The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Large mammalian herbivores modulate plant growth form diversity in a tropical rainforest
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“These animals sustain functions that cannot be replaced by other faunal groups and are the most susceptible to any unsustainable human activity, with knock- on consequences on ecosystem dynamics and functioning (Dirzo et al., 2014; Gardner et al., 2019; Püttker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCourbin, N., Garel, M., Marchand, P., Duparc, A., Debeffe, L., Börger, L., & Loison, A. (2022) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2640 · Cited by 34
Fremout, T., Vinatea, J. C.-D., Thomas, E., Huaman-Zambrano, W., Villegas, M. H. S., de la Fuente, D. L., Bernardino, P. N., Atkinson, R., Csaplovics, E., & Muys, B. (2022) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113040 · Cited by 35
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Predators of monarch butterfly eggs and neonate larvae are more diverse than previously recognised
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Hallman, T. A., & Brooks, M. L. (2015) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.005 · Cited by 34
“Wild terrestrial and aquatic populations are declining worldwide (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSustainable development as deus ex machina
Campagna, C., Guevara, D., & Bœuf, B. J. L. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.016 · Cited by 35
“…environmental, governmental andmultilateral agencies (e.g., the United Nations Environment Program, the European Environment Agency), international conservation organizations of the civil society (Campagna and Fernández, 2007), and even the science of conservation (e.g., Ehrlich et al., 2012).”
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Forister, M. L., Black, S., Elphick, C. S., Grames, E. M., Halsch, C. A., Schultz, C. B., & Wagner, D. L. (2023) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12951 · Cited by 32
“Although unquantified, insect losses almost certainly parallel thewell-documented global declines of mammals, birds, and amphibians (Dirzo et al., 2014), and we can be certain that the losses are sufficiently great that there should be no hesitation with respect to the need and urgency to take…”
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Huang, S., Edie, S. M., Collins, K. S., Crouch, N. M. A., Roy, K., & Jablonski, D. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40053-y · Cited by 40
“Biodiversity management increasingly takes into account the direct impact of human activity 35,36,39,65,97,98 — a strong componentofextinctionrisk — andapplyingatrait-basedframeworkto marine bivalves highlights geographic and phylogenetic areas to concentrate future, more detailed studies of human…”
Global response of soil biodiversity to climate and land use changes
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Questioning the sixth mass extinction
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Phthalate pollution in an Amazonian rainforest
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Species traits and interaction rules shape a species‐rich seed‐dispersal interaction network
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Rapacciuolo, G., Marin, J., Costa, G. C., Helmus, M. R., Behm, J. E., Brooks, T. M., Hedges, S. B., Radeloff, V. C., Young, B. E., & Graham, C. H. (2017) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12612 · Cited by 33
Herbivores increase the global availability of nutrients over millions of years
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Stable baselines of temporal turnover underlie high beta diversity in tropical arthropod communities
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Transport pathways shape the biogeography of alien freshwater fishes in Australia
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“Modern biogeographical patterns are being increasingly shaped by human activities (Dirzo et al., 2014; Lewis & Maslin, 2015; Lockwood & McKinney, 2001).”
BackgroundInsect Conservation for the Twenty-First Century
Samways, M. J. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.73864 · Cited by 43
Characteristics of Positive Deviants in Western Chimpanzee Populations
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“Human disturbance resulted in an average population decline of 25% for terrestrial vertebrates and of 45% for the majority of invertebrates, with the main drivers being habitat destruction, overexploitation, and invasive species (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBenslimane, N., Chakri, K., Haiahem, D., Guelmami, A., Samraoui, F., & Samraoui, B. (2019) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-019-00133-1 · Cited by 34
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“Several studies have reported that forest fragmentation can cause a rapid extinction of animal species (Hagen et al., 2012), especially large- bodied animals (Dirzo et al., 2014; Heinen, van Loon, Hansen, & Kissling, 2018).”
BackgroundPedersen, P. B. M., Ejrnæs, R., Sandel, B., & Svenning, J. (2019) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01192-z · Cited by 34
Oberhauser, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2019.00021 · Cited by 38
“Anthropogenic climate change and biodiversity loss are unprecedented challenges for humanity (Dirzo et al., 2014; IPCC, 2018).”
