The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
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“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
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Domesticación, diversidad y recursos genéticos y genómicos de México: El caso de las calabazas
Eguiarte, L. E., Hernández‐Rosales, H. S., Barrera‐Redondo, J., et al. (2018) · TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas · doi:10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2018.0.159 · Cited by 24
Landscape predictors of rodent dynamics in fragmented rainforests
Arce‐Peña, N. P., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., San‐José, M., Jiménez-González, D., Franch-Pardo, I., Andresen, E., & Ávila-Cabadilla, L. D. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1682-z · Cited by 25
Tomé, C. P., Smith, E. A. E., Lyons, S. K., Newsome, S. D., & Smith, F. A. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04596 · Cited by 23
Ruuskanen, M. O., Aris‐Brosou, S., & Poulain, A. J. (2019) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0563-0 · Cited by 24
Fedriani, J. M., Ayllón, D., Wiegand, T., & Grimm, V. (2020) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.05047 · Cited by 24
Sobral‐Souza, T., dos Santos, J. P., Maldaner, M. E., Lima‐Ribeiro, M. S., & Ribeiro, M. C. (2021) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2021.03.008 · Cited by 23
Engaging the “Animal Question” in International Relations
Fougner, T. (2020) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viaa082 · Cited by 23
Regenerative Management of Coastal Tourism Destinations for the Anthropocene
Álvarez, S. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231173125 · Cited by 24
“For example, 322 terrestrial vertebrate species have been documented as going extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBastille‐Rousseau, G., Gibbs, J. P., Campbell, K. J., Yackulic, C. B., & Blake, S. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.015 · Cited by 23
Dussex, N., von Seth, J., Knapp, M., Kardailsky, O., Robertson, B. C., & Dalén, L. (2019) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0491 · Cited by 24
Representativeness of threatened terrestrial vertebrates in nature reserves in China
Zhang, S., Gheyret, G., Chi, X., Bai, Y., Zheng, C., & Tang, Z. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108599 · Cited by 23
Insect Pollinators, Major Threats and Mitigation Measures
Pires, C. S. S., & Maués, M. M. (2020) · Neotropical Entomology · doi:10.1007/s13744-020-00805-7 · Cited by 23
Perrin, A., Khimoun, A., Faivre, B., Ollivier, A., de Pracontal, N., Théron, F., Loubon, M., Leblond, G., Duron, O., & Garnier, S. (2020) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/s41437-020-00366-w · Cited by 23
“…to proliferate in fragmented landscapes (Keesing et al. 2009; Young et al. 2015; Galetti et al. 2015), potentially resulting from the absence of predators or competitors, and from an increase in resource availability due to the positive effect of forest edges (Dirzo et al. 2014; Young et al. 2015).”
BackgroundGhisbain, G., Michez, D., Marshall, L., Rasmont, P., & Dellicour, S. (2020) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13155 · Cited by 24
“Among invertebrates, less than 1% of described species have been assessed for threat by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and ~40% of assessed ones are threatened (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the effects of human disturbance on scorpion diversity in Brazilian tropical forests
Lira, A. F. D. A., Foerster, S. Í. A., Salomão, R. P., Porto, T. J., de Albuquerque, C. M. R., & de Moura, G. J. B. (2021) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-020-00292-6 · Cited by 27
Araújo, J. M., Correa, S. B., Penha, J. M. F., Anderson, J. T., & Traveset, A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13891 · Cited by 23
Maciel, E. A., Martins, V. F., de Paula, M. D., Huth, A., Guilherme, F. A. G., Fischer, R., Giles, A. L., Barbosa, R. I., Cavassan, O., & Martins, F. R. (2021) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109628 · Cited by 25
Identifying structural connectivity priorities in eastern Paraguay’s fragmented Atlantic Forest
de la Sancha, N. U., Boyle, S. A., & McIntyre, N. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95516-3 · Cited by 25
Arce‐Peña, N. P., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., Ávila-Cabadilla, L. D., Moreno, C. E., & Andresen, E. (2021) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2476 · Cited by 26
Conservation frontiers: understanding the geographic expansion of conservation
Buchadas, A., Qin, S., Meyfroidt, P., & Kuemmerle, T. (2022) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2021.2018516 · Cited by 25
“These losses occur on all levels of biological organization, from the loss of genetic variation to populations to entire ecosystems, suggesting a human-triggered mass extinction event (Dirzo et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2017; Pimm et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSummer drought affects abundance of grassland grasshoppers differently along an elevation gradient
Fartmann, T., Brüggeshemke, J., Poniatowski, D., & Löffler, F. (2022) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13168 · Cited by 22
“Accordingly, biodiversity is in sharp decline and scientists suspect that we are heading for a sixth mass extinction (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSnapshot of the Atlantic Forest canopy: surveying arboreal mammals in a biodiversity hotspot
Kaizer, M. D. C., Alvim, T. H. G., Novaes, C. L., et al. (2022) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605321001563 · Cited by 23
How does invasion degree shape alpha and beta diversity of freshwater fish at a regional scale?
