The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
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“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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Defaunation increases the spatial clustering of lowland Western Amazonian tree communities
Bagchi, R., Swamy, V., Farfan, J. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12929 · Cited by 58
“…dramatic declines of largevertebrate populations observed in tropical forests world- wide will likely have major consequences for plant communities (Dirzo et al., 2014; Fa, Peres, & Meeuwig, 2002; Neuschulz, Mueller, Schleuning, & Böhning- Gaese, 2016; Peres, Emilio, Schietti, Desmoulière, & Levi,…”
BackgroundBraga‐Pereira, F., Peres, C. A., Campos‐Silva, J. V., Santos, C. V.-D. N., & Alves, R. R. N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71501-0 · Cited by 59
Automatic underwater fish species classification with limited data using few-shot learning
Villon, S., Iovan, C., Mangeas, M., Claverie, T., Mouillot, D., Villéger, S., & Vigliola, L. (2021) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101320 · Cited by 63
“The world’s ecosystems have entered an era of anthropogenic 47 defaunation where human activities have triggered global decline in 48 animal abundance, species range contraction and a new wave of species 49 extinction [1].”
BackgroundSoliman, M. M., Hesselberg, T., Mohamed, A. A., & Renault, D. (2022) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115748 · Cited by 65
Mismatches in scale between highly mobile marine megafauna and marine protected areas
Conners, M. G., Sisson, N. B., Agamboué, P. D., Atkinson, P. W., Baylis, A. M. M., Benson, S. R., Block, B. A., Bograd, S. J., Bordino, P., Bowen, W. D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.897104 · Cited by 61
“Many of these species are or have been targets of human exploitation or disturbance, have less resilient life histories than smaller species, and have been depleted across much of the planet (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ripple et al., 2014; Carman et al., 2015; McCauley et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFlushing away the future: The effects of wastewater treatment plants on aquatic invertebrates
Enns, D., Cunze, S., Baker, N. J., Oehlmann, J., & Jourdan, J. (2023) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.120388 · Cited by 58
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A unifying theory for top-heavy ecosystem structure in the ocean
Woodson, C. B., Schramski, J. R., & Joye, S. B. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02450-y · Cited by 61
van Vliet, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00112 · Cited by 59
“On one hand, over the past decades, with the alarming scientific evidences of wildlife declines (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ripple et al., 2016; Benítez-López et al., 2017; vanVelden et al., 2018), the protectionist orientation has gainedmore strength (Cooney et al.”
BackgroundNúñez, S., López‐Baucells, A., Rocha, R., Farneda, F. Z., Bobrowiec, P. E. D., Palmeirim, J. M., & Meyer, C. F. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00373 · Cited by 56
“The exponential increase of the human population and growing per capita consumption of resources are causing widespread habitat loss and degradation, which are threatening the survival of numerous species worldwide (Dirzo et al., 2014; Laurance et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFixing our global agricultural system to prevent the next COVID-19
Baudron, F., & Liégeois, F. (2020) · Outlook on Agriculture · doi:10.1177/0030727020931122 · Cited by 68
“…the extirpation of apex consumers through human activities (Estes et al., 2011)—is less visible and quantifiable than deforestation, but can lead to similar changes in wildlife communities with ripple effects on a number of ecosystem processes including disease dynamics (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEthical Considerations for Wildlife Reintroductions and Rewilding
Thulin, C., & Röcklinsberg, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00163 · Cited by 70
The inducible defences of large mammals to human lethality
Montgomery, R. A., Macdonald, D. W., & Hayward, M. W. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13685 · Cited by 56
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“Human actions are threatening the interdependent yet fragile balance of the biosphere, with far-reaching consequences for the diversity of plants (Brummitt et al., 2015) and animals (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundStabilizing selection on Atlantic cod supergenes through a millennium of extensive exploitation
Sodeland, M., Jentoft, S., Jorde, P. E., Mattingsdal, M., Albretsen, J., Kleiven, A. R., Synnes, A. W., Espeland, S. H., Olsen, E. M., André, C., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2114904119 · Cited by 50
The origin and early evolution of arthropods
Aria, C. (2022) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12864 · Cited by 58
Human disturbance compresses the spatiotemporal niche
Gilbert, N. A., Stenglein, J. L., Pauli, J. N., & Zuckerberg, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2206339119 · Cited by 59
“, via habitat loss or overexploitation (23,24).”
