The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
Cites
Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100
Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin, F., III, Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 · Cited by 9,280
Self-citationBiodiversity loss and its impact on humanity
Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11148 · Cited by 7,457
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers
Potts, S. G., Biesmeijer, J. C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., & Kunin, W. E. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 · Cited by 6,458
OERKE, E.-C. (2006) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859605005708 · Cited by 5,283
Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines
Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1187512 · Cited by 4,892
Self-citationHas the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09678 · Cited by 4,400
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W. J., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205106 · Cited by 4,087
Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241484 · Cited by 3,667
The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N., Raven, P. H., Roberts, C. M., & Sexton, J. O. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1246752 · Cited by 3,542
Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands
Biesmeijer, J. C., Roberts, S. P. M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P., Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127863 · Cited by 3,189
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Mora C., Rollo A., Tittensor D. P., Science 443, 295 (2013).
- Ceballos G., García A., Ehrlich P. R., J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
- Myers N., Int. Wildl. 5, 5 (1975).
- Aebischer N., Potts G., Methods 38, 4 (1990).
- Moore N., Odonatologica 20, 203 (1991).
- Lyons S. K., Smith F. A., Brown J. H., Evol. Ecol. Res. 6, 339 (2004).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,901–2,000 of 4,205
PEREIRA, C. D. J., Silva, J. O., Rodrigues, P. M. S., et al. (2021) · Folia Geobotanica · doi:10.1007/s12224-022-09406-1 · Cited by 11
Lioy, F. G., Franculli, D., Calandri, S., et al. (2022) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-022-00627-5 · Cited by 11
Aylward, M. L., Sagar, V., Natesh, M., & Ramakrishnan, U. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0418 · Cited by 12
Land cover and climate drive shifts in Bombus assemblage composition
Christman, M. E., Spears, L. R., Strange, J. P., Pearse, W. D., Burchfield, E., & Ramirez, R. A. (2022) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2022.108113 · Cited by 11
Estimation of katydid calling activity from soundscape recordings
Symes, L. B., Madhusudhana, S., Martinson, S. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Orthoptera Research · doi:10.3897/jor.31.73373 · Cited by 11
Spatial and temporal changes in moth assemblages along an altitudinal gradient, Jeju-do island
Choi, S., An, J., Lee, J.-Y., & Koo, K. A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24600-z · Cited by 12
Zan, L. R. D., de Gasperis, S. R., Andriani, V., Bardiani, M., Campanaro, A., Gisondi, S., Hardersen, S., Maurizi, E., Mosconi, F., Nardi, G., et al. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15010096 · Cited by 12
Franzén, M., Francioli, Y. Z., Sjöberg, G., & Forsman, A. (2023) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-023-00458-y · Cited by 12
“We are facing the sixth mass extinction (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBird, D. M., & Smallwood, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Raptor Research · doi:10.3356/jrr-22-35 · Cited by 11
Konno, K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36735-8 · Cited by 11
“In recent years, a significant decline of insect fauna (i.e., a significant decrease in the total combined biomass of herbivorous and carnivorous insects; defaunation) has been reported and has attracted a great deal of public attention 43,44 .”
BackgroundCrego, R. D., Fennessy, J., Brown, M. B., Connette, G. M., Stacy‐Dawes, J., Masiaine, S., & Stabach, J. A. (2023) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12894 · Cited by 11
“A major component of the biodiversity crisis is the extirpation of wildlife populations across ecosystems globally (Dirzo et al ., 2014).”
BackgroundInsights from 20 years of mammal population research in Indonesia
Ardiantiono, A., Pinondang, I. M. R., Chandradewi, D. S., Semiadi, G., Pattiselanno, F., Supriatna, J., Tasirin, J. S., Winarni, N. L., Voigt, M., Bull, J. W., et al. (2024) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605323001539 · Cited by 13
Hue, T., Caubet, M., & Moura, A. C. D. A. (2016) · Mammalia · doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0167 · Cited by 11
“2012), we need intensive and detailed surveys to quantify the magnitude of their decline (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundTravassos, L., Carvalho, I. D., Pires, A. S., Gonçalves, S. N., Oliveira, P. M., Saraiva, A., & Fernandez, F. A. S. (2018) · Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0453 · Cited by 12
“This resulted in defaunated areas (Peres & Laake, 2003, Travassos 2011, Dirzo et al., 2014, Ripple et al. 2015), that can cover large extensions (Canale et al. 2012, Galetti et al. 2016), where several ecological processes mediated by locally extinct animals are missing (Galetti et al. 2006,…”
BackgroundShaw, P., Kibuule, M., Nalwanga, D., Kaphu, G., Opige, M., & Pomeroy, D. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.039 · Cited by 11
The Long Arm of Species Loss: How Will Defaunation Disrupt Ecosystems Down to the Microbial Scale?
