The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
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“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
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The propagation of disturbances in ecological networks
Martins, L. P., García‐Callejas, D., Lai, H. R., Wootton, K. L., & Tylianakis, J. M. (2024) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2024.01.009 · Cited by 37
Meyer, C. F. J. (2014) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.11.002 · Cited by 38
Indicators for wild animal offtake: methods and case study for African mammals and birds
Ingram, D. J., Coad, L., Collen, B., Kümpel, N. F., Breuer, T., Fa, J. E., Gill, D., Maisels, F. G., Schleicher, J., Stokes, E. J., et al. (2015) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-07823-200340 · Cited by 38
“We proposed using mean body mass within each sample as a proxy of species composition, where a drop from larger to smaller species may indicate a process of defaunation of a habitat (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSeed Predation by Rodents and Implications for Plant Recruitment in Defaunated Atlantic Forests
Galetti, M., Guevara, R., Galbiati, L. A., Neves, C. L., Rodarte, R. R. D. P., & Mendes, C. P. (2015) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12246 · Cited by 38
“However, these forests are hardly ‘empty’; many species of small-bodied vertebrates are benefitted by defaunation and may alter important ecosystem processes (Wright 2003, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHolocene mammal extinctions in the Carpathian Basin: a review
Németh, A., Bárány, A., Csorba, G., Magyari, E. K., Pazonyi, P., & Pálfy, J. (2016) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/mam.12075 · Cited by 34
“The Anthropocene is informally used to describe the most recent part of Earth’s history, when humans become geological and biological agents for planetary change (Crutzen 2002, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundContext‐dependency and anthropogenic effects on individual plant–frugivore networks
Miguel, M. F., Jordano, P., Tabeni, S., & Campos, C. M. (2018) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.04978 · Cited by 38
Zhou, W., Lee, M., & Goodale, E. B. (2018) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00399 · Cited by 38
Wilcox, A., Flockhart, D. T. T., Newman, A. E. M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00099 · Cited by 38
“Insect populations are experiencing rapid declines globally (Dirzo et al., 2014; Stork et al., 2015) that may have implications for ecosystem function and contributions to economic services (AllenWardell et al.”
BackgroundPrey Size Decline as a Unifying Ecological Selecting Agent in Pleistocene Human Evolution
Ben-Dor, M., & Barkai, R. (2021) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat4010007 · Cited by 32
“The current risk of extinction is also skewed towards larger fauna [16].”
BackgroundWilliams, P. J., Ong, R. C., Brodie, J. F., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21978-8 · Cited by 38
Guerra, J. G., Cabello, F., Fernández‐Quintanilla, C., Peña, J. M., & Dorado, J. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107816 · Cited by 51
Parasite responses to large mammal loss in an African savanna
Weinstein, S. B., Titcomb, G., Agwanda, B. R., Riginos, C., & Young, H. S. (2017) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.1858 · Cited by 38
“Among the many types of biodiversity loss, one of particular ecological consequence is the global decline of large-bodied species, due to their disproportionately strong and unique functional roles (Dirzo et al. 2014, Smith et al. 2015, Malhi et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVicente‐Santos, A., Willink, B., Nowak, K., Civitello, D. J., & Gillespie, T. R. (2023) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14319 · Cited by 43
“While there are many examples of human activities conspicuously causing wildlife population declines (Dirzo et al. 2014), more subtle disruptions of host-pathogen interactions can also impact population dynamics.”
Tiger recovery amid people and poverty
Jhala, Y. V., Mungi, N. A., Gopal, R., & Qureshi, Q. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adk4827 · Cited by 40
Toward a global platform for linking soil biodiversity data
Ramirez, K. S., Döring, M., Eisenhauer, N., Gardi, C., Ladau, J., Leff, J. W., Lentendu, G., Lindo, Z., Rillig, M. C., Russell, D. J., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00091 · Cited by 38
“…6, Jonathan W. Leff 7, Guillaume Lentendu 8, Zoë Lindo 9, Matthias C. Rillig 10, 11, David Russell 12, Stefan Scheu 13, Mark G. St. John 14, Franciska T. de Vries 15, Tesfaye Wubet 2, 8, Wim H. van der Putten 1, 16 and Diana H. Wall 17 1 Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology…”
BackgroundInfluentialSreekar, R., Zhang, K., Xu, J., & Harrison, R. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117920 · Cited by 38
Can green infrastructure help to conserve biodiversity?
