The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
Cites
Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100
Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin, F., III, Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 · Cited by 9,280
Self-citationBiodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers
Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 · Cited by 6,458
OERKE, E.-C. (2006) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859605005708 · Cited by 5,283
Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines
Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1187512 · Cited by 4,892
Self-citationHas the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09678 · Cited by 4,400
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W. J., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205106 · Cited by 4,087
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667
The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246752 · Cited by 3,542
Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands
Biesmeijer, J. C., Roberts, S. P. M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P., Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127863 · Cited by 3,189
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Mora C., Rollo A., Tittensor D. P., Science 443, 295 (2013).
- Ceballos G., García A., Ehrlich P. R., J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
- Myers N., Int. Wildl. 5, 5 (1975).
- 10.1017/S0030605300032105 · DOI
- Aebischer N., Potts G., Methods 38, 4 (1990).
- Moore N., Odonatologica 20, 203 (1991).
- Lyons S. K., Smith F. A., Brown J. H., Evol. Ecol. Res. 6, 339 (2004).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,701–1,800 of 4,205
Conservation Initiatives in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Grelle, C. E. V., Bayma, A. P., Paixão, L. R. L., et al. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_20 · Cited by 14
Piñon-Flores, M. A., Suazo‐Ortuño, I., Ramírez-Herrejón, J. P., Moncayo‐Estrada, R., & del‐Val, E. (2021) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126063 · Cited by 15
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Herbivorous Insects Along Always-Green Mountaintop Forest Islands
Kuchenbecker, J., Macedo‐Reis, L. E., Fagundes, M., & Neves, F. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.709403 · Cited by 14
Local abundances of terrestrial mammal and bird species around indigenous villages in Suriname
van Kuijk, M., de Jager, M., van Oosterhout, M., Laender, L. D., & Parahoe, M. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12699 · Cited by 14
Potential millennial‐scale avian declines by humans in southern China
Dong, F., Zhang, Q., Chen, Y., Lei, F., Li, S., Wu, F., & Yang, X. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16289 · Cited by 14
Thompson, C. D. H., & Meeuwig, J. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275458 · Cited by 14
“The natural world is changing at an increasingly rapid pace, with widespread declines in wildlife [10, 11], climate change an ever growing presence [12], and human beings not only impacting terrestrial environments but the global ocean [13, 14].”
BackgroundInsects: biodiversity, threat status and conservation approaches
Raghavendra, K. V., Bhoopathi, T., Gowthami, R., Keerthi, M. C., Suroshe, S. S., Ramesh, K. B., Shivakumara, K. T., Shivaramu, S., & Chander, S. (2022) · Current Science · doi:10.18520/cs/v122/i12/1374-1384 · Cited by 13
Oliveira, F. M. P., Knoechelmann, C. M., Wirth, R., et al. (2023) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13198 · Cited by 14
Selectivity of mass extinctions: Patterns, processes, and future directions
Payne, J. L., Aswad, J. A. A., Deutsch, C. A., Monarrez, P. M., Penn, J. L., & Singh, P. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Extinction · doi:10.1017/ext.2023.10 · Cited by 16
“…resulting from both bottom-up and top-down effects (Kaneryd et al., 2012), with debate about whether simple or complex communities are more susceptible to such cascades and whether trophic versus other ecological interactions are most important (Eklöf and Ebenman, 2006; Donohue et al., 2017).”
Scalbert, M., Stiernon, Q., Franceschini, S., et al. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120910 · Cited by 14
Better red than dead: Plasticine moths are attacked less under HPS streetlights than LEDs
Seymoure, B., Parrish, T., Egan, K., Furr, M., Irwin, D., Brown, C., Crump, M. C., White, J., Crooks, K. R., & Angeloni, L. M. (2023) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2023.11.008 · Cited by 13
“Understanding the mechanisms underlying insect declines and altered food webs is crucial as Lepidopteran abundance has declined by 35 % in 40 years (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Dieback of managed spruce stands in western Germany promotes beetle diversity
Plath, E., Trauth, C., Gerhards, J., Griebel, L., & Fischer, K. (2024) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-024-01695-w · Cited by 14
“Various studies have shown substantial decreases in taxonomic diversity and biomass of different taxa (Dirzo et al. 2014; Newbold et al. 2015; Hallmann et al. 2017; Sánchez-Bayo and Wyck-huys 2019; Seibold et al. 2019).”