Gavioli, A., Milardi, M., Soininen, J., et al. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9493 · Cited by 23
“However, different anthropogenic pressures can also affect diversity patterns, usually leading to biodiversity loss either in terms of decreasing richness or increasing community similarity (Butchart et al., 2010; Ceballos et al., 2015; Dirzo et al., 2014; Gavioli et al., 2019).”
BackgroundChen, J., Wang, M., Li, Y., Chesters, D., Luo, A., Zhang, W., Guo, P.-F., Guo, S., Zhou, Q., Ma, K., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.1658 · Cited by 26
Thomassen, E. S., Sigsgaard, E. E., Jensen, M. R., et al. (2023) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16847 · Cited by 23
“The extinction and extirpation of wild megafauna since the Late Pleistocene has resulted in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide being deprived of functions such as natural herbivory and physical disturbances (Dirzo et al., 2014; Sandom et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMonitoring and modelling the effects of ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning
Losapio, G., Genes, L., Knight, C. J., McFadden, T. N., & Pavan, L. I. (2023) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14315 · Cited by 23
An Overview of Environmental Resources in Africa: Emerging Issues and Sustainable Exploitation
Iyiola, A. O., Akinsorotan, O. A., Ojeleye, A. E., & Fajinmolu, A. O. (2023) · Sustainable development and biodiversity · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_20 · Cited by 26
Sharp declines in observation and capture rates of Amazon birds in absence of human disturbance
Blake, J. G., & Loiselle, B. A. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02902 · Cited by 25
Low effectiveness of the Natura 2000 network in preventing land-use change in bat hotspots
Lisón, F., & Sánchez‐Fernández, D. (2017) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1342-8 · Cited by 22
“2015), among which the change in land use is especially relevant because the modification of natural landscapes leads to direct habitat loss, fragmentation and the alteration of ecosystem functioning (Fischer and Lindenmayer 2007; Turner et al. 2007; Buchmann et al. 2013; Dirzo et al. 2014; Hovick et al. 2014; Jantz e…”
BackgroundPeriago, M. E., Tamburini, D. M., Ojeda, R. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.07.017 · Cited by 23
Harms, D., & Dupérré, N. (2018) · Zootaxa · doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4375.1.1 · Cited by 23
A zoo‐led study of the great ape bushmeat commodity chain in Cameroon
Tagg, N., Maddison, N., Dupain, J., Mcgilchrist, L., Mouamfon, M., McCabe, G. M., Badjeck, M. M. N., Tchouankep, M., Mbohli, D., Epanda, M. A., et al. (2018) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/izy.12175 · Cited by 23
“…play an important function in ecosystems (e.g. seed dispersers) are eliminated through overhunting, this leads to cascading alterations of ecosystems and the loss of ecological interactions which, in turn, impact upon other ecosystem and social services (Dirzo et al., 2014; Petrozzi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCosta, T., & Barri, F. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194727 · Cited by 23
Palmeirim, A. F., Benchimol, M., Morante‐Filho, J. C., Vieira, M. V., & Peres, C. A. (2018) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12749 · Cited by 22
Chen, Q., Yuan, H., & Chen, P. (2018) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.12.001 · Cited by 24
Alternative reproductive adaptations predict asymmetric responses to climate change in lizards
Jara, M., García‐Roa, R., Escobar, L. E., Torres‐Carvajal, O., & Pincheira‐Donoso, D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41670-8 · Cited by 23
Understanding students' conceptions of plant reproduction to better teach plant biology in schools
Lampert, P., Scheuch, M., Pany, P., Müllner, B., & Kiehn, M. (2019) · Plants People Planet · doi:10.1002/ppp3.52 · Cited by 25
Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates in the Anthropocene
Kiffner, C., & Lee, D. (2019) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_6 · Cited by 24
The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior toHomo sapiens
Faith, J. T., Rowan, J., Du, A., & Barr, W. A. (2020) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2020.51 · Cited by 23
“…crisis that may be comparable to previous mass extinction events (Barnosky et al., 2011), anthropogenic impacts on the diversity, distribution, and biomass of megafauna have fundamentally changed ecosystem function on a global scale (Dirzo et al., 2014; Estes et al., 2011; Ripple et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPoor availability of context-specific evidence hampers decision-making in conservationPreprint
Christie, A. P., Amano, T., Martin, P. A., Petrovan, S. O., Shackelford, G. E., Simmons, B. I., Smith, R. K., Williams, D., Wordley, C. F. R., & Sutherland, W. J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.946954 · Cited by 22
“Tackling the biodiversity crisis with limited resources requires efficient and effective conservation action (Dirzo et al., 2014; Sutherland, Pullin, Dolman, & Knight, 2004).”