Burkepile, D. E., & Thurber, R. L. V. (2019) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biz047 · Cited by 12
MAMÍFEROS DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO IGUAÇU
Brocardo, C. R., da Silva, M. X., Ferracioli, P., et al. (2019) · Oecologia Australis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2019.2302.01 · Cited by 11
Self-citationIntroduction to the Topic of Carrion Ecology and Management
Olea, P. P., Mateo‐Tomás, P., & Sánchez‐Zapata, J. A. (2019) · Wildlife research monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16501-7_1 · Cited by 12
Drought-induced Suppression of Female Fecundity in a Capital Breeder
Smith, C. F., Schuett, G. W., Reiserer, R. S., Dana, C. E., Collyer, M. L., & Davis, M. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51810-9 · Cited by 11
de la Sancha, N. U., & Boyle, S. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226529 · Cited by 11
“We are currently in the sixth mass extinction on our planet, the Anthropocene [1].”
BackgroundAn analysis of threats and factors that predict trends in Canadian vertebrates designated as at-risk
Currie, J., & Marconi, V. (2020) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2019-0017 · Cited by 12
Gumbs, R., Williams, R. C., Lowney, A. M., & Smith, D. (2020) · Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1163/22244662-bja10020 · Cited by 9
Consistency in mutualism relies on local, rather than wider community biodiversity
Dunkley, K., Cable, J., & Perkins, S. E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78318-x · Cited by 11
Primate landscape genetics: A review and practical guide
Westphal, D., Mancini, A. N., & Baden, A. L. (2021) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21891 · Cited by 11
“Characterizing and understanding the mechanisms driving species diversity are especially important as we enter the Anthropocene.(10) As human activities drive species toward extinction, the knowledge derived from molecular genetic techniques will be essential for informing effective conservation management.”
BackgroundIndustry environmental offset funding facilitates a large multi-species fauna translocation program
Dunlop, J., Smith, A., Burbidge, A. H., Thomas, N., Hamilton, N., & Morris, K. (2021) · Pacific Conservation Biology · doi:10.1071/pc20036 · Cited by 11
“Ecosystems worldwide are experiencing unprecedented levels of biodiversity decline and extinction due to human impacts (Dirzo et al. 2014; Otto 2018).”
Phylogeny, disparity and mass extinction response in the trilobite order Harpetida
Beech, J., & Lamsdell, J. C. (2021) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.1399 · Cited by 11
Saranholi, B. H., Sanches, A., Moreira-Ramírez, J. F., et al. (2022) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2022.02.002 · Cited by 11
Self-citationFartmann, T., Poniatowski, D., & Holtmann, L. (2022) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2022.06.005 · Cited by 11
Zhu, Y., Ma, Q., Zhong, Z., Jiang, M., Bakker, E. S., Harvey, J. A., Veen, G. F., Chen, C., & Wang, D. (2023) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.13228 · Cited by 11
Silva, F. L., Pinho, L. C., Stur, E., Nihei, S. S., & Ekrem, T. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10602 · Cited by 12
“In the past decades, natural environments have been disturbed and destroyed worldwide at alarming rates, which results in a large loss of species (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Stork, 2018).”