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Propagation, Improvement, and Conservation of Medicinal Plants
Khezri, M., Zakaria, R. A., & Zare, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2166-5_11 · Cited by 19
Tyagi, A., Yadav, N., Pandit, A., & Ramakrishnan, U. (2024) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.17461 · Cited by 24
“The ongoing wildlife crisis leading to local and global species extinc - tions is primarily driven by anthropogenic impacts such as habitat loss and fragmentation (Dirzo et al., 2014; Young et al., 2016 ).”
Davoli, M., Kuemmerle, T., Monsarrat, S., Crees, J. J., Cristiano, A., Pacifici, M., & Svenning, J. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13921 · Cited by 17
“These factors, combined with hunting, have long been recognized as driving large mammals decline (Crees et al. 2016; Dirzo et al. 2014; Teng et al. 2020).”
Le Brésil maîtrise-t-il (enfin) la déforestation en Amazonie ?
Le Tourneau, F.-M. (2015) · Cybergeo · doi:10.4000/cybergeo.27325 · Cited by 15
Evolución del riesgo de extinción y estado actual de conservación de las aves de Colombia
Renjifo, L. M., & Amaya-Villarreal, Á. M. (2018) · Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales · doi:10.18257/raccefyn.461 · Cited by 17
Qu’est-ce que la nature qu’on cherche à conserver? Une approche sémiologique de l’action écologique
Ducarme, F. (2019) · Nouvelles perspectives en sciences sociales · doi:10.7202/1062506ar · Cited by 18
Cajaíba, R. L., Périco, E., da Silva, W. B., et al. (2019) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.3467 · Cited by 14
“Therefore, the loss of FG associated with landscape changes in this neotropical region has likely effects on the ecosystem services provided by GDB (Cardinale et al., 2012; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEffects of selective timber harvest on amphibian species diversity in Budongo forest Reserve, Uganda
Lukwago, W., Behangana, M., Mwavu, E. N., & Hughes, D. F. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117809 · Cited by 14
Mitchell, B. A., Callaghan, C. T., & Rowley, J. J. L. (2020) · Journal of Urban Ecology · doi:10.1093/jue/juaa002 · Cited by 14
Factors contributing to the decline of an endangered flightless longhorn beetle: A 20‐year study
Baur, B., Coray, A., Lenzin, H., & Schmera, D. (2020) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12402 · Cited by 14
“…and loss, habitat conversion to intensive agriculture and expanding urbanisation, pollution by synthetic pesticides and fertilisers, introduced non-native species and pathogens, and climate change (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017; Homburg et al., 2019; Sanchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019).”
BackgroundWilson, E. C., Zuckerberg, B., Peery, M. Z., et al. (2020) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108731 · Cited by 14
Sarawak, U. M., Mohd‐Azlan, J., Lok, L., et al. (2020) · Nature Conservation Research · doi:10.24189/ncr.2020.055 · Cited by 14
Tamang, B., Pala, N. A., Shukla, G., et al. (2021) · Acta Ecologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.06.007 · Cited by 14
Kaaronen, R. O., Manninen, M. A., Roe, E. M., Hukkinen, J., & Eronen, J. T. (2021) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12476-260302 · Cited by 14
Wildlife Value Orientations and Demographics in Greece
Liordos, V., Kontsiotis, V. J., Eleftheriadou, I., Telidis, S., & Triantafyllidis, A. (2021) · Earth · doi:10.3390/earth2030027 · Cited by 13
“Anthropogenic pressures, most importantly habitat loss, overexploitation for economic gain, and climate change, have caused the exceptionally rapid endangerment and extinction of many wildlife species over the last few centuries [1,2].”