Salomaa, A., Paloniemi, R., Kotiaho, J. S., Kettunen, M., Apostolopoulou, E., & Tusznio, J. (2016) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/0263774x16649363 · Cited by 38
“Despite these agreements, degradation and decline of biodiversity still continues (Dirzo et al., 2014; Tittensor et al., 2014).”
BackgroundKonvička, M., Beneš, J., & Poláková, S. (2016) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-016-9940-4 · Cited by 36
“There are practically no woodlands or unploughed grasslands, the human population density is high (185 persons per square kilometre), the main crops are wheat, corn, cabbage, sugar beet and oilseed rape.”
BackgroundPrimate Seed Dispersal and Forest Restoration: An African Perspective for a Brighter Future
Chapman, C. A., & Dunham, A. E. (2018) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-018-0049-3 · Cited by 38
“Recent estimates suggest that at least 322 vertebrate species have gone extinct since 1500 and that surviving vertebrate species have declined in abundance by 25% since 1970 (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundQuantifying the effects of climate and anthropogenic change on regional species loss in China
He, J., Yan, C., Holyoak, M., Wan, X., Ren, G., Hou, Y., Xie, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199735 · Cited by 41
van Vliet, N., Muhindo, J., Nyumu, J. K., Mushagalusa, O., & Nasi, R. (2018) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/1940082918799494 · Cited by 41
Svenning, J., Munk, M., & Schweiger, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108560962.005 · Cited by 42
Luskin, M. S., Ickes, K., Yao, T. L., & Davies, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13378 · Cited by 37
“Defaunation effects on forest community composition depend on how specific animal guilds are impacted (Dirzo et al., 2014; Harrison et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLiving protocols: remaking worlds in the face of extinction
Theriault, N., Leduc, T. B., Mitchell, A., Rubis, J. M., & Gaehowako, N. J. (2019) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649365.2019.1619821 · Cited by 37
Macroecological patterns of mammals across taxonomic, spatial, and temporal scales
Lyons, S. K., Smith, F. A., & Ernest, S. K. M. (2018) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy171 · Cited by 38
“These problems are particularly acute for larger-bodied species, which have been demonstrated to have higher extinction risk, at least in the anthropogenic era (e.g., Cardillo et al. 2005, 2008; Davidson et al. 2009; Fritz et al. 2009; Dirzo et al. 2014; Ripple et al. 2015).”
BackgroundPoor implementation of non-invasive sampling in wildlife genetics studies
Zemanova, M. A. (2019) · Rethinking Ecology · doi:10.3897/rethinkingecology.4.32751 · Cited by 37
“Such declines in animal populations often cascade into ecosystem functioning and provisioning services, thus affecting also human well-being (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Genetic structure of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in India and its implications for conservation
Kolipakam, V., Singh, S., Pant, B., Qureshi, Q., & Jhala, Y. V. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00710 · Cited by 39
“There is a general consensus that the planet is losing its biodiversity at a rapid rate due to human impacts (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hilton-Taylor, 2000; McGill et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCox, A. R., Robertson, R. J., Rendell, W. B., & Bonier, F. (2020) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04618-8 · Cited by 44
Underwater Visual Records of Marine Megafauna Around Offshore Anthropogenic Structures
Todd, V., Lazăr, L., Williamson, L. D., Peters, I. T., Hoover, A. L., Cox, S. E., Todd, I., Macreadie, P., & McLean, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00230 · Cited by 32
Ducrettet, M., Forget, P., Ulloa, J. S., Yguel, B., Gaucher, P., Princé, K., Haupert, S., & Sueur, J. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108574 · Cited by 37
Atkinson, C. L., Parr, T. B., van Ee, B. C., et al. (2020) · Freshwater Science · doi:10.1086/708950 · Cited by 37
“Recent research highlights the role of animal functional traits in providing or shaping those services (Duffy et al. 2007, Dirzo et al. 2014, Atkinson et al. 2017).”