BackgroundExtremophile Fishes: An Introduction
Plath, M. W., Tobler, M., & Riesch, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13362-1_1 · Cited by 11
Dahirel, M., Séguret, A. C., Ansart, A., et al. (2016) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-016-0564-y · Cited by 11
“…of anthropogenic environments and the intensity of human activities, the habitats of many species and populations are now altered, destroyed or fragmented to a degree, leading to the decline or extinction of numerous taxa (Dirzo and Raven 2003; Fahrig 2003; Dirzo et al. 2014; Ceballos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundOliveira, P. S., Christianini, A. V., Bieber, A. G. D., et al. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316671825.008 · Cited by 11
Osinski, B. L., Getson, J. M., Bentlage, B., Avery, G. H., Glas, Z. E., Esman, L. A., Williams, R. N., & Prokopy, L. S. (2019) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871209.2019.1587649 · Cited by 12
“The number of species facing extinction continues to rise, which is largely attributed to anthropogenic actions (Dirzo et al., 2014; International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2009).”
Ecology in the Sixth Mass Extinction: Detecting and Understanding Rare Biotic Interactions
Youngsteadt, E., López-Uribe, M. M., & Sorenson, C. E. (2019) · Annals of the Entomological Society of America · doi:10.1093/aesa/saz007 · Cited by 12
Diet cues and their utility for risk assessment in degraded habitats
McCormick, M. I., Ferrari, M. C. O., Fakan, E. P., Barry, R. P., & Chivers, D. P. (2019) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.04.005 · Cited by 13
Migration distance does not predict blood parasitism in a migratory songbird
Sorensen, M. C., Dixit, T., Kardynal, K. J., et al. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5404 · Cited by 11
“…dynamics in certain sexes or age classes is an important question for future research, since such a contrast would have clear implications for understanding species population dynamics in the face of deteriorating environmental conditions in both hemispheres (Dirzo et al., 2014; Pecl et al., 2017).”
BackgroundFeijó, A., & de Oliveira, M. V. B. (2022) · Zoologia (Curitiba) · doi:10.1590/s1984-4689.v39.e22007 · Cited by 13
North American bird declines are driven by reductions in common species
Dupont, G., & Dobson, A. P. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw8971 · Cited by 11
Trait mediation explains decadal distributional shifts for a wide range of insect taxa
Bourhis, Y., Milne, A. E., Shortall, C. R., Beckmann, B. C., Blumgart, D., Edwards, R., Evans, L. C., Foster, C. W., Fox, R., Botham, M. S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63093-y · Cited by 11
“These changes have repercussions on other trophic levels, such as birds 12 – 14 , and may undermine the sustainability of ecosystem services 15 – 17 .”
Torres, D. A., & Rojas, A. E. (2021) · Neotropical Biology and Conservation · doi:10.3897/neotropical.16.e57109 · Cited by 10
Spatial and temporal refugia for an insect population declining due to climate change
Karban, R., & Huntzinger, M. (2021) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3820 · Cited by 10
Scalbert, M., Vermeulen, C., Breuer, T., & Doucet, J. (2022) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/mam.12305 · Cited by 11
Linking traits to extinction risk in Odonata
Rocha‐Ortega, M., Khelifa, R., Sandall, E. L., Deacon, C., Sánchez-Rivero, X. J., Pinkert, S., & Patten, M. A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192898623.003.0024 · Cited by 13
Levey, D. R., Patten, M. A., & Estrada, A. (2022) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13871 · Cited by 10
Diel niche variation in mammalian declines in the Anthropocene
Cox, D. T. C., Gardner, A. S., & Gaston, K. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28104-2 · Cited by 11
“In brief, following the Handbook of Mammals of the World36, we assigned each species to one of four activity patterns: (1) nocturnal—active mostly or only at night; (2) crepuscular—active only during twilight (around sunrise and/or sunset); (3) cathemeral—significant activity during both the day and night; (4) diurnal…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPrey species increase activity in refugia free of terrestrial predators
Potash, A. D., Conner, L. M., Clinchy, M., Zanette, L., & McCleery, R. A. (2023) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-023-05350-9 · Cited by 11
Land cover differentially affects abundance of common and rare birds
Davis, K. P., Sofaer, H. R., & Pejchar, L. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16700 · Cited by 11
Korkiatupa, E., Malinga, G. M., Nakadai, R., Nyafwono, M., Akite, P., Holm, S., van Goor, W., Kigenyi, R., & Valtonen, A. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4514 · Cited by 11
Tammaru, T., Valdma, D., Tiitsaar, A., Kaasik, A., Õunap, E., Remm, J., & Teder, T. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110294 · Cited by 12
van Tongeren, E., Sistri, G., Bonifacino, M., Menchetti, M., Pasquali, L., Salvati, V., Balletto, E., Bonelli, S., Cini, A., Portera, M., et al. (2023) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-023-02721-9 · Cited by 11
“…(Cruden and Hermann-Parker 1979; Courtney et al. 1982; Jennersten 1984), their concerning conservation status (Franzén and Johannesson 2007; Dirzo et al. 2014; McDermott Long et al. 2017; Schultz et al. 2019) and their ease of monitoring by citizen scientists (van Swaay et al. 2008; Wei et…”
BackgroundA multi-taxonomic survey to determine the conservation status of native pollinators
Schlesinger, M., White, E. L., Corser, J. D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1274680 · Cited by 10
Analysis of Whole-Genome as a Novel Strategy for Animal Species Identification
Gan, Y., Qi, G., Hao, L., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25052955 · Cited by 10
“Biodiversity is one of the most precious treasures of life on Earth [1] and also a tremendous challenge.”