BackgroundClimate change aggravates non‐target effects of pesticides on dragonflies at macroecological scales
Sirois‐Delisle, C., & Kerr, J. T. (2021) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2494 · Cited by 14
Spaeth, K. E., Barbour, P. J., Moranz, R. A., et al. (2022) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3816 · Cited by 14
“” Dirzo et al. (2014) cite that lepidopterans have declined by 40% during the last 40 yr.”
BackgroundPoaching and illegal wildlife trade in western Argentina
Becerra, S., Marinero, J., & Borghi, C. E. (2022) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2022-01-11.05-1-15 · Cited by 14
Current and future distributions of a native Andean bumble bee
do Nascimento, A. C., Montalva, J. M., Ascher, J. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-022-00395-2 · Cited by 14
Mamíferos medianos y grandes del Área Nacional de Recreación Isla Santay en el occidente de Ecuador
Torres-Domínguez, Á., Salas, J. A., & Hurtado, C. M. (2022) · Revista Peruana de Biología · doi:10.15381/rpb.v29i1.21497 · Cited by 14
Perea, R., Schroeder, J. W., & Dirzo, R. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14100800 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, Dirzo and Miranda [38] suggest that the understory vegetation at Los Tuxtlas may be highly affected by the recent local extinction of many of the large herbivores (see also [47]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGao, H., Dou, H., Wei, S., Sun, S., Zhang, Y., & Hua, Y. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9388 · Cited by 14
Martay, B., Leech, D. I., Shortall, C. R., Bell, J. R., Thackeray, S. J., Hemming, D. L., & Pearce‐Higgins, J. W. (2023) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.13190 · Cited by 20
Do protected areas in Panama support intact assemblages of ungulates?
Meyer, N., Moreno, R., Sanches, E., Ortega, J., Brown, E., & Jansen, P. A. (2016) · Therya · doi:10.12933/therya-16-341 · Cited by 15
Balancing conservation and development in Nepal’s protected area buffer zones
Long, B., Grein, G., Boedicker, N., & Singh, R. (2016) · PARKS · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2016.parks-22-2bl.en · Cited by 14
The prospect of global environmental relativities after an Anthropocene tipping point
Grainger, A. (2017) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.008 · Cited by 14
“Some “non-core” Anthropocene studies support this claim (e.g. Dirzo et al., 2014), and ecologists are debating the prospect of an impending “mass extinction” without referring to the Anthropocene (e.g. Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRozen‐Rechels, D., Beest, M. T., Dew, L. A., le Roux, E., Druce, D. J., & Cromsigt, J. P. G. M. (2017) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12547 · Cited by 12
Complexity in behavioural organization and strongylid infection among wild chimpanzees
Burgunder, J., Pafčo, B., Petrželková, K. J., Modrý, D., Hashimoto, C., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2017) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.06.002 · Cited by 14
“Habitat degradation, disturbance by anthropogenic activities and increased contact between human and wildlife result in alarming declines in animal populations worldwide (Butchart et al., 2010; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundConservation Introductions for Biodiversity Adaptation under Climate Change
McCormack, P. C. (2018) · Transnational Environmental Law · doi:10.1017/s2047102517000383 · Cited by 14
Pérez‐Méndez, N., & Rodríguez, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_6 · Cited by 14
Vanhée, B., & Devigne, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36315-1 · Cited by 16
Gomes, M. A. D. A., Gonçalves, T. V., Teresa, F. B., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215959 · Cited by 14
Kambo, A., Drogemuller, R., & Yarlagadda, P. K. D. V. (2019) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100977 · Cited by 14
de Andrade, A. C., Medeiros, W., & Adams, M. D. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5596 · Cited by 14
“Dirzo et al. (2014) analyzed the wealth of data available for Lepidoptera and found a consistent and substantial decline in global abundance and diversity over 40‐year period, which they posit has been caused by agriculture and urbanization disturbances.”
BackgroundPatton, A. H., Apodaca, J. J., Corser, J. D., Wilson, C. R., Williams, L. A., Cameron, A. D., & Wake, D. B. (2019) · Copeia · doi:10.1643/ch-18-052 · Cited by 14
“Species delimitation is one of the most difficult and controversial subfields of ecology and evolutionary biology (De Queiroz, 2007; Wiens, 2007), yet given trends in defaunation (Dirzo et al., 2014), the need for characterizing extant diversity is growing.”