BackgroundPublic preference for the rewilding framework: A choice experiment in the Oder Delta
Dunn‐Capper, R., Giergiczny, M., Fernández, N., Marder, F., & Pereira, H. M. (2024) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10582 · Cited by 25
Drivers and spatial patterns of avian defaunation in tropical forests
Ferreiro‐Arias, I., Santini, L., Sagar, H. S. S. C., Richard‐Hansen, C., Guilbert, É., Forget, P., van Kuijk, M., Scabin, A. B., Peres, C. A., Revilla, E., et al. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13855 · Cited by 22
“‘Empty’ forests are mostly the consequence of unsustainable harvest rates of vertebrate species (Corlett, 2007 ; Peres, 1990; Redford, 1992), which ultimately result in depleted or extirpated populations, a phenomenon coined as defaunation (Dirzo et al., 2014 ).”
Williamson, S. A., Evans, R. G., Robinson, N. J., et al. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.009 · Cited by 22
Ghosts and Things: Agriculture and Animal Life
Weis, T. (2018) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00457 · Cited by 25
“Still, as with extinctions and endangerment, the broad course of defaunation is clear enough, as mounting evidence points to precipitous population declines occurring across a wide range of nondomesticated animals (Dirzo et al. 2014; Ripple et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialCornelisse, T. M., & Sagasta, J. (2018) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2018.1455450 · Cited by 27
Ecology of a widespread large omnivore, Homo sapiens, and its impacts on ecosystem processes
Root‐Bernstein, M., & Ladle, R. J. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5049 · Cited by 24
“This defaunation contributes to degradation by altering the spa‐ tiotemporal patterns of many ecological processes (Bruun & Fritzbøger, 2002; Dirzo et al., 2014; Root‐Bernstein et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe unrealised potential of school grounds in Britain to monitor and improve biodiversity
Harvey, D., Gange, A. C., & Harvey, H. (2020) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2019.1693330 · Cited by 24
Tshabalala, T., McManus, J. S., Treves, A., Masocha, V., Faulconbridge, S., Schurch, M. P. E., Goets, S., & Smuts, B. (2020) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107201 · Cited by 21
Ritter, C. D., Forster, D., Azevedo, J. A. R., Antonelli, A., Nilsson, R. H., Trujillo, M. E., & Dunthorn, M. (2021) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-021-01719-6 · Cited by 26
“It harbors 10% of the world’s known biodiversity [28] and potentially a quarter of the world’s terrestrial species [29].”
BackgroundAssembly, ecosystem functions, and stability in species interaction networks
Hai-Dong, L. I., Wu, X., & Xiao, Z. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0159 · Cited by 22
Trophic rewilding benefits a tropical community through direct and indirect network effects
Mittelman, P., Landim, A. R., Genes, L., Assis, A. P. A., Starling‐Manne, C., Leonardo, P. V., Fernandez, F. A. S., Guimarães, P. R., & Pires, A. S. (2021) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.05838 · Cited by 21
Impacts of herbivory by ecological replacements on an island ecosystem
Moorhouse‐Gann, R. J., Vaughan, I. P., Cole, N. C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14096 · Cited by 22
“The loss of keystone species, including seed dispersers, grazers and apex predators, is of particular concern as they have cascading effects on ecosystems, disrupting processes, such as seed dispersal and pollination (Dirzo et al., 2014; Estes et al., 2011; Kaiser-Bunbury et al., 2010).”