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Dobbins, M. T., Sollmann, R., Menke, S., Zambrano, A. M. A., & Broadbent, E. N. (2020) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13750 · Cited by 34
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“Elucidating the processes regulating primary productivity is central to understanding how natural systems are structured, as well as how to conserve biodiversity and ecological function in the face of anthropogenic change (Stevens et al. 2004, Dirzo et al. 2014, Ripple et al. 2015).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Animal Bipedal Posture on Perceived Cuteness, Fear, and Willingness to Protect Them
Prokop, P., Zvaríková, M., Zvarík, M., Pazda, A. D., & Fedor, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.681241 · Cited by 32
Kozel, P., Šebek, P., Plátek, M., Beneš, J., Zapletal, M., Dvorský, M., Lanta, V., Doležal, J., Bače, R., Zbuzek, B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14019 · Cited by 34
Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna
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Ranking species based on sensitivity to perturbations under non‐equilibrium community dynamics
Medeiros, L. P., Allesina, S., Dakos, V., Sugihara, G., & Saavedra, S. (2022) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14131 · Cited by 35
“That is, whilst some species obviously require constant monitoring due to a high extinction risk (Dirzo et al., 2014; Estes et al., 2011), other species may require more attention during periods of time when they have a high sensitivity, irrespective of their abundance.”
Widespread habitat for Europe's largest herbivores, but poor connectivity limits recolonization
Bluhm, H., Diserens, T. A., Engleder, T., Heising, K., Heurich, M., Janík, T., Jirkú, M., Klich, D., König, H. J., Kowalczyk, R., et al. (2023) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13671 · Cited by 39
“Anthropogenic impacts are driving an ongoing wave of defaunation, encompassing local and global extinctions and proliferating declines in abundance (Dirzo et al., 2014; Young et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBlind spots in global soil biodiversity and ecosystem function researchPreprint
Guerra, C. A., Heintz‐Buschart, A., Sikorski, J., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/774356 · Cited by 33
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Social feasibility assessments in conservation translocations
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The need for a (non-destructive) method revolution in entomology
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“Although the ongoing mass extinction is mostly associated with the dramatic decline in vertebrate populations (Grooten and Almond, 2018), arthropods are affected as much, if not more, as vertebrates (Dirzo et al., 2014; S ´ anchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, 2019).”
BackgroundHerbivory and nutrients shape grassland soil seed banks
Eskelinen, A., Jessen, M., Bahamonde, H. A., Bakker, J. D., Borer, E. T., Caldeira, M. C., Harpole, W. S., Jia, M., Lannes, L. S., Nogueira, C., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39677-x · Cited by 34
Biodiversity promotes urban ecosystem functioning
Weiskopf, S. R., Lerman, S. B., Isbell, F., & Morelli, T. L. (2024) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.07366 · Cited by 41
Heterogeneous patterns of abundance of epigeic arthropod taxa along a major elevation gradient
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The Importance of Hunting in Human Societies
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Food and livelihoods in park-adjacent communities: The case of the Odzala Kokoua National Park
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Stability of grassland production is robust to changes in the consumer food web.
