The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,101–2,200 of 4,205
Kemp, M. E., & Hadly, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1179640 · Cited by 10
“It is important to emphasize that extinction of an entire species is not necessarily a rapid process (Dirzo et al., 2014), and it could take thousands of years before it is completed.”
BackgroundLima‐Ribeiro, M. S., & Diniz‐Filho, J. A. F. (2017) · Evolutionary ecology research · Cited by 9
De‐scenting Extinction: The Promise of De‐extinction May Hasten Continuing Extinctions
Campagna, C., Guevara, D., & Boeuf, B. L. (2017) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.752 · Cited by 9
““Defaunation” is a neologism that refers to the loss of animal abundance due to human intervention.(21) The term really should be replaced with “de-wilding,” to incorporate all lost taxa, not just fauna.”
BackgroundWang, Y., Liang, Q., Hao, G., et al. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1537-7 · Cited by 9
“In the recent past, both climatic changes and anthropogenic activities have become stronger than before, and numerous endangered species have experienced population declines resulting in critically small population sizes (Allendorf et al. 2010; Dirzo et al. 2014; Miraldo et al. 2016).”
Saarman, E. T., Owens, B., Murray, S. N., Weisberg, S. B., Ambrose, R. F., Field, J. C., Nielsen, K. J., & Carr, M. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199126 · Cited by 9
Fifty Years after “How to Wreck the Environment”: Anthropogenic Extinction of Life on Earth
Herndon, J. M., Whiteside, M., & Baldwin, I. (2018) · Journal of Geography Environment and Earth Science International · doi:10.9734/jgeesi/2018/42006 · Cited by 21
Interaction between frugivorous vertebrates and two plant species of the genus Spondias
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Self-citationEcosystem Services - From Biodiversity to Society, Part 1
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Why We’re in the Sixth Great Extinction and What It Means to Humanity
Dasgupta, P. S., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108668675.012 · Cited by 9
Soils are fundamental to landscape restoration
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Meier, A. C., Shirley, M. H., Beirne, C., Breuer, T., Lewis, M. B., Masseloux, J., Jasperse‐Sjolander, L., Todd, A. F., & Poulsen, J. R. (2021) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12704 · Cited by 9
“As animal populations continue to decline globally (Dirzo et al., 2014), accurate estimates of wildlife abundance are essential for conservation planning and management (Ahrestani et al., 2018).”
BackgroundRats, Death, and Anthropocene Relations in Urban Canadian Childhoods
Nelson, N. (2020) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67286-1_45 · Cited by 9
Are pulp consumers effective seed dispersers? Tests with a large‐seeded tropical relict tree
Peña‐Egaña, M., Loayza, A. P., & Squeo, F. A. (2018) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12604 · Cited by 9
A pilot phase II trial with arogya-wardhani and Punarnavadi-Kwath in viral hepatitis.
Antarkar, D. S., Tathed, P. S., & Vaidya, A. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 9
Pocock, M., Logie, M., Isaac, N. J. B., Outhwaite, C. L., & August, T. A. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/813626 · Cited by 9
“Biodiversity data are vital for assessing trends in species, understanding changes in ecosystems (Butchart et al., 2010; Dirzo et al., 2014) and are required for international reporting, e.g. for the Aichi biodiversity targets (Brooks et al., 2015; Díaz et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRanking species based on sensitivity to perturbations under non-equilibrium community dynamicsPreprint
Medeiros, L. P., Allesina, S., Dakos, V., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501258 · Cited by 9
Comparing fear responses of two lizard species across habitats varying in human impact
Putman, B. J., Rensel, M. A., Schlinger, B. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Urban Ecology · doi:10.1093/jue/juae002 · Cited by 8
“We live in the Anthropocene, an epoch during which human-induced environmental change threatens global biodiversity (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSantos, B. S., Marques, M. P., & Ceríaco, L. M. P. (2024) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202420230622 · Cited by 8
Scheibli, L., Wiedenmann, M., Wolf, H., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172617 · Cited by 8
A framework for the restoration of seed dispersal and pollination
Landim, A. R., Guimarães, P. R., Fernandez, F. A. S., et al. (2024) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.14151 · Cited by 8
“Local extinctions can trigger cascading effects in the community, where the loss of a species at one trophic level can in fl uence species at other levels, often affecting ecosystem functioning (Estes et al. 1978; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAwasthi, B., McConkey, K. R., Aluthwattha, S. T., Chen, C., & Chen, J. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110611 · Cited by 8
Bourn, N. A. D., O’Riordan, S., Maes, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-024-00601-3 · Cited by 8
“A rate broadly consistent with the rate of decline for invertebrates globally in the Anthropocene (Dirzo et al. 2014; Vogel 2017; Wagner et al. 2021).”
Vishwapriya, C., & Devaiah, N. G. (2024) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-024-02924-8 · Cited by 7
“Nevertheless, our temporal comparisons demonstrate substantial genuine deteriorations in the Red List status of such ‘neglected’ taxa—a pattern mirrored globally (Dirzo et al. 2014; Cowie et al. 2017; Wagner 2020).”
He, R., Wang, L., Hughes, A. C., Geng, Y., Cao, H., Liu, Y., Li, J., Wang, Q., Yang, Z., & Quan, R. (2024) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70001 · Cited by 10
Human-Caused High Direct Mortality in Birds: Unsustainable Trends and Ameliorative Actions
Kaplan, G. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15010073 · Cited by 10
Baladia, Y., Ben-Haddad, M., Laadel, N., & Oualid, J. A. (2025) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-025-13711-5 · Cited by 8
“The accelerating global trend of predator loss (Myers and Worm, 2003), now characteristic of the Anthropocene epoch (Dirzo et al., 2014), underscores the ecological threat posed by FMMEs in Moroccan lakes.”