Nowak, L., Schleuning, M., Bender, I. M. A., et al. (2022) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13456 · Cited by 22
Large-herbivore nemabiomes: patterns of parasite diversity and sharing
Titcomb, G., Pansu, J., Hutchinson, M. C., Tombak, K. J., Hansen, C., Baker, C. C. M., Kartzinel, T. R., Young, H. S., & Pringle, R. M. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2702 · Cited by 23
“B 2890212702 2 human-induced global changes in host species distributions [8,9] and biodiversity [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThreats and consequences of untreated wastewater on freshwater environments
Jan, I., Ahmad, T., Wani, M. S., et al. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91893-0.00009-2 · Cited by 22
Penjor, U., Cushman, S. A., Kaszta, Z. M., Sherub, S., & Macdonald, D. W. (2022) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13613 · Cited by 22
“…trait and phylogeny data (Jetz et al., 2012; Upham et al., 2019; Wilman et al., 2014), are good indicators of wider biodiversity response to environmental change (Dirzo et al., 2014; Edwards et al., 2014) and play critical roles in ecosystem functioning (Bogoni et al., 2020; Sekercioglu, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialFürst, J., Bollmann, K., Goßner, M. M., Duelli, P., & Obrist, M. К. (2022) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-022-00445-9 · Cited by 22
“Studies have previously drawn attention to declining trends in abundance and diversity in Europe and North America (Dirzo et al.”
ResultVulnerability and coping strategies within wild meat trade networks during the COVID-19 pandemic
Enns, C., van Vliet, N., Mbane, J., Muhindo, J., Nyumu, J. K., Bersaglio, B., Massé, F., Cerutti, P., & Nasi, R. (2023) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106310 · Cited by 23
“Additionally, wild meat trade becomes unsus-tainable when it reduces wildlife populations (Willis et al. 2022) or contributes to increased extinction risk and breakdown in ecological processes (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Cui, Y., Carmona, C. P., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14205 · Cited by 26
The Restructuring of Ecological Networks by the Pleistocene Extinction
Pires, M. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040722-104845 · Cited by 26
Non-native megaherbivores: the case for novel function to manage plant invasions on islands
Hansen, D. M. (2015) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv085 · Cited by 22
“In an age of globally ongoing defaunation (Dirzo et al. 2014), individuals, organizations and nations that are custodians of breeding populations of large and giant tortoises should thus consider sharing this essentially universal natural heritage with nations or organizations planning restoration…”
Dussex, N., Robertson, B. C., Salis, A. T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esw056 · Cited by 22
“Consequently, rapid population declines associated with human activities, such as overhunting or habitat modification, often lead to species extinctions (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundLugon, A. P., Boutefeu, M., Bovy, E., Vaz‐de‐Mello, F. Z., Huynen, M., Galetti, M., & Culot, L. (2017) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12418 · Cited by 22
Self-citationElmberg, J., Arzel, C., Gunnarsson, G., Holopainen, S., Nummi, P., Pöysä, H., & Sjöberg, K. (2019) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.13411 · Cited by 22
Martínez‐López, V., García, C., Zapata, V., et al. (2020) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15413 · Cited by 22
“…2016), consequently impacting the demographic trends, genetic connectivity, and the overall distribution range of animal-dispersed plants (Dirzo et al., 2014; Martínez-López, De la Rúa, Zapata, & Robledano, 2017; Parejo-Farnés, Robledo-Arnuncio, Albaladejo, Rubio-Pérez, & Aparicio, 2017).”
BackgroundKaplan, G. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12010031 · Cited by 25
“Some 30% of all psittacines are now on the endangered list [4,5].”