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Integrating zooarchaeology in the conservation of coastal-marine ecosystems in Brazil
Fossile, T., Ferreira, J., Bandeira, D. D. R., et al. (2019) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.04.022 · Cited by 32
Regional scientific research benefits threatened-species conservation
Hu, Y., Luo, Z., Chapman, C. A., Pimm, S. L., Turvey, S. T., Lawes, M. J., Peres, C. A., Lee, T. M., & Fan, P. (2018) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz090 · Cited by 32
Hantavirus host assemblages and human disease in the Atlantic Forest
Muylaert, R. L., Bovendorp, R. S., Sabino‐Santos, G., Prist, P. R., Melo, G. L., Priante, C. F., Wilkinson, D. A., Ribeiro, M. C., & Hayman, D. T. S. (2019) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007655 · Cited by 33
“We test four main hypotheses for explaining hantavirus host proportions: 1) there is a positive correlation with the amount of agricultural matrix; 2) there is a positive relationship with the total habitat diversity of the landscape; 3) that the absence of predators and large competitors (defaunation intensity [28])…”
MethodWildlife population trends as indicators of protected area effectiveness in northern Tanzania
Kiffner, C., Binzen, G. L., Cunningham, L., Jones, M., Spruiell, F., & Kioko, J. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105903 · Cited by 34
Monitoring tropical insects in the 21st century
Lamarre, G. P. A., Fayle, T. M., Segar, S. T., Laird‐Hopkins, B. C., Nakamura, A., Souto‐Vilarós, D., Watanabe, S., & Basset, Y. (2020) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.01.004 · Cited by 37
“These declines mostly concern insect communities in temperate countries (Sa´nchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, 2019), insect biomass in Europe and Puerto Rico (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017; Lister and Garcia, 2018; Seibold et al., 2019), butterflies and moths in the United Kingdom (Long et al.,…”
SULLIVAN, G. T., & Ozman, S. K. (2020) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.12932 · Cited by 37
Konvička, M., Ričl, D., Vodičková, V., Beneš, J., & Jirkú, M. (2021) · BMC Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12862-021-01804-x · Cited by 32
“…2015; Svenning et al. 2016; Cromsigt et al. 2018; Garrido et al. 2019) strive to reverse the transformation of ecosystems that started in the late Pleistocene and culminated with recent land use intensi cation (Dirzo et al. 2014; Jirku and Dostal 2015; Henning et al. 2017; Pedersen et al. 2019).”
BackgroundDeforestation leads to prey shrinkage for an apex predator in a biodiversity hotspot
Magioli, M., & Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B. (2021) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-021-00556-9 · Cited by 32
Dharmarajan, G., Gupta, P., Vishnudas, C. K., & Robin, V. V. (2021) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13818 · Cited by 35
After the mammoths: The ecological legacy of late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
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“Given the precarious state of large-bodied mammals today (Cardillo et al., 2005; Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2015, 2017; Ripple et al., 2014, 2019), it may well be that more than any other extinction in the history of life on ourplanet, the late Pleistocene megafauna extinction can inform…”
Bioacoustics for species management: two case studies with a Hawaiian forest bird
Sebastián‐González, E., Pang‐Ching, J., Barbosa, J. M., & Hart, P. J. (2015) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1743 · Cited by 33
“Populations of many animal species have been and continue to be largely reduced as a consequence of human impact (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAnthropogenics: Human Influence on Global and Genetic Homogenization of Parasite Populations
Zarlenga, D. S., Hoberg, E. P., Rosenthal, B. M., Mattiucci, S., & Nascetti, G. (2014) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1645/14-622.1 · Cited by 32
Martins, K., Kimura, R. K., Francisconi, A. F., Gezan, S. A., Kainer, K. A., & Christianini, A. V. (2015) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-015-0800-7 · Cited by 33
“Forest disturbances such as habitat loss, fragmentation and hunting have pervasive effects on seed predators and dispersers (Dirzo et al. 2014; Peres and Palacios 2007) which can trigger a decrease in the amount of seeds dispersed and the distances achieved by those seeds, influencing plant regeneration (Cordeiro and…”
BackgroundMuench, C., & Martı́nez-Ramos, M. (2016) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291600900110 · Cited by 32
Biodiversity Conservation Requires Management of Feral Domestic Animals
Bonacic, C., Almuna, R., & Ibarra, J. T. (2019) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.002 · Cited by 32
“FDAs in the Anthropocene The loss of biological diversity is one of the severe global environmental problems of our age – the Anthropocene – during which human activities have become a force of global geophysical change [1].”
Backgroundda Amazônia, I. N. D. P., Costa, F. R. C., Zuanon, J. A. S., et al. (2020) · Oecologia Australis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2020.2402.07 · Cited by 32
Seed dispersal by Neotropical bats in human-disturbed landscapes
Regolin, A. L., Muylaert, R. L., Crestani, A. C., et al. (2020) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr19138 · Cited by 32
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE BETWEEN ECOCENTRISM AND SENTIENTISM CONCERNING NET VALUE
Mikkelson, G. M. (2018) · Les ateliers de l éthique · doi:10.7202/1055120ar · Cited by 31
“…relationship between the intrinsic value of a species and its population size, supports the conclusion that “defaunation [as well as defloration] in the Anthropocene” (cf. Dirzo et al., 2014) has subtracted vastly more value than economic growth has added (Mikkelson and Chapman, 2014).”