BackgroundVulnerability of terrestrial vertebrate food webs to anthropogenic threats in Europe
O’Connor, L. M. J., Cosentino, F., Harfoot, M., Maiorano, L., Mancino, C., Pollock, L. J., & Thuiller, W. (2024) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.17253 · Cited by 10
“The impact of direct exploitation on terrestrial vertebrates is unsurprising given the numerous species that have been hunted to extinction in the past (Dirzo et al., 2014 ; Fricke, Hsieh, et al., 2022).”
BackgroundHernández-Romero, P. C., Thaden, J. J. V., Muench, C., Rodríguez, D., Arizmendi, M. D. C., Botello, F. J., & Prieto-Torres, D. A. (2024) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-024-01553-x · Cited by 11
“Urbanization — which is often unplanned— poses a considerable threat to the richness and abundance of local species, leading to the possible extirpation or extinction of various wildlife taxa (Dirzo et al. 2014; Newbold et al. 2015).”
Anderson, M. E., Harman, R. R., & Kim, T. N. (2024) · Journal of Insect Science · doi:10.1093/jisesa/ieae062 · Cited by 8
Performance-based habitat choice can drive rapid adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation
Munar‐Delgado, G., Pulido, F., & Edelaar, P. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.006 · Cited by 13
Fragmentation in patchy ecosystems: a call for a functional approach
Benitez, L. M., Parr, C. L., Sankaran, M., & Ryan, C. M. (2024) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2024.09.004 · Cited by 10
Schriever, C., Jene, B., Resseler, H., Spatz, R., Sur, R., Weyers, A., & Winter, M. (2025) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1093/inteam/vjae007 · Cited by 10
“…affer et al. (2018) claim that “the present use of pesticides has a significant adverse impact on ecosystems and biodiversity” (p. 17) and refer to Dirzo et al. (2014) when stating that invertebrate population sizes have declined by some 45% worldwide, alongside a dramatic decline in species…”
Assembly Graph as the Rosetta Stone of Ecological Assembly
Song, C. (2025) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.70030 · Cited by 13
“It concerns real-world implications, from conserving biodiversity under changing climate (Dirzo et al., 2014), to managing the complex communities of bacteria in our own guts that can mean the difference between health and disease (Olm et al., 2022).”
BackgroundWard, M., Possingham, H. P., Wintle, B. A., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Marsh, J., Chapple, D. G., Lintermans, M., Scheele, B. C., Whiterod, N. S., Hoskin, C. J., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2414985122 · Cited by 10
Vidal, M. C., Abarca, M., Backe, K. M., Curé, A. E., Finke, D. L., Koltz, A. M., Lackey, A. C. R., Mitchell, J. C., Prather, R. M., Welti, E. A. R., et al. (2025) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.12845 · Cited by 15
“Hence, this high ratio of negative effects associated with these habitats is due to habitat degradation being a major threat to insects (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
InfluentialRamírez‐Hernández, A., Escobar, F., de, E. M., & Arellano, L. (2018) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1093/ee/nvy132 · Cited by 10
Global terrestrial distribution of penguins (Spheniscidae) and their conservation by protected areas
Hickcox, R. P., Jara, M., Deacon, L. A. K., Harvey, L. P., & Pincheira‐Donoso, D. (2019) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-019-01801-z · Cited by 10
Richardson, M. L., Milton, A. D., & Harrison, E. A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12052063 · Cited by 10
“The urbanization of the human population is happening simultaneously with worsening local and global environmental problems, such as overexploitation and degradation of natural resources [3,4], population declines and extinctions of other species [5,6], and climate change [7].”