BackgroundAlho, C. (2017) · International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences · doi:10.17352/2455-8400.000024 · Cited by 22
de Koning, S., Boezeman, D., Kaufmann, M., et al. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109858 · Cited by 21
Chung, A. J. (2023) · Journal of the American Musicological Society · doi:10.1525/jams.2023.76.1.57 · Cited by 21
Tradeoffs between resources and risks shape the responses of a large carnivore to human disturbance
Mills, K. L., Belant, J. L., Beukes, M., Dröge, E., Everatt, K. T., Fyumagwa, R., Green, D. S., Hayward, M. W., Holekamp, K. E., Radloff, F. G. T., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05321-z · Cited by 27
Integrating ecological feedbacks across scales and levels of organization
Pichon, B., Kéfi, S., Loeuille, N., Lajaaiti, I., & Gounand, I. (2024) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.07167 · Cited by 22
A new platform to support research at the interface of remote sensing, ecology and conservation
Pettorelli, N., Nagendra, H., Williams, R., et al. (2014) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.1 · Cited by 21
“1 Assessing and predicting responses of biological diversity to global environmental change and the effects of such responses on human well-being are high-priority targets for the scientific, management and policy communities (Pereira et al. 2013; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMorales-Díaz, S. P., Álvarez-Añorve, M. Y., Zamora-Espinoza, M. E., et al. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.037 · Cited by 21
Self-citationPlant diversity conservation in highly deforested landscapes of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Mangueira, J. R. D. S. A., Vieira, L. T. A., Azevedo, T. N., Sabino, A. P. S., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B., Ferraz, S. F. D. B., Rother, D. C., & Rodrigues, R. R. (2021) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2020.12.003 · Cited by 23
Liebsch, D., Velazco, S. J. E., Mikich, S. B., et al. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118961 · Cited by 21
Algal turf negatively affects recruitment of a Caribbean octocoral
Wells, C. D., Martínez-Quintana, Á., Tonra, K. J., et al. (2021) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s00338-021-02103-z · Cited by 21
Bettering the devil you know: Can we drive predator adaptation to restore native fauna?
Manning, A. D., Andrewartha, T. A., Blencowe, A., Brewer, K., Gordon, I. J., & Evans, M. J. (2021) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.447 · Cited by 21
“The pervasive drivers of the current crisis, the “Anthropocene defaunation” (Dirzo et al., 2014), are direct harvest and overexploitation, habitat loss and modification, invasive species (including diseases), pollution and anthropogenic climate disruption (Young, McCauley, Galetti, & Dirzo, 2016).”
BackgroundTemporal consistency in interactions among birds, ants, and plants in a neotropical savanna
Campagnoli, M. L., & Christianini, A. V. (2021) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08231 · Cited by 22
Flying wildlife may mask the loss of ecological functions due to terrestrial habitat fragmentation
Zuluaga, S., Speziale, K. L., & Lambertucci, S. A. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150034 · Cited by 21
Beyond words: From jaguar population trends to conservation and public policy in Mexico
Ceballos, G., Zarza, H., González-Maya, J. F., de la Torre, J. A., Arias‐Alzate, A., Alcerreca, C., Bárcenas, H. V., Carreón-Arroyo, G., Chávez, C., Cruz, C., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255555 · Cited by 25
Self-citationA big-data analysis of human-nature relations in newspaper coverage
Jaung, W., & Carrasco, L. R. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.11.017 · Cited by 21
Wilke, A. B. B., Vasquez, C., Carvajal, A., Moreno, M., Petrie, W. D., & Beier, J. C. (2022) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05172-3 · Cited by 22
Costa, C. P., Leza, M., Duennes, M. A., Fisher, K., Vollaro, A., Hur, M., Kirkwood, J. S., & Woodard, S. H. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155216 · Cited by 21
Wildlife Exploitation of Anthropogenic Change: Interactions and Consequences
Willmott, N. J., Wong, B. B. M., Lowe, E. C., McNamara, K. B., & Jones, T. M. (2022) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/718748 · Cited by 22
Ecosystems Services Provided by Bats Are at Risk in Brazil
Brasileiro, L. A. M., Machado, R. B., & Aguiar, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.852177 · Cited by 25
“This general pattern of downsizing and its functional consequences have been documented for other taxonomical groups (Dirzo et al., 2014; Galetti et al., 2015; Donoso et al., 2020).”