BackgroundBiodiversity Conservation and the Earth System: Mind the Gap
Norris, K., Terry, A. C., Hansford, J. P., & Turvey, S. T. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.010 · Cited by 37
“When it eventually takes place, this meeting will do so against a background of ongoing biodiversity loss [1,2], which would have been demonstrably more rapid had it not been for successful conservation action over recent decades [3–5].”
BackgroundRelative Conservation Status of Bird Orders With Special Attention to Raptors
McClure, C. J. W., & Rolek, B. W. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.593941 · Cited by 38
Kriegel, P., Matevski, D., & Schuldt, A. (2021) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-021-02155-1 · Cited by 37
Post-Soviet land-use change effects on large mammals' habitat in European Russia
Sieber, A., Uvarov, N. V., Миронович, Б. Л., Radeloff, V. C., Bateman, B. L., Pankov, A. B., & Kuemmerle, T. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.041 · Cited by 37
Economic Value of Parks via Human Mental Health: An Analytical Framework
Buckley, R., & Brough, P. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00016 · Cited by 37
“From a social perspective, conservation is embedded within human value systems, of which utilitarian values such as economic measures are only one component (Perrings et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDavies, T. W., Cowley, A., Bennie, J., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212101 · Cited by 37
The Role of Botanic Gardens in In Situ Conservation
Chen, J., Corlett, R. T., & Cannon, C. H. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316556726.006 · Cited by 36
Jacobs, J., Beenaerts, N., & Artois, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28698-7 · Cited by 36
Factors underpinning Iranian farmers’ intention to conserve biodiversity at the farm level
Savari, M., Sheheytavi, A., & Amghani, M. S. (2023) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126419 · Cited by 36
Human‐modified landscapes driving the global primate extinction crisis
Torres‐Romero, E. J., Nijman, V., Fernández, D., & Eppley, T. M. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16902 · Cited by 42
Evidence of Hantavirus Infection Among Bats in Brazil
Sabino‐Santos, G., Maia, F. G. M., Vieira, T. M., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0032 · Cited by 36
Human impact gradient on mammalian biodiversity
Munguía‐Carrara, M., Trejo, I., González‐Salazar, C., & Pérez-Maqueo, O. (2016) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2016.01.004 · Cited by 39
Sayers, T. D. J., Steinbauer, M. J., & Miller, R. E. (2019) · Arthropod-Plant Interactions · doi:10.1007/s11829-019-09698-9 · Cited by 38
Muñoz‐Gallego, R., Fedriani, J. M., & Traveset, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00161 · Cited by 38
“…(Reaser et al., 2007; Mayol et al., 2017; Rogers et al., 2017; Weller et al., 2018), their role as rescuers of ecological functions, lost in the past with fauna extinctions, acquires great relevance under the current scenario of increasing defaunation (Dirzo et al., 2014; Malhi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPredicting the non‐linear collapse of plant–frugivore networks due to habitat loss
Vidal, M. M., Banks‐Leite, C., Tambosi, L. R., Hasui, É., Develey, P. F., Silva, W. R., Guimarães, P. R., & Metzger, J. P. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04403 · Cited by 36
Graham, S. I., Kinnaird, M. F., O’Brien, T. G., Vågen, T., Winowiecki, L. A., Young, T. P., & Young, H. S. (2019) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.1973 · Cited by 42
“…of size-selective defaunation, particularly in the tropics (Fritz et al. 2009, Young et al. 2016), and may have implications for continued ecosystem structure and function due to the myriad of services that large mammals often disproportionately provide (Estes et al. 2011, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBelow the canopy: global trends in forest vertebrate populations and their drivers
Green, E. J., McRae, L., Freeman, R., Harfoot, M. B. J., Hill, S. L. L., Baldwin-Cantello, W., & Simonson, W. D. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0533 · Cited by 38
“Some 322 vertebrates have become extinct since 1500, and more than 27% of all assessed extant species are threatened with extinction [2,3].”