BackgroundSpecies richness response to human pressure hides important assemblage transformations
Cazalis, V. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2107361119 · Cited by 37
Niz, W. C., Laurino, I. R. A., de Freitas, D. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118855 · Cited by 31
Camtrap DP: an open standard for the FAIR exchange and archiving of camera trap data
Bubnicki, J. W., Norton, B., Baskauf, S., Bruce, T., Cagnacci, F., Casaer, J., Churski, M., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., Farra, S. D., Fiderer, C., et al. (2023) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.374 · Cited by 50
“As a consequence, a great loss of food web links has been recorded (Fricke et al., 2022), putting important ecological interactions and functions at risk (Dirzo et al., 2014; IPBES, 2018).”
BackgroundElephant conservation in India: Striking a balance between coexistence and conflicts
Pandey, R. K., Yadav, S. P., Selvan, K. M., Natarajan, L., & Nigam, P. (2024) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.38 · Cited by 35
“Human ‐ driven species extinctions are a hallmark of the Anthropocene epoch we live in (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDrivers and solutions to Southeast Asia’s biodiversity crisis
Struebig, M. J., Lee, J. S. H., Deere, N. J., Gevaña, D. T., Ingram, D. J., Lwin, N., Nguyen, T. H. T., Santika, T., Seaman, D. J. I., Supriatna, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Biodiversity · doi:10.1038/s44358-025-00064-7 · Cited by 32
“These extinctions and declines pose a growing threat to biodiversity and carbon-rich tropical forests globally 242,243 and can result in ‘empty forest syndrome’ 244 .”
Giombini, M. I., Bravo, S. P., Sica, Y. V., & Tosto, D. (2017) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2016.130 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, human-induced changes in animal abundance, composition and movement patterns may alter pollen- and seed-dispersal mutualisms (Dirzo et al., 2014; Neuschulz et al., 2016) that are critical to maintaining plant gene flow and genetic diversity (Sork and Smouse, 2006).”
BackgroundFire disturbance disrupts an acacia ant–plant mutualism in favor of a subordinate ant species
Sensenig, R. L., Kimuyu, D. M., Ruiz‐Guajardo, J. C., Veblen, K. E., Riginos, C., & Young, T. P. (2017) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.1797 · Cited by 31
“It also suggests that, if these ecosystems lose their large mammalian herbivores (Dirzo et al. 2014), fire will tend to have an increasing role in structuring the ant communities.”
World heritage, wilderness and large landscapes and seascapes
Badman, T., Bertzky, B., Jaeger, T., Kormos, C., Larsen, P. B., van Merm, R., Osipova, E., & Shi, Y. (2017) · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2017.06.en · Cited by 32
Anderson, B. S., Voorhees, J. P., Phillips, B. M., et al. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4243 · Cited by 31
Rocha‐Ortega, M., Rodríguez, P., & Córdoba‐Aguilar, A. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1671-2 · Cited by 31
Exposure to historical burn rates shapes the response of boreal caribou to timber harvesting
Lafontaine, A., Drapeau, P., Fortin, D., Gauthier, S., Boulanger, Y., & St‐Laurent, M. (2019) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2739 · Cited by 31
Benchmarking nesting aids for cavity-nesting bees and wasps
von Königslöw, V., Klein, A., Staab, M., & Pufal, G. (2019) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-019-01853-1 · Cited by 31
Dornelas, M., Madin, E. M. P., Bunce, M., DiBattista, J. D., Johnson, M. P., Madin, J. S., Magurran, A. E., McGill, B. J., Pettorelli, N., Pizarro, O. R., et al. (2019) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13025 · Cited by 29
“On one hand, there are reports of unfolding “defaunation” (Dirzo et al. , 2014), losses of 70% of wildlife (LPI, 2016), “biological annihilation” (Ceballos et al. , 2017) , and an “insect armageddon” (Hallmann et al. , 2017; Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019) .”