BackgroundYang, X., Gu, H., Zhao, Q., Zhu, Y., Teng, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1068795 · Cited by 20
“Previous studies suggest that more pests or diseases often outbreak in monoculture forests or human-disturbed forests (Patz et al., 2004; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundScarponi, D., Rojas, A., Nawrot, R., Cheli, A., & Kowalewski, M. (2022) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp529-2022-249 · Cited by 22
López‐García, A., & Aguirre, J. I. (2023) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duad009 · Cited by 21
“Habitat fragmentation, overexploitation of natural resources, land-use change, and increasing human global pollution are behind dramatic population declines and shrinking distributions of many species (Dirzo et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Rao, T. S. S., Luo, G., Price, M., Yuxin, L., & Ran, J. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16805 · Cited by 22
“Since the Anthropocene, global species have suffered drastic habitat loss and distribution range reduction as the intensity of human activities continues to escalate (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIndicators to monitor the status of the tree of life
Gumbs, R., Chaudhary, A., Daru, B. H., Faith, D. P., Forest, F., Gray, C. L., Kowalska, A., Lee, W., Pellens, R., Pipins, S., et al. (2023) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14138 · Cited by 31
“…of options is particularly important in the context of a changing environment (IPBES, 2019; Molina-Venegas et al., 2021; Pollock et al., 2017; Robuchon et al., 2021; Veron et al., 2019) and the challenges biodiversity faces due to anthropogenic pressure (Dirzo et al., 2014; O’Bryan et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPlanillo, A., Wenzler‐Meya, M., Reinhardt, I., Kluth, G., Michler, F., Stier, N., Louvrier, J. L. P., Steyer, K., Gillich, B., Rieger, S., et al. (2023) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13789 · Cited by 25
“There is an increasing need to restore wildlife populations and ecosystems in the 21st century (United Nations, https:// www . decad eonre stora tion. org), given the ongoing defaunation in the Anthropocene (Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Schmitz et al., 2023 ; Young et al., 2016 ).”
BackgroundFreshwater megafauna shape ecosystems and facilitate restoration
He, F., Svenning, J., Chen, X., Tockner, K., Kuemmerle, T., le Roux, E., Moleón, M., Geßner, J., & Jähnig, S. C. (2024) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13062 · Cited by 25
Is Brazil now in control of deforestation in the Amazon?
Tourneau, F. L. (2016) · Cybergeo · doi:10.4000/cybergeo.27484 · Cited by 25
“This too may disturb the forest ecosystem and make it less efficient (Dirzo et al. , 2014).”
BackgroundFunctional nonredundancy of elephants in a disturbed tropical forest
Sekar, N., Lee, C.-L., & Sukumar, R. (2017) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12907 · Cited by 17
“Although the existential threat of extinction elicits and requires special attention, extirpation of functionally essential species can threaten the integrity of ecological processes locally (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMartínez‐Tillería, K., Núñez‐Ávila, M. C., León, C. A., Pliscoff, P., Squeo, F. A., & Armestó, J. J. (2017) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1393-x · Cited by 25
“2011; Corlett 2015), causing major disruptions of the distribution of species and ecosystems (Traill et al. 2010; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundFishing‐down within populations harms seed dispersal mutualism
Costa‐Pereira, R., Correa, S. B., & Galetti, M. (2017) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12516 · Cited by 19
“DEFAUNATION, THE LOCAL OR GLOBAL EXTINCTION OF ANIMAL SPECIES (sensu Dirzo et al. 2014), POSES A MAJOR THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY (Young et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationValue of species and the evolution of conservation ethics
Hare, D., Blossey, B., & Reeve, H. K. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181038 · Cited by 23
“Contemporary global conditions, many of which are associated with anthropogenic climate change [2,70], are evolutionarily novel and could have loosened feedbacks between individual behaviours and ecological consequences (for example, melting polar icecaps due to land use change and increased consumption in lower-latit…”
BackgroundField demonstration of a wing-beat modulation lidar for the 3D mapping of flying insects
Tauc, M. J., Fristrup, K. M., Repasky, K. S., et al. (2019) · OSA Continuum · doi:10.1364/osac.2.000332 · Cited by 21
Mondanaro, A., Febbraro, M. D., Melchionna, M., Carotenuto, F., Castiglione, S., Serio, C., Danisi, S., Rook, L., Diniz‐Filho, J. A. F., & Raia, P. (2019) · Boreas · doi:10.1111/bor.12380 · Cited by 22
“The ever-increasing hunting ability of Palaeolithic hunters, and the extraordinary intensity (in terms of both magnitude and rapidity) of climatic changes are amongst the causes commonly recognized as drivers of this extinction crisis (Dirzo et al. 2014; Ceballos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLencinas, M. V., Sola, F. J., Cellini, J. M., Peri, P. L., & Pastur, G. J. M. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.517 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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