BackgroundChattopadhyay, B., Garg, K. M., Ray, R., & Rheindt, F. E. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0304 · Cited by 38
“In the present era of the sixth mass extinction, knowledge of the standing genetic variation of extant natural populations and their vulnerability to future climate change is imperative for conservation management [57,58].”
BackgroundThe emergence of tolerance of human disturbance in Neotropical birds
Tryjanowski, P., Kosicki, J. Z., Hromada, M., & Mikula, P. (2019) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467419000282 · Cited by 38
“Introduction Anthropogenic environmental change is often responsible for biodiversity loss (Dirzo et al. 2014, McKinney 2002), and ecologists increasingly seek to study the effects of human activity on wild-living animals.”
BackgroundSeed dispersal effectiveness by a large‐bodied invasive species in defaunated landscapes
Pedrosa, F., Bercê, W., Levi, T., et al. (2019) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12706 · Cited by 36
“Defaunation processes, the loss of animal species—especially large‐bodied vertebrates—due to anthropogenic causes (mainly hab‐ itat loss and overhunting, Dirzo et al., 2014), act synergistically with habitat loss and fragmentation to constrain seed dispersal services.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrodie, J., & Landos, M. (2019) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106447 · Cited by 36
Schweiger, A., & Svenning, J. (2019) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10066 · Cited by 36
“Size-selective hunting and logging as well as habitat destruction are the main recognised historical and current drivers (Dirzo et al., 2014; Lindenmayer & Laurance, 2016).”
BackgroundLorenzana, G. P., Heidtmann, L. M., Haag, T., et al. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108417 · Cited by 36
Ecosystem effects of the world’s largest invasive animal
Shurin, J. B., Aranguren-Riaño, N., Negro, D. D., Lopez, D. E., Jones, N. T., Laverde-R., O., Neu, A. T., & Pedroza‐Ramos, A. (2020) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2991 · Cited by 36
“The extinction of diverse mega-fauna in the New World and 63 Australia at the end of the Pleistocene, potentially due to human colonization (Sandom et al. 64 2014), may have dramatically transformed ecosystems at the continental scale (Estes et al. 2011, 65 Dirzo et al. 2014, Galetti et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSimões, N. R., Braghin, L. S. M., Duré, G. A. V., et al. (2020) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-020-04234-w · Cited by 36
Paranaíba, J. R., Quadra, G. R., Josué, I. I. P., Almeida, R. M., Mendonça, R. F., Cardoso, S. J., da Silva, J. A. M., Kosten, S., de Campos, J. M. S., Almeida, J., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231082 · Cited by 36
Sobral‐Souza, T., Stropp, J., dos Santos, J. P., Prasniewski, V. M., Szinwelski, N., Vilela, B., Freitas, A. V. L., Ribeiro, M. C., & Hortal, J. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11673 · Cited by 37
“Species are disappearing worldwide at an alarming rate, particularly in tropical regions (Dirzo & Raven, 2003) where extinction and defaunation processes result from anthropogenic environmental impacts (Crutzen, 2006; Ceballos et al., 2015; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPhase transitions in biology: from bird flocks to population dynamics
Heffern, E., Huelskamp, H., Bahar, S., & Inglis, R. F. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1111 · Cited by 39
“Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJB, Collen B. 2014 Defaunation in the Anthropocene.”