Effects of Land Use on Plague (Yersinia pestis) Activity in Rodents in Tanzania
McCauley, D. J., Salkeld, D. J., Young, H. S., Makundi, R. H., Dirzo, R., Eckerlin, R. P., Lambin, É. F., Gaffikin, L., Barry, M., & Helgen, K. M. (2015) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0504 · Cited by 57
Self-citationTropical Seed Dispersal Networks: Emerging Patterns, Biases, and Keystone Species Traits
Escribano‐Ávila, G., Lara‐Romero, C., Heleno, R., et al. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68228-0_7 · Cited by 57
“2016) are particularly threatened in many ecosystems due to hunting and poaching (Dirzo et al. 2014), further threatening seed dispersal services (Galetti et al.”
BackgroundBerzaghi, F., Verbeeck, H., Nielsen, M. R., Doughty, C. E., Bretagnolle, F., Marchetti, M. A., & Mugnozza, G. S. (2018) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.03309 · Cited by 59
Large mammal use of protected and community-managed lands in a biodiversity hotspot
Velho, N., Srinivasan, U., Singh, P., & Laurance, W. F. (2015) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12234 · Cited by 57
Ferreguetti, Á. C., Pereira‐Ribeiro, J., Prevedello, J. A., Tomás, W. M., Rocha, C. F. D., & Bergallo, H. G. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.009 · Cited by 59
Bellon, A. (2019) · Environmental Economics and Policy Studies · doi:10.1007/s10018-018-00235-1 · Cited by 56
Benchimol, M., & Peres, C. A. (2020) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13619 · Cited by 57
“Steep declines in species occupancy and abundance, which are often considered hallmarks of defaunation (Dirzo et al. 2014), have been driven by myriad anthropogenic activities that have induced wide-scale ecological impacts.”
BackgroundEvaluating species-specific responses to camera-trap survey designs
Iannarilli, F., Erb, J. D., Arnold, T. W., & Fieberg, J. (2021) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00726 · Cited by 59
Moving biodiversity from an afterthought to a key outcome of forest restoration
Brancalion, P. H. S., Hua, F., Joyce, F. H., Antonelli, A., & Holl, K. D. (2025) · Nature Reviews Biodiversity · doi:10.1038/s44358-025-00032-1 · Cited by 74
Mendes, C. P., Ribeiro, M. C., & Galetti, M. (2015) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.01592 · Cited by 56
Self-citationSquidpops: A Simple Tool to Crowdsource a Global Map of Marine Predation Intensity
Duffy, J. E., Ziegler, S. L., Campbell, J. E., Bippus, P. M., & Lefcheck, J. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142994 · Cited by 57
Avian trait-mediated vulnerability to road traffic collisions
Santos, S., Mira, A. P. P., Salgueiro, P. A., Costa, P., Medinas, D., & Beja, P. R. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.004 · Cited by 59
Terrestrial mammal responses to oil palm dominated landscapes in Colombia
Pardo, L. E., Campbell, M. J., Edwards, W., Clements, G. R., & Laurance, W. F. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197539 · Cited by 58
Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L. H., Franklin, J., Reed, K. E., Smail, I. E., Zamora, A. J., & Kamilar, J. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910489116 · Cited by 58
“Anthropogenic transformation of the world’s ecosystems since the Industrial Revolution has been extensive (19) and is well known to have reshaped patterns of biodiversity over the last several hundred years (20).”