BackgroundPersonal Assessment of Reasons for the Loss of Global Biodiversity—an Empirical Analysis
Kleespies, M. W., & Dierkes, P. W. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12104277 · Cited by 11
“The loss of small vertebrates that act as pesticides could result in crop losses of up to 37% [16].”
BackgroundTemporal patterns of bird mortality due to road traffic collisions in a Mediterranean region
Pinto, P., Lourenço, R., Mira, A. P. P., et al. (2020) · Bird Study · doi:10.1080/00063657.2020.1779652 · Cited by 10
“For the past 500 years, there has been an increase in extinction rates that far exceed the expected rate based on geological records (Dirzo & Raven 2003, Hoffmann et al. 2010, Dirzo et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSeymour, M., Brown, N. J., Carvalho, G. R., Wood, C. L., Goertz, S., Lo, N., & de Bruyn, M. (2020) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2020.11.002 · Cited by 11
High-integrity human intervention in ecosystems: Tracking self-organization modes
Zelnik, Y. R., Mau, Y., Shachak, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009427 · Cited by 10
“Yet, the outcomes of human intervention are often detrimental to the ecosystems involved, often when coupled to natural drivers [3]; biodiversity loss [4], desertification [5, 6], and degradation of coastal ecosystems [7], are a few examples of such detrimental human impact.”
Gomez-Melara, J. L., Naranjo, R. A., Izar, P., Sah, S. A. M., Pladevall, J., Maulany, R. I., Ngakan, P. O., Majolo, B., Romero, T., & Amici, F. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132313095 · Cited by 10
Genetic erosion detected in a specialist mammal living in a fast‐developing environment
Hohwieler, K., de Villiers, D. L., Cristescu, R. H., & Frère, C. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12738 · Cited by 10
“2022;4:e12738. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/csp2 1 of 17 https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12738 et al., 2017; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
InfluentialSantiago‐Alarcón, D. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-931-2_9 · Cited by 9
Biodiversity is decimated by the cascading effects of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus
Zipkin, E. F., & DiRenzo, G. V. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010624 · Cited by 10
“The extirpation of a single species or a change in community composition can have cascading impacts throughout an ecosystem [45,46].”
BackgroundWilson, S. J., Juno, E., Pool, J.-R., Ray, S., Phillips, M., Francisco, S., & McCallum, S. (2022) · doi:10.46830/wrirpt.19.00013 · Cited by 12
Burs, K., Möcklinghoff, L., Marques, M. I., et al. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13010066 · Cited by 10
Ransom, J. I., Lyons, A. L., Hegewisch, K. C., & Krosby, M. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109947 · Cited by 9
30 years brings changes to the arthropod community of Kibale National Park, Uganda
Opito, E. A., Alanko, T. A., Kalbitzer, U., Nummelin, M., Omeja, P. A., Valtonen, A., & Chapman, C. A. (2023) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13206 · Cited by 10
Cadmium does not affect post-hatching maternal care or early offspring development in earwigs
Honorio, R., Moreau, S., Lécureuil, C., et al. (2023) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arad011 · Cited by 10
Neotropical understory birds and mammals show divergent behaviour responses to human pressure
Negret, P. J., Luskin, M. S., Gómez‐Valencia, B., Díaz‐Pulido, A., Jiménez, L. H. R., Restrepo, A., Zaehringer, J. G., Jones, K. R., Ochoa-Quintero, J. M., & Mendes, C. P. (2023) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2023.04.002 · Cited by 11
Pocock, M. J. O., Logie, M., Isaac, N. J. B., et al. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110276 · Cited by 10
Self-citationThe World's Most Imperiled Raptors Present Substantial Conservation Challenges
McClure, C. J. W., Buij, R., Thorstrom, R. K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Raptor Research · doi:10.3356/jrr-22-79 · Cited by 10
“The loss of such biodiversity will likely have major consequences for human and ecosystem health (Dirzo et al. 2014), because some taxa have outsized ecosystem functions.”