BackgroundHuang, M., Xu, Y., Longo, M., Keller, M., Knox, R., Koven, C. D., & Fisher, R. A. (2020) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-17-4999-2020 · Cited by 35
Harnessing the omics revolution to address the global biodiversity crisis
León, L. F. D., Silva, B. B. F. F. D., Avilés‐Rodríguez, K. J., & Buitrago-Rosas, D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102901 · Cited by 39
Frugivore gut passage increases seed germination: an updated meta-analysisPreprint
Rogers, H. S., Cavazos, B. R., Gawel, A. M., Karnish, A., Ray, C. A., Rose, E., Thierry, H., & Fricke, E. C. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.462022 · Cited by 36
“Global change factors including overhunting, species invasion, and fragmentation are causing declines in many seed-dispersing mutualists (McConkey et al. 2012), with particularly striking declines in large-bodied mammals and birds (McConkey et al. 2012; Galetti & Dirzo 2013; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundA roadmap for future research on insularity effects on plant–herbivore interactions
Moreira, X., & Abdala‐Roberts, L. (2021) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13401 · Cited by 35
“Over the last century, an increasing rate of species and population extinctions has taken place world-wide (Ceballos et al., 2015; Dirzo et al., 2014), with insular ecosystems being especially impacted by global change drivers (Caujapé-Castells et al., 2010; Myers et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSpatz, D. R., Young, L. C., Holmes, N. D., Jones, H. P., VanderWerf, E. A., Lyons, D. E., Kress, S. W., Miskelly, C. M., & Taylor, G. A. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2214574120 · Cited by 35
“The significant declines of Earth’s species due to anthropogenic activities have led to global losses of biodiversity (1), with profound changes to ecosystems and cascading impacts on human livelihoods and global economies (2, 3).”
BackgroundReducing the fatal attraction of nocturnal insects using tailored and shielded road lights
Dietenberger, M., Jechow, A., Kalinkat, G., Schroer, S., Saathoff, B., & Hölker, F. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06304-4 · Cited by 38
“The declines in abundance, species richness and biomass of several insect groups over the last decades represent a dramatic global trend 1 – 3 .”
Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease? Comment
Levi, T., Massey, A. L., Holt, R. D., Keesing, F., Ostfeld, R. S., & Peres, C. A. (2016) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-354.1 · Cited by 36
An allometric approach to quantify the extinction vulnerability of birds and mammals
Hilbers, J. P., Schipper, A. M., Hendriks, A. J., Verones, F., Pereira, H. M., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2016) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/14-2019.1 · Cited by 35
“These results are confirmed by findings of Pimm et al. (1988), McKinney (1997), Purvis et al. (2000), Cardillo et al. (2005), Davidson et al. (2009), Dirzo et al. (2014), and Pe’Er et al. (2014).”
BackgroundResultGiombini, M. I., Bravo, S. P., & Tosto, D. (2016) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12328 · Cited by 40
“Contemporary anthropogenic disturbance in such regions has resulted in the loss of many large frugivores, disrupting numerous dispersal mutualisms (Stoner et al. 2007, Markl et al. 2012, Harrison et al. 2013, Kurten 2013, Dirzo et al. 2014, Ripple et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEffects of wind energy generation and white-nose syndrome on the viability of the Indiana bat
Erickson, R. A., Thogmartin, W. E., Diffendorfer, J. E., Russell, R. E., & Szymanski, J. A. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2830 · Cited by 36
“our findings only examine one anthropogenic stressor affecting the stability of one species, similar trends are emerging world wide where anthropogenic stressors are affecting the stability, biodiversity, and productivity of Earth’s ecosystems (Dirzo et al., 2014; Harley, 2011; Hautier et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBogoni, J. A., Graipel, M. E., Oliveira‐Santos, L. G. R., et al. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.05.012 · Cited by 35
Impact of exotic invasion on the temporal stability of natural annual plant communities
Valone, T. J., & Balaban‐Feld, J. (2017) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.04591 · Cited by 38
The hidden dynamics of low coral cover communities
Edmunds, P. J. (2018) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3609-9 · Cited by 35
“This advantage is undermined when dominant taxa undergo large population declines (Dirzo et al., 2014), and the increasing frequency of such trends (Walther et al., 2002, 2005) requires ecologists to pay closer attention to organisms occurring at low abundances, and which may be becoming regionally…”
Are the adverse effects of stressors on amphibians mediated by their effects on stress hormones?
Gabor, C. R., Knutie, S. A., Roznik, E. A., & Rohr, J. R. (2017) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-017-4020-3 · Cited by 37
Can dragonfly and damselfly communities be used as bioindicators of land use intensification?