BackgroundBuffer zone use by mammals in a Cerrado protected area
Paolino, R. M., Versiani, N. F., Pasqualotto, N., Rodrigues, T. F., Krepschi, V. G., & Chiarello, A. G. (2016) · Biota Neopropica/Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2014-0117 · Cited by 59
The emergence of a commercial trade in pangolins from Gabon
Mambeya, M. M., Baker, F., Momboua, B. R., et al. (2018) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.12507 · Cited by 55
The role of den quality in giant panda conservation
Wei, W., Swaisgood, R. R., Owen, M. A., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.12.031 · Cited by 55
Eglash, R., Robert, L., Bennett, A., Robinson, K. P., Lachney, M., & Babbitt, W. (2019) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-019-00915-w · Cited by 65
Dispersal of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Evidence and Insights for Ecological Studies
Paz, C., Öpik, M., Bulascoschi, L., et al. (2020) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-020-01582-x · Cited by 55
“Notably, large wild animals are disappearing at alarmingly high rates worldwide [90].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeyer, J. M., Leempoel, K., Losapio, G., & Hadly, E. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.588430 · Cited by 54
“Anthropogenic impacts threaten global biodiversity, as species and their networks of interactions (ecological networks) are forced to adapt or be lost (Gonzalez et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Munguía et al., 2016; Start et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEnvironmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide
Hirt, M. R., Barnes, A. D., Gentile, A., Pollock, L. J., Rosenbaum, B., Thuiller, W., Tucker, M. A., & Brose, U. (2021) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13872 · Cited by 60
Species, causes, and outcomes of wildlife rehabilitation in New York State
Hanson, M., Hollingshead, N., Schuler, K. L., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257675 · Cited by 55
Universal beta-diversity–functioning relationships are neither observed nor expected
van der Plas, F., Hennecke, J., Chase, J. M., van Ruijven, J., & Barry, K. E. (2023) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.008 · Cited by 54
The bright side of ecological stressors
Zhou, L., & Wang, S. (2023) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2023.01.010 · Cited by 53
Humanity for Habitat: Residential Yards as an Opportunity for Biodiversity Conservation
Lerman, S. B., Larson, K. L., Narango, D. L., Goddard, M. A., & Marra, P. P. (2023) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biad085 · Cited by 65
Doughty, C. E., Wolf, A., Baraloto, C., & Malhi, Y. S. (2015) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.01589 · Cited by 55
“The hypothesis that animals (especially large animals) have a substantial capacity to translocate nutrients raises questions about the importance of past and future defaunation on this ecosystem function (Doughty et al. 2013, Wolf et al. 2013, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundPredation cost of a sexual signal in the threespine stickleback
Johnson, S., & Candolin, U. (2017) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arx080 · Cited by 55
Frugivory underpins the nitrogen cycle
Villar, N., Paz, C., Zipparro, V. B., Nazareth, S., Bulascoschi, L., Bakker, E., & Galetti, M. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13707 · Cited by 47
“Yet, in the Atlantic Forest, like in many other ecosystems (Dirzo et al., 2014; Villar, Cornulier, et al., 2014), small mammals thrive in the absence of large vertebrates (Galetti et al., 2015; Galetti, et al., 2015), and might potentially compensate for the loss of large frugivores in defaunated…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGorczynski, D., Hsieh, C., Luciano, J. T., Ahumada, J., Espinosa, S., Johnson, S. E., Rovero, F., Santos, F., Andrianarisoa, M. H., Astaiza, J. H., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2098 · Cited by 56
“Moreover, mammals are severely impacted by anthropogenic change due to these attributes [10], particularly in tropical eco-systems [11].”
Queer Love, Gender Bending Bacteria, and Life after the Anthropocene
Kirksey, E. (2018) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276418769995 · Cited by 55
Sijtsma, F., van der Veen, E., van Hinsberg, A., Pouwels, R., Bekker, R. M., van Dijk, R. E., Grutters, M., Klaassen, R. H. G., Krijn, M., Mouissie, M., et al. (2020) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-020-01047-z · Cited by 54
Ingram, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Ethnobiology · doi:10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.117 · Cited by 59
“Unsustainable hunting results in depletion of large-bodied species first (Dirzo et al. 2014; typically ungulates considered of low zoonotic risk), leaving smaller-bodied species, such as birds, primates, rodents (which can also increase in abundance in hunted areas [Effiom et al. 2013]), and bats…”
BackgroundFeng, J., Sun, Y., Li, H., Xiao, Y., Zhang, D., Smith, J. L. D., Ge, J., & Wang, T. (2021) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13237 · Cited by 54
“Anthropocene defaunation, the emptying of ecosystems of wildlife, is currently a global phenomenon of human- induced animal biodiversity loss (Dirzo et al., 2014; Sandom et al., 2017).”
BackgroundA methodological roadmap to quantify animal‐vectored spatial ecosystem subsidies
Ellis‐Soto, D., Ferraro, K. M., Rizzuto, M., Briggs, E., Monk, J. D., & Schmitz, O. J. (2021) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13538 · Cited by 58
Global patterns of resilience decline in vertebrate populations
Capdevila, P., Noviello, N., McRae, L., Freeman, R., & Clements, C. F. (2021) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13927 · Cited by 53
“Species extinctions have accelerated over the last decades (Barnosky et al., 2012; Ceballos et al., 2015), with the concomitant loss of the functions and services they provide (Boyce et al., 2020; Dirzo et al., 2014; Estes et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSockhill, N. J., Dean, A. J., Oh, R. R. Y., & Fuller, R. A. (2022) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10400 · Cited by 74
Global trends and biases in biodiversity conservation research
Caldwell, I. R., Hobbs, J., Bowen, B. W., Cowman, P. F., DiBattista, J. D., Whitney, J. L., Ahti, P. A., Belderok, R., Canfield, S. J., Coleman, R. R., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100082 · Cited by 56
“Human impacts are a key factor, resulting in Earth’s sixth mass extinction event 1–3 ; current extinction rates in the Anthropocene Epoch are 10–100 times greater than in the last 10 million years.”
