds
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Lactobacillus acidophilus LA3 Suppresses Neuroinflammation via the Gut-Brain Axis
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Microbiome and Diseases: Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders
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“Thus, maintaining BBB integrity may help limit the neuroinflammatory consequences of peripheral microbial and immune signaling [94] [Figure 1].”
Canna, A., Rosa, A. P. D., Nicolai, E., Salvatore, E., Cavaliere, C., Cecca, A. D., Migliaccio, M., Alfano, V., Pappatà, S., Aiello, M., et al. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70661
“neurofibrillary tangles in AD, α-synuclein inclusions in Lewy body dementia, or TDP-43 inclusions in frontotemporal dementia, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular dysfunction, which collectively impair neuronal signaling and cerebral homeostasis (Wang et al. 2023).”
- Authors
- Wang, Q., Zheng, J., Pettersson, S., Reynolds, R., & Tan, E.-K.
- Affiliations
- Zhujiang Hospital (CN)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Qing
- Zheng, Jialing
- Reynolds, Richard
- Tan, Eng-King
- Venue
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2023-02-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- eabq1141-eabq1141
- ISSN
- 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9931221
- OpenAlex
- W4320896690
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sunway Institutional Repository (Sunway University) (submittedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071414)
- Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- neuroinflammation, neurovascular unit, synucleinopathies, alpha-synuclein, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, blood-brain barrier, glial cells, pericytes, microglia, astrocytes, alpha-synuclein aggregation
- MeSH terms
- Synucleinopathies, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Humans, Neurons, Parkinson Disease, alpha-Synuclein
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