BackgroundBody size and diet–related morphological variation of bats over the past 65 years in China
Yue, X., Hughes, A. C., Tomlinson, K. W., Xia, S., Li, S., & Chen, J. (2019) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz161 · Cited by 16
Acevedo‐Quintero, J. F., Saldaña‐Vázquez, R. A., Mendoza, E., & Zamora‐Abrego, J. G. (2020) · Ecological Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100870 · Cited by 14
Nooten, S. S., Lee, R. H., & Guénard, B. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109286 · Cited by 14
“…biomass are attributed to the anthropogenic impact on the environment, and are linked to climate change, biological invasions and most notably to large-scale land use changes that lead to habitat loss (Dirzo et al., 2014; Joppa et al., 2016; Sala et al., 2000; Seibold et al., 2019; Wagner, 2020).”
BackgroundSystematic Conservation Planning
Baldwin, R. F. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0204 · Cited by 14
Froidevaux, J. S. P., Viol, I. L., Barré, K., et al. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.115323 · Cited by 13
Aswani, S., Ferse, S. C. A., Stäbler, M., & Chong‐Montenegro, C. (2020) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106865 · Cited by 14
Haro‐Carrión, X., Johnston, J., & Bedoya-Durán, M. J. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13183762 · Cited by 13
“It is also possible that many wildlife species live in constant stress as the study landscape is considered a defaunation hotspot where species are declining [8,16].”
BackgroundCarvalho, J. S., Stewart, F. A., Marques, T. A., Bonnin, N., Pintea, L., Chitayat, A. B., Ingram, R., Moore, R., & Stewart, A. P. F. S. A. P. F. (2022) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2715 · Cited by 13
“The interaction among threats such as drivers of deforestation, overharvesting of wildlife, and climate change is leading to species and wildlife population declines and extinctions, particularly in the tropics (Barlow et al., 2018; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundArtificial light at night may decrease predation risk for terrestrial insects
Eckhartt, G. M., & Ruxton, G. D. (2022) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0281 · Cited by 13
“Insect populations are declining rapidly globally [1]; one meta-analysis estimated a 45% average decline across two-thirds of a global range of evaluated taxa [2].”
BackgroundCosmo, L. G., Sales, L. P., Guimarães, P. R., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.1909 · Cited by 13
“Natural systems are increasingly perturbed by human activities, being subjected to high levels of diversity loss and fragmentation [16,78].”
BackgroundEnhancing the predictability of ecology in a changing world: A call for an organism-based approach
Musters, C. J. M., DeAngelis, D. L., Harvey, J. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1046185 · Cited by 13
Disentangling spatiotemporal dynamics in metacommunities through a species‐patch network approach
Li, H., Holyoak, M., & Xiao, Z. (2023) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14243 · Cited by 13
Constraints on avian seed dispersal reduce potential for resilience in degraded tropical forests
Hatfield, J. H., Banks-Leite, C., Barlow, J., Lees, A. C., & Tobias, J. A. (2023) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14471 · Cited by 15
Hordley, L. A., & Fox, R. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171503 · Cited by 16
Chen, X., Tian, T., Pan, H., et al. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14297 · Cited by 13
“Despite the establishment of over 200,000 PAs globally, covering 16.64% of land and 7.74% of oceans (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2021), human activities continue to outpace the expansion of the PA network and to affect ecosystems (Dirzo et al., 2014; Pacifici et al., 2020).”
InfluentialDispersal‐related plant traits are associated with range size in the Atlantic Forest
Petrocelli, I., Alzate, A., Zizka, A., & Onstein, R. E. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13856 · Cited by 13
“This human-driven extinction event is still ongoing, with intensification of animal extinctions in recent decades (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMulti-modal Language models in bioacoustics with zero-shot transfer: a case study
Miao, Z., Elizalde, B., Deshmukh, S., Kitzes, J. A., Wang, H., Dodhia, R. M., & Ferres, J. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-89153-3 · Cited by 25
Barri, F. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164806 · Cited by 13
Can Ecosystem Services Make Conservation Normal and Commonplace?