BackgroundBat boxes and climate change: testing the risk of over-heating in the Mediterranean region
Bideguren, G. M., López‐Baucells, A., Puig‐Montserrat, X., Mas, M., Porres, X., & Flaquer, C. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1634-7 · Cited by 54
Lesage, V. S., Gavrilchuk, K., Andrews, R. D., et al. (2017) · Endangered Species Research · doi:10.3354/esr00838 · Cited by 53
“The protection and recovery of vulnerable species, particularly those that are exposed to multiple natural or human pressures, is essential for maintaining biodiversity and ensuring ecosystem integrity and functioning (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRegolin, A. L., Ribeiro, M. C., Martello, F., Melo, G. L., Sponchiado, J., Campanha, L. F. D. C., Sugai, L. S. M., Silva, T. S. F., & Cáceres, N. C. (2020) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12800 · Cited by 51
“Mammalian species are highly diverse in terms of diet, trophic levels, body mass, and habitat use patterns, and are key components of tropical ecosystem (Dirzo et al., 2014; Paglia et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEffects of anthropogenic landscapes on population maintenance of waterbirds
Wang, X., Li, X., Ren, X., Jackson, M. V., Fuller, R. A., Melville, D. S., Amano, T., & Ma, Z. (2021) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13808 · Cited by 59
Functional traits driving species role in the structure of terrestrial vertebrate scavenger networks
Sebastián‐González, E., Morales‐Reyes, Z., Botella, F., et al. (2021) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.3519 · Cited by 53
“Large species are the first ones to be lost when an ecosystem is defaunated (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAddressing ‘biodiversity naivety’ through project-based learning using iNaturalist
Niemiller, K. D. K., Davis, M. A., & Niemiller, M. L. (2021) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126070 · Cited by 68
Dharmarajan, G., Li, R., Chanda, E., Dean, K. R., Dirzo, R., Jakobsen, K. S., Khan, I., Leirs, H., Shi, Z., WOLFE, N. D., et al. (2022) · Zoonoses · doi:10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0028 · Cited by 57
Self-citationSi, X.-F., Cadotte, M., Davies, T., Antonelli, A., Ding, P., Svenning, J., & Faurby, S. (2022) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13997 · Cited by 32
Negative impact from the application of natural fibers
Adekomaya, O. S., Jamiru, T., Sadiku, E. R., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.037 · Cited by 53
Collett, R. A., & Fisher, D. O. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.3275 · Cited by 55
“…as indicators of disturbance in studies of fire and logging (Lawton et al., 1998; Barrow, Parr, & Kohen, 2007), to estimate rates of extinction (Dirzo et al., 2014), to test hypotheses in community ecology and biogeography (Dickman, 1988; Driscoll, 2005), and in agricultural pest management…”
BackgroundIn situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments
Nordström, K., Dahlbom, J., Pragadheesh, V. S., Ghosh, S., Olsson, A., Dyakova, O., Suresh, S. K., & Olsson, S. B. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1714414114 · Cited by 48
“Our world’s ecosystems are also experiencing rapid change due to changes in climate and the so-called “Anthropocene Era” galvanized by human effects on our planet (6).”
BackgroundModularity and robustness of a plant-frugivore interaction network in a disturbed tropical forest
Robles, M. I. R., Andresen, E., & Díaz‐Castelazo, C. (2018) · Ecoscience · doi:10.1080/11956860.2018.1446284 · Cited by 53
“Our planet is undergoing a biodiversity crisis (Dirzo et al. 2014; Hull et al. 2015).”