Rocha‐Ortega, M., Rodríguez, P., & Córdoba‐Aguilar, A. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105553 · Cited by 35
Hunting practices of the Jahai indigenous community in northern peninsular Malaysia
Loke, V. P. W., Lim, T., & Campos‐Arceiz, A. (2019) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00815 · Cited by 35
Entomotourism: The Allure of the Arthropod
Lemelin, R. H., Boileau, E. Y. S., & Russell, C. L. (2019) · Society and Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-00001830 · Cited by 35
Mammal species composition reveals new insights into Earth's remaining wilderness
Belote, R. T., Faurby, S., Brennan, A., Carter, N., Dietz, M. S., Hahn, B., McShea, W. J., & Gage, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.2192 · Cited by 35
“…Environ doi:10.1002/fee.2192 © The Ecological Society of America Front Ecol Environ 2020; 18(7): 376–383, doi:10.1002/fee.2192 Humans impact ecosystems nearly everywhere on Earth, resulting in loss of wildlands (Venter et al. 2016; Watson et al. 2016) and extinction of species (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialLarge-scale erosion driven by intertidal eelgrass loss in an estuarine environment
Walter, R. K., O’Leary, J. K., Vitousek, S., Taherkhani, M., Geraghty, C., & Kitajima, A. (2020) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106910 · Cited by 35
“Terrestrial and marine environments are under increasing threat from climate change, pollution, and other anthropogenic influences (Halpern et al., 2008; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBalasubramaniam, K. N., Marty, P. R., Samartino, S., Sobrino, A., Gill, T., Ismail, M., Saha, R., Beisner, B. A., Kaburu, S., Bliss‐Moreau, E., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78881-3 · Cited by 33
Fonteyn, D., Vermeulen, C., Deflandre, N., Cornélis, D., Lhoest, S., Houngbégnon, F. G. A., Doucet, J., & Fayolle, A. (2020) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.191 · Cited by 37
“Over the last decades, dramatic declines in wildlife populations have been reported worldwide (Ceballos et al., 2017; Collen et al., 2009; Craigie et al., 2010; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundImplications of global environmental change for the burden of snakebite
Martín, G., Yáñez‐Arenas, C., Rangel-Camacho, R., Murray, K. A., Goldstein, E., Iwamura, T., & Chiappa‐Carrara, X. (2021) · Toxicon X · doi:10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100069 · Cited by 41
Spatiotemporal patterns of global carbon intensities and their driving forces
Zhao, Y., Chen, R., Zang, P., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151690 · Cited by 35
Megafauna extinctions produce idiosyncratic Anthropocene assemblages
Amir, Z., Moore, J. H., Negret, P. J., & Luskin, M. S. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2307 · Cited by 38
Greater evolutionary divergence of thermal limits within marine than terrestrial species
Sasaki, M., Barley, J. M., Gignoux‐Wolfsohn, S., Hays, C. G., Kelly, M. W., Putnam, A. B., Sheth, S. N., Villeneuve, A. R., & Cheng, B. S. (2022) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01534-y · Cited by 43
Clark, M. L., Salas, L. A., Baligar, S., Quinn, C. A., Snyder, R. L., Leland, D., Schackwitz, W., Goetz, S. J., & Newsam, S. D. (2023) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102065 · Cited by 34
“Biodiversity is under profound stress from climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and other interconnected factors that now threaten approximately 25% of species with extinction and others with steep declines in abundance (Díaz et al., 2019; Dirzo et al., 2014; Lecl ` ere et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAquatic biodiversity in forests: a weak link in ecosystem services resilience
Penaluna, B. E., Olson, D. H., Flitcroft, R. L., Weber, M. A., Bellmore, J. R., Wondzell, S. M., Dunham, J. B., Johnson, S. L., & Reeves, G. H. (2016) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1148-0 · Cited by 39
“Global defaunation and deforestation (Dirzo et al. 2014) are occurring with increasing magnitude and these two phenomena are intertwined, because forests are one of the most complex environments on the planet, hosting extremely high numbers and biomass of species (e.g., forests retain *80 % of…”
BackgroundInfluentialMoose at their bioclimatic edge alter their behavior based on weather, landscape, and predators
Ditmer, M. A., Moen, R. A., Windels, S. K., Forester, J. D., Ness, T. E., & Harris, T. R. (2017) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zox047 · Cited by 38
“Climate change is forecast to drive dramatic changes to the distribution (Parmesan 2006; Chen et al. 2011) and abundance of species worldwide (Dirzo et al. 2014; Ripple et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSeagrass ecosystem multifunctionality under the rise of a flagship marine megaherbivore
Christianen, M. J. A., Smulders, F. O. H., Vonk, J. A., Becking, L. E., Bouma, T. J., Engel, S. M., James, R. K., Nava, M. I., de Smit, J. C., van der Zee, J. P., et al. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16464 · Cited by 35
“…marine ecosystems, which in turn impairs ecosystem functions and services, as found across ecosystems and biogeographic zones, including tundra, savanna, and rainforests (Dirzo et al., 2014; Doughty et al., 2016; Estes et al., 2011; Galetti et al., 2015; McCauley et al., 2015; Zimov & Zimov, 2014).”