BackgroundIntensifying the soil ecological functions for sustainable agriculture: Acting with stakeholders
Trap, J., & Blanchart, É. (2023) · Current Research in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2023.100225 · Cited by 13
Revisiting the Jarman–Bell Principle
Potter, A. B., & Pringle, R. M. (2023) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_7 · Cited by 14
Proteomic differences in seminal fluid of social insects whose sperm differ in heat tolerance
Martinet, B., Przybyla, K., Decroo, C., et al. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.231389 · Cited by 10
Vélez, J., McShea, W. J., Pukazhenthi, B. S., et al. (2023) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14218 · Cited by 10
“Medium-to large-bodied mammals can be disproportionately exposed to these factors due to their high hunting rates (Mayor et al., 2015, 2017), larger spatial requirements (Herfindal et al., 2017; Medici et al., 2022), and increased extinction risk (Cardillo et al., 2005; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundNeupane, N., Larsen, E. A., & Ries, L. (2024) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2024.101159 · Cited by 13
Rewilding in cold blood: Restoring functionality in degraded ecosystems using herbivorous reptiles
Stark, G., & Galetti, M. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02834 · Cited by 10
Self-citationMosquera-Guerra, F., Barreto, J. S., Moreno‐Niño, N., González, T. M., & Armenteras, D. (2024) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00404-8 · Cited by 12
“…genetic diversity because of population isolation, inbreeding depression, demography stochasticity, and limitation of their evolutionary potential and response to fluctuations in landscape connectivity (Hayward and Kerley 2009; Dirzo et al. 2014; Koen et al. 2014; Correa Ayram et al. 2016).”
Petsopoulos, D., Cuff, J. P., Bell, J. R., Kitson, J. J. N., Collins, L., Boonham, N., Morales‐Hojas, R., & Evans, D. M. (2024) · Environmental DNA · doi:10.1002/edn3.542 · Cited by 9
Almeida, C. S., Cristaldo, P. F., Florencio, D. F., et al. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Biology · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.17815 · Cited by 10
Smaller ungulates are first to incur imminent extirpation from an African protected area
Owen‐Smith, N., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., & le Roux, E. (2017) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.013 · Cited by 10
Global linkages between teleconnection patterns and the terrestrial biosphere
Dahlin, K. M., & Ault, T. R. (2018) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2018.02.017 · Cited by 11
Atlantic forest mammals cannot find cellphone coverage
Macedo, L., Salvador, C. H., Moschen, N., et al. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.018 · Cited by 10
Calibration of a rumen bolus to measure continuous internal body temperature in moose
Herberg, A., St‐Louis, V., Carstensen, M., et al. (2018) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.894 · Cited by 10
Investigating the efficiency of a bio-inspired insect repellent surface structure
Graf, C., Kesel, A. B., Gorb, E. V., et al. (2018) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/aad061 · Cited by 10
“Although chemically developed insecticides become more efficient and selective (Ye et al 2010), the number of resistant insect species still increases globally, whilst the overall number of insect species has globally notably decreased within the last years (Dirzo et al 2014, Nicoletti et al 2016).”
BackgroundPredator size‐structure and species identity determine cascading effects in a coastal ecosystem
Griffin, J. N., & Silliman, B. R. (2018) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.4571 · Cited by 9
Ishizuka, S., Kawamoto, Y., Toda, K., et al. (2018) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-018-00704-x · Cited by 10
Baeza, J. A., & Prakash, S. (2018) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly084 · Cited by 10
Invertebrate scavengers matter
Olea, P. P., Mateo‐Tomás, P., & Barton, P. S. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw7029 · Cited by 10
Simple signals indicate which period of the annual cycle drives declines in seasonal populations
Burant, J. B., Betini, G. S., & Norris, D. R. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13393 · Cited by 8
“A diverse array of taxa around the globe have shown rapid and steep population declines in recent years (Barnosky et al. 2011; Dirzo et al. 2014; Ceballos et al. 2015; Young et al. 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