Chan, K. M. A., Olmsted, P., Bennett, N. J., Klain, S. C., & Williams, E. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805375-1.00011-8 · Cited by 13
“We are, after all, in the Anthropocene (Steffen et al. 2007; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota and Human Health: Insights From Ecological Restoration
Orr, M. R., Kocurek, K. M., & Young, D. L. (2018) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/698021 · Cited by 13
“2015), spurring what some have called a sixth major extinction (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundWalelign, S. Z., Nielsen, M. R., & Jakobsen, J. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00162 · Cited by 16
“However, bushmeat hunting is in many locations unsustainable (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ripple et al., 2016a; Benítez-López et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHunter, E. A., Gibbs, J. P., Cayot, L. J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13516 · Cited by 13
On the scaling of activity in tropical forest mammals
Cid, B., Carbone, C., Fernandez, F. A. S., Jansen, P. A., Rowcliffe, J. M., O’Brien, T. G., Akampurira, E., Bitariho, R., Espinosa, S., Gajapersad, K., et al. (2020) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.07022 · Cited by 15
“…in the spatial versus temporal behavior of large carnivores, especially in tropical regions that are facing extreme mammal population reduction and species loss (Dirzo et al. 2014, Pimm et al. 2014) and where there is deficiency of in situ data in protected areas (Beaudrot et al. 2016).”
BackgroundFrom antagonism to synergism: Extreme differences in stressor interactions in one species
Straub, L., Minnameyer, A., Strobl, V., Kolari, E., Friedli, A., Kalbermatten, I., Merkelbach, A. J. W. M., Yañez, O., & Neumann, P. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61371-x · Cited by 13
Reprotoxic effects of the systemic insecticide fipronil on the butterflyPieris brassicae
Gols, R., WallisDeVries, M. F., & van Loon, J. J. A. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2665 · Cited by 12
Zoos and Conservation in the Anthropocene: Opportunities and Problems
Robovský, J., Melichar, L., & Gippoliti, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42335-3_14 · Cited by 12
Santos, S. D. S. N., Martins, C. S. G., & Martins, F. D. C. (2020) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2020-05-9.14-1-19 · Cited by 20
Ambarlı, D., Simons, N. K., Wehner, K., Kämper, W., Goßner, M. M., Nauß, T., Neff, F., Seibold, S., Weisser, W. W., & Blüthgen, N. (2020) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-020-00530-7 · Cited by 12
Cecco, V. D., Santo, M. D., Musciano, M. D., et al. (2020) · Italian Botanist · doi:10.3897/italianbotanist.10.52952 · Cited by 13
“The deterioration of the conservation status of many species is well documented (e.g., Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundEpperson, D. M., Allen, C. R., & Hogan, K. F. E. (2020) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d13010007 · Cited by 14
“While data are limited on most invertebrate species, some studies report that two-thirds of invertebrate species have declined by 45% in mean abundance [3], with regional studies sometimes reporting much higher losses [4].”
BackgroundCrawley, J. A. H., Liehrmann, O., dos Santos, D. J. F., Brown, J. L., Nyein, U. K., Aung, H. H., Htut, W., Oo, Z. M., Seltmann, M. W., Webb, J. L., et al. (2020) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coaa116 · Cited by 16
Impacts of Anthropocene Defaunation on Plant-Animal Interactions
Del‐Claro, K., & Dirzo, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66877-8_13 · Cited by 15
Self-citationClare, D. S., Culhane, F. E., & Robinson, L. A. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08629 · Cited by 15
Domènech, M., Wangensteen, O. S., Enguídanos, A., Malumbres‐Olarte, J., & Arnedo, M. A. (2022) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13625 · Cited by 15
“These disturbances are accelerating the invasion rate of exotic species (Hulme, 2009 ) and driving numerous species to extinction, sometimes even before they are described, in what has been referred to as the sixth mass extinction (Barnosky et al., 2011 ; Dirzo et al., 2014 ).”