D’Agostino, D., Jiménez, C., Reader, T., Hadjioannou, L., Heyworth, S. M., Aplikioti, M., Argyrou, M., & Feary, D. (2020) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps13256 · Cited by 31
Dopheide, A., Makiola, A., Orwin, K. H., Holdaway, R. J., Wood, J. R., & Dickie, I. A. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.52787 · Cited by 31
“Introduction Land-use changes through deforestation, agricultural development, and urbanisation have caused worldwide impacts on the biodiversity of terrestrial communities and ecosystems (Dirzo et al., 2014; Newbold et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWoolley, L.-A., Murphy, B. P., Geyle, H. M., Legge, S., Palmer, R., Dickman, C. R., Doherty, T. S., Edwards, G. P., Riley, J., Turpin, J. M., et al. (2020) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr19197 · Cited by 32
Chakraborty, A. (2020) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00987-5 · Cited by 31
Mortelliti, A., & Brehm, A. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1713 · Cited by 32
Seed‐rain–successional feedbacks in wet tropical forests
Huanca‐Nunez, N., Chazdon, R. L., & Russo, S. E. (2021) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.3362 · Cited by 33
Eusocial insect declines: Insecticide impairs sperm and feeding glands in bumblebees
Minnameyer, A., Strobl, V., Bruckner, S., Camenzind, D. W., Oystaeyen, A. V., WÄCKERS, F. L., Williams, G. R., Yañez, O., Neumann, P., & Straub, L. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146955 · Cited by 33
Butterfly communities track climatic variation over space but not time in the Iberian Peninsula
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Evaluation of decadal land degradation dynamics in old coal mine areas of Central India
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“…change, degradation of natural resources, biodiversity loss, deterioration of ecosystem services pose huge challenge for all species on Earth (Díaz et al., 2021; Dirzo et al., 2014; Dobson et al., 2006; Hautier et al., 2015; Thakur, Patel, Dutta, et al., 2021; Thakur, Patel, Thakur, et al., 2021).”
BackgroundContrasting effects of street light shapes and LED color temperatures on nocturnal insects and bats
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Ecosystem natural capital accounting: The landscape approach at a territorial watershed scale
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“This loss of forest cover is responsible for drastic reduction in biodiversity especially a large-sized animals [66,67] which are more sensitive to land use changes [68].”
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“Around one-quarter of the world’s contemporary mammal species are considered threatened or extinct (IUCN, 2015) and this number is predicted to increase as the impacts of climate change and human-driven environmental change intensify (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hughes, 2000; Thomas et al., 2004).”
BackgroundA question of scale: Replication and the effective evaluation of conservation interventions
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“Worldwide, freshwater habitats are being exposed to a complex mixture of stressors including water pollution and habitat degradation (Dudgeon et al., 2006; Dirzo et al., 2014), threatening the diversity of life (Moss, 2008; Vorosmarty et al.”
BackgroundExploring dry storage as an alternative biobanking strategy inspired by Nature
Saragusty, J., & Loi, P. (2018) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.027 · Cited by 31
Downed deadwood habitat heterogeneity drives trophic niche diversity of soil-dwelling animals
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Dempsey, J. (2015) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x15608079 · Cited by 30
“There is increasing recognition in science that the sixth extinction is well underway (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2015), as well as in popular media (i.e., Kolbert, 2014).”
BackgroundHuang, S., Eronen, J. T., Janis, C. M., Saarinen, J. J., Silvestro, D., & Fritz, S. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2361 · Cited by 29
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Mechanisms of reproductive allocation as drivers of developmental plasticity in reptiles
Dyke, J. U. V., & Griffith, O. W. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2165 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, humans are driving major environmental changes leading to species declines and extinctions (Dirzo et al., 2014), and there is an increasing need to understand the role of developmental plasticity in transducing or mitigating environmental effects.”
BackgroundMorin, D. J., Lesmeister, D. B., Nielsen, C. K., et al. (2018) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00413 · Cited by 30
“The current Anthropocene epoch is characterized by profound human influences resulting in global environmental degradation, defaunation, and loss of biodiversity (Dirzo et al., 2014; Lewis and Maslin, 2015; Tucker et al., 2018).”
BackgroundNóbrega, C. C., Brando, P. M., Silvério, D. V., Maracahipes, L., & Júnior, P. D. M. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117497 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
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