BackgroundFlying insect abundance declines with increasing road traffic
Martin, A. E., Graham, S. L., Henry, M., Pervin, E., & Fahrig, L. (2018) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12300 · Cited by 64
A scoping review into the impact of animal imagery on pro-environmental outcomes
Thomas‐Walters, L., McNulty, C., & Veríssimo, D. (2019) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01271-1 · Cited by 63
Shift in size of bumblebee queens over the last century
Gérard, M., Martinet, B., Maebe, K., Marshall, L., Smagghe, G. J., Vereecken, N. J., Vray, S., Rasmont, P., & Michez, D. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14890 · Cited by 53
“Biodiversity is currently undergoing major declines as a result of global changes induced by humans (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEppley, T. M., Santini, L., Tinsman, J. C., & Donati, G. (2020) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23104 · Cited by 54
Popescu, V. D., Munshaw, R. G., Shackelford, N., Pouzols, F. M., Dubman, E., Gibeau, P., Horne, M., Moilanen, A., & Palen, W. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64501-7 · Cited by 54
Wüster, W., THOMSON, S. A., O’Shea, M., & Kaiser, H. (2021) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blab009 · Cited by 58
Movement and Demography of At-Risk Butterflies: Building Blocks for Conservation
Schultz, C. B., Haddad, N. M., Henry, E. H., & Crone, E. E. (2019) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112204 · Cited by 49
Impact of climate change on the small mammal community of the Yukon boreal forest
Krebs, C. J., Boonstra, R., GILBERT, B. S., Kenney, A. J., & Boutin, S. A. (2019) · Integrative Zoology · doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12397 · Cited by 57
“Dirzo et al. (2014) noted that in many ecosystems if large mammals were eliminated or greatly reduced, rodent populations increased.”
BackgroundCauses and Consequences of Large-Scale Defaunation in the Atlantic Forest
Galetti, M., Gonçalves, F., Villar, N., Zipparro, V. B., Paz, C., Mendes, C. P., Lautenschlager, L., Souza, Y., Akkawi, P., Pedrosa, F., et al. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_14 · Cited by 66
Self-citationModelling human influences on biodiversity at a global scale–A human ecology perspective
Cepic, M., Bechtold, U., & Wilfing, H. (2021) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109854 · Cited by 63
Forest hoverfly community collapse: Abundance and species richness drop over four decades
Barendregt, A., Zeegers, T., Steenis, W. V., & Jongejans, E. (2022) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12577 · Cited by 56
“Animal diversity is decreasing in the world (Dirzo et al., 2014; Goulson, 2019) and Red Lists are a formalised tool to illustrate declines (IUCN, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodMeeting a threat of the Anthropocene: Taste avoidance of metal ions by Drosophila
Xiao, S., Baik, L. S., Shang, X., & Carlson, J. R. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2204238119 · Cited by 52
Camargo‐Sanabria, A. A., Mendoza, E., Guevara, R., Martı́nez-Ramos, M., & Dirzo, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2580 · Cited by 52
“Increasing evidence is unveiling the magnitude of the anthropogenic extirpation of vertebrates (primarily top predators and large-bodied species) from otherwise seemingly undisturbed tropical forests [2–4] and the myriad of cascading effects such defaunation can have on tropical ecosystems [5–8].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationLogging and indigenous hunting impacts on persistence of large Neotropical animals
Roopsind, A., Caughlin, T. T., Sambhu, H., Fragoso, J. M. V., & Putz, F. E. (2017) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12446 · Cited by 54
“Faunal loss may affect forest productivity, tree species composition, and the food security of forest-dependent people (Levi et al. 2009, Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundDunlop, J., Rayner, K., & Doherty, T. S. (2017) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx015 · Cited by 52
“Key words: arid ecosystem, biodiversity conservation, Dasyurus hallucatus, generalist, niche breadth, predator, small carnivore, threatened species Human modification of the Earth’s ecosystems is responsible for unprecedented species declines and extinctions (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMuseum Genomics Confirms that the Lord Howe Island Stick Insect Survived Extinction
Mikheyev, A. S., Zwick, A., Magrath, M. J. L., et al. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.058 · Cited by 52
Effects of seed size and frugivory degree on dispersal by Neotropical frugivores
Fuzessy, L., Janson, C. H., & Silveira, F. A. O. (2018) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2018.10.004 · Cited by 53
Genetic tagging in the Anthropocene: scaling ecology from alleles to ecosystems
Lamb, C. T., Ford, A. T., Proctor, M. F., Royle, J. A., Mowat, G., & Boutin, S. A. (2019) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.1876 · Cited by 53
Pruvot, M., Khammavong, K., Milavong, P., Philavong, C., Reinharz, D., Mayxay, M., Rattanavong, S., Horwood, P. F., Dussart, P., Douangngeun, B., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.266 · Cited by 49
“In Southeast Asia, these challenges have been further complicated over the past 15–20 years by a shift from subsistence hunting to wildlife trade in rural areas (Bell et al., 2004; Bennet and Robinson, 2000; Duckworth et al., 1999), along with an urbanization of wildlife consumption (Singh, 2008).”