BackgroundShirk, A. J., Jones, G. M., Yang, Z., Davis, R. J., Ganey, J. L., Gutiérrez, R. J., Healey, S. P., Hedwall, S. J., Hoagland, S., Maes, R., et al. (2022) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-022-01457-1 · Cited by 38
The day after mowing: Time and type of mowing influence grassland arthropods
Berger, J. L., Staab, M., Hartlieb, M., Simons, N. K., Wells, K., Goßner, M. M., Vogt, J., Achury, R., Seibold, S., Hemp, A., et al. (2024) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.3022 · Cited by 35
Partitioning spatial, environmental, and community drivers of ecosystem functioning
Truchy, A., Göthe, E., Angeler, D. G., Ecke, F., Sponseller, R. A., Bundschuh, M., Johnson, R. K., & McKie, B. G. (2019) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-019-00894-9 · Cited by 34
Derot, J., Jamoneau, A., Teichert, N., Tison‐Rosebery, J., Morin, S., & Laplace-Treyture, C. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105659 · Cited by 34
Bertassoni, A., & Ribeiro, M. C. (2019) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-019-1334-y · Cited by 33
“Among terrestrial vertebrates, more than 300 species have become extinct since 1500, and many of the remaining species are experiencing a decline in abundance (Dirzo et al. 2014) and are also losing suitable habitats (De Marco et al. 2018).”
BackgroundAre multiple multimetric indices effective for assessing ecological condition in tropical basins?
Martins, I., Macedo, D. R., Hughes, R. M., & Callisto, M. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105953 · Cited by 33
Gupta, P., Robin, V. V., & Dharmarajan, G. (2020) · Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12041-020-01225-7 · Cited by 36
Dias, D. D. M., Ferreguetti, Á. C., & Rodrigues, F. H. G. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108796 · Cited by 37
Sigsgaard, E. E., Olsen, K., Hansen, M. D. D., Hansen, O. L. P., Høye, T. T., Svenning, J., & Thomsen, P. F. (2020) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15734 · Cited by 32
“However, wild megafauna have undergone extinction (Sandom et al., 2014) or experienced dramatic decline (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ripple et al., 2015) all over the world.”
BackgroundOpposing pressures of climate and land‐use change on a native bee
Kelemen, E. P., & Rehan, S. M. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15468 · Cited by 34
“These environmental changes threaten a species’ chances of survival (Dirzo et al., 2014), and those species that do not respond are likely to go extinct (McCarty, 2001).”
BackgroundTowards quantifying the mass extinction debt of the Anthropocene
Spalding, C., & Hull, P. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2332 · Cited by 38
“While this conclusion is consistent with the globally detrimental effect of the megafaunal extinction event [37,38], it ignores the abnormally short length of the Late Pleistocene as a stage (approx.”
ResultMaldaner, M. E., Sobral‐Souza, T., Prasniewski, V. M., & Vaz‐de‐Mello, F. Z. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11102033 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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