BackgroundSchooling in habitats with aggregative sites: The case of tropical tuna and floating objects
Capello, M., Rault, J., Deneubourg, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111163 · Cited by 13
Dias, S. J., White, P. J. C., Borker, A. S., et al. (2022) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-022-00639-1 · Cited by 13
Klimova, A., Gutiérrez‐Rivera, J. N., Sánchez-Sotomayor, V. G., & Hoffman, J. I. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14468-4 · Cited by 14
Bitariho, R., Akampurira, E., & Mugerwa, B. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12761 · Cited by 13
“For example, the leading cause of defaunation and extinction of tropical mammals has been attributed to illegal hunting (Ahumada et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Rija & Kideghesho, 2020).”
BackgroundMay, E. M., & El‐Sabaawi, R. W. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.9354 · Cited by 13
“Many vertebrate species are currently endangered or threatened (e.g. Dirzo et al., 2014; Hoffmann et al., 2010; Moritz & Agudo, 2013).”
BackgroundWitnessing mass extinction: What's invisible, what's visible, what's possible
Crist, E. L. (2022) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109696 · Cited by 13
“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109696 Received 14 November 2021; Received in revised form 18 July 2022; Accepted 8 August 2022 (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
InfluentialAridity could have driven the local extinction of a common and multivoltine butterfly
Gil‐Tapetado, D., Soria, C. D., Gómez, J. F., Sesma, J. M., & Cabrero-Sañudo, F. J. (2022) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13200 · Cited by 13
“Biodiversity is currently undergoing a human-induced extinction crisis comparable to previous mass extinctions (Ceballos et al., 2015; Dirzo et al., 2014; Pievani, 2014).”
ResultEmbracing imperfection: Machine-assisted invertebrate classification in real-world datasets
Blair, J. D., Weiser, M. D., de Beurs, K. M., Kaspari, M. E., Siler, C. D., & Marshall, K. E. (2022) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101896 · Cited by 12
Sustainable Development Goals and risks: The Yin and the Yang of the paths towards sustainability
Eckert, N., Rusch, G. M., Lyytimäki, J. M., Lepenies, R., Giacona, F., Panzacchi, M., Mosoni, C., Pedersen, A. B., Jyri Mustajoki, A., Mille, R., et al. (2022) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-022-01800-5 · Cited by 18
Suárez‐Tangil, B. D., & Rodrı́guez, A. (2022) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2801 · Cited by 13
Martínez‐Jauregui, M., Delibes‐Mateos, M., Arroyo, B., et al. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117236 · Cited by 13
Primate extirpation from rainforest fragments does not appear to influence seedling recruitment
Chaves, Ó. M., Arroyo‐Rodríguez, V., Martı́nez-Ramos, M., & Stoner, K. E. (2014) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22364 · Cited by 13
Vieira, C. R., Pitts, J. P., & Colli, G. R. (2015) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-015-9803-4 · Cited by 13
“The combined effects of habitat loss and climate change are presumably the primary drivers of the global biodiversity crisis (Sala et al. 2000; Parmesan 2006; Wright and Muller-Landau 2006; Driscoll et al. 2012; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundEarly Holocene turnover, followed by Stability, in a Caribbean lizard assemblage
Kemp, M. E., & Hadly, E. A. (2016) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2015.12.007 · Cited by 13
de, A. L. G., Morera, Y. G., & Link, A. (2016) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291600900214 · Cited by 13
Manthey, J. D., Reyes‐Velasco, J., Freilich, X., et al. (2017) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx106 · Cited by 13
“, 2015) and associated loss of biological diversity (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Anthropocene through the lens of landfill microbiomes
Achmon, Y., Achmon, M., Dowdy, F. R., Spiegel, O., Claypool, J. T., Toniato, J., & Simmons, C. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.1819 · Cited by 13
de Melo, L. S. O., Meynard, C. N., Gonçalves‐Souza, T., & Rossa‐Feres, D. D. C. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1600-4 · Cited by 13
Núñez, C. L., Clark, J. S., Clark, C. J., et al. (2018) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/ply074 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