BackgroundInvertebrates are declining in boreal aquatic habitat: The effect of brownification?
Arzel, C., Nummi, P., Арвола, Л., Pöysä, H., Davranche, A., Rask, M., Olin, M., Holopainen, S., Viitala, R., Einola, E., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138199 · Cited by 53
“Discussion Invertebrates are crucial to ecosystem functioning, yet their rapid declines in the terrestrial environment (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallman et al., 2017) has occurred nearly unnoticed, raising concern about potential invertebrate declines in various ecosystem types (Eisenhauer et al.”
BackgroundAgouti reintroduction recovers seed dispersal of a large‐seeded tropical tree
Mittelman, P., Kreischer, C., Pires, A. S., & Fernandez, F. A. S. (2020) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12788 · Cited by 52
“Loss of habitat, over-harvesting and more recently climate change have caused drastic declines in animal populations, leading to local and global extinctions (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFerreira, G. B., Collen, B., Newbold, T., Oliveira, M. J. R., Pinheiro, M. S., de Pinho, F. F., Rowcliffe, J. M., & Carbone, C. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108762 · Cited by 55
Self-citationPlants, water quality and land cover as drivers of Odonata assemblages in urban ponds
Perron, M. A. C., Richmond, I. C., & Pick, F. R. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145467 · Cited by 52
Sherry, T. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.662873 · Cited by 62
“Insect declines are widely documented and reviewed, probably because of their profound ecological importance (Dirzo et al., 2014; Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, 2019; Cardoso et al., 2020; Montgomery et al., 2020; Tallamy et al., 2020; van Klink et al., 2020; Wagner, 2020; Wagner et al., 2021).”
BackgroundHanssen, S. V., Steinmann, Z. J. N., Daioglou, V., Čengić, M., van Vuuren, D. P., & Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2021) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12911 · Cited by 55
“…associated costs to biodiversity, which is already in sharp decline from pressures like land conversion, overexploitation and climate change— with any further losses widely considered unacceptable (Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos et al., 2017; Dirzo et al., 2014; Hoffman et al., 2010; IPBES, 2019).”
Seabird diversity and biomass enhance cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies
Benkwitt, C. E., Carr, P., Wilson, S. K., & Graham, N. A. J. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0195 · Cited by 58
Rural livelihoods, community-based conservation, and human–wildlife conflict: Scope for synergies?
Meyer, M., & Börner, J. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109666 · Cited by 51
“This is particularly evident for large mammals as extinction is size-differential, with large body size having historically favored extinction (Dirzo et al., 2014; Gill, 2014).”
BackgroundPopulation Genomics for Insect Conservation
Webster, M. T., Beaurepaire, A., Neumann, P., & Stolle, E. (2022) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-122221-075025 · Cited by 63
The rise of hyperabundant native generalists threatens both humans and nature
Moore, J. H., Gibson, L., Amir, Z., Chanthorn, W., Ahmad, A. H., Jansen, P. A., Mendes, C. P., Onuma, M., Peres, C. A., & Luskin, M. S. (2023) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12985 · Cited by 53
Ecosystem consequences of invertebrate decline
Eisenhauer, N., Ochoa‐Hueso, R., Huang, Y., Barry, K. E., Gebler, A., Guerra, C. A., Hines, J., Jochum, M., Andraczek, K., Bucher, S. F., et al. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.012 · Cited by 59
Using fossil records to inform reintroduction of the kakapo as a refugee species
Lentini, P. E., Stirnemann, I., Stojanović, D., et al. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.027 · Cited by 51
Beirne, C., Meier, A. C., Mbélé, A. E., Menie, G. M., Froese, G., Okouyi, J., & Poulsen, J. R. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.035 · Cited by 54
“The subsequent shift in mammal community composition can also alter ecological processes, forest structure and composition (Rosin and Poulsen, 2016), ultimately driving long-term ecological erosion of tropical forests (e.g. Poulsen et al., 2013; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundJourdan, J., BARANOV, V. A., Wagner, R., Plath, M. W., & Haase, P. (2019) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13054 · Cited by 51
dos Santos, J. P., Sobral‐Souza, T., Brown, K. S., Jr., Vancine, M. H., Ribeiro, M. C., & Freitas, A. V. L. (2019) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13007 · Cited by 53
“Recent findings indicated that anthropogenic climate disruption and modification of natural habitats are the main drivers of species loss (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
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