H omo sapiens , industrialisation and the environmental mismatch hypothesis
Longman, D. P., & Shaw, C. N. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70094 · Cited by 22
Stilley, J. A., & Gabler, C. A. (2021) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects12090777 · Cited by 8
“That is, here and in related studies, multiple drivers are implicated, and these drivers may interact additively, synergistically, or antagonistically, and they operate across different patterns of space and time [37,53,67,68].”
BackgroundZucchetto, M., Silveira, N. S. D., Prasniewski, V. M., Arnhold, T. R., Sobral‐Souza, T., & de Pinho, J. B. (2021) · Avian Conservation and Ecology · doi:10.5751/ace-01893-160229 · Cited by 8
“Species are becoming extinct at alarming rates around the world (Dirzo and Raven 2003), with more severe losses occurring in the tropics (Crutzen 2006, Dirzo et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015).”
BackgroundPredicting population trends of birds worldwide with big data and machine learning
Zhang, X., Campomizzi, A. J., & Lebrun‐Southcott, Z. M. (2022) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.13045 · Cited by 9
Dyola, U., Baniya, C. B., Acharya, P. R., Subedi, P., Pandey, A., & Sapkota, K. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8653 · Cited by 8
“Several studies show that there is decline in pollinators globally (Carvalheiro et al., 2013; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFertility, Population Growth, and Population Composition
Skirbekk, V. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91611-4_18 · Cited by 9
Human-Wildlife Interactions in the Tarangire Ecosystem
Kiffner, C., Bond, M. L., & Lee, D. (2022) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_1 · Cited by 12
Spatiotemporal Coexistence of Mesopredators and Their Prey in a Defaunated Neotropical Rainforest
Flores‐Martínez, J. J., Coates, R. I., Sánchez-Cordero, V. M., et al. (2022) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/19400829221084261 · Cited by 8
“Deforestation is a major cause of habitat loss and fragmentation in tropical forests leading to biodiversity loss worldwide (Bogoni et al., 2020a, 2020b; Dirzo et al., 2014; Dirzo & Miranda, 1990; Galetti & Dirzo, 2013).”
BackgroundCrockett, E. T. H., Vellend, M., & Bennett, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13956 · Cited by 9
Dong, A., He, X., Deng, Y., Lin, L., & Goodale, E. (2022) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.310 · Cited by 8
Bird feathers as a non-invasive method for ecotoxicological monitoring; a rapid review
Adeogun, A., Chukwuka, A. V., Fadahunsi, A. A., et al. (2022) · Zoologist (The) · doi:10.4314/tzool.v20i1.5 · Cited by 8
“Such declines in animal population and eventual disruption of ecosystem functioning and availability of services (Dirzo et al 2014), has necessitated monitoring and assessment of biodiversity loss through research methodologies geared towards prioritizing conservation of species biodiversity…”
BackgroundTransoceanic migration network of dragonfly Pantala flavescens: origin, dispersal and timing
Ranjan, K. S., Pawar, A. A., Roy, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1152384 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, studies show the population of the migrating insects declining (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017; Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys, 2019).”
BackgroundDiversified farms bolster forest-bird populations despite ongoing declines in tropical forests
Hendershot, J. N., Echeverri, A., Frishkoff, L. O., Zook, J. R., Fukami, T., & Daily, G. C. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2303937120 · Cited by 7
“Given the high diversity and magnitude of species declines in forest bird populations, it is likely that multiple factors beyond historical changes in forest cover explain these losses (32, 33).”
BackgroundHuanca‐Nunez, N., Chazdon, R. L., & Russo, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14531 · Cited by 8
Betzholtz, P., Forsman, A., & Franzén, M. (2023) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d15121177 · Cited by 8
“However, this study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of species expansion, providing an empirical foundation for future research and management strategies aimed at biodiversity monitoring and conservation.”
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Use of native and human-modified habitats by different mammal guilds in West Africa
Rossinyol-Fernàndez, A., Dabo, D., dos Reis-Silva, F., et al. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03099 · Cited by 8
Almeida‐Gomes, M., Lira, P. K., Neto, F. D. P. S. D. C., Souza, F. L., & Valente‐Neto, F. (2024) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105219 · Cited by 8
Porensky, L. M., & Young, T. P. (2016) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-016-0344-3 · Cited by 8
“Management practices that create wildlife hotspots such as glades may help combat large mammal defaunation and associated problems (Dirzo et al. 2014; Young et al. 2014, 2015).”
BackgroundCeballos, G. (2016) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/688261 · Cited by 8
Self-citationOBSOLETE: Trends in biodiversity: insects
Wagner, D. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09819-5 · Cited by 8
Soares, B. E., Cabral, G. L., Estrella, F., et al. (2017) · Oecologia Australis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2017.2103.08 · Cited by 8
Watanabe, J., Matsuoka, H., & Hasegawa, Y. (2018) · The Auk · doi:10.1642/auk-18-54.1 · Cited by 8
“Extinction in geologically recent time has been subject to intensive scientific inquiries, in connection to impacts of human activity and climate change, as well as to their ecological consequences (Koch and Barnosky 2006, Dirzo et al. 2014, Galetti et al. 2018).”
BackgroundBiodiversity and Disease Transmission
Morand, S. (2018) · Advances in environmental microbiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92373-4_2 · Cited by 9
La conservación de mamíferos medianos en dos reservas ecológicas privadas de Veracruz, México
Gallina, S., & González‐Romero, A. (2018) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.4.2476 · Cited by 8
Castilla, A. R., Godoy, J. A., Delibes, M., et al. (2019) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/plb.12982 · Cited by 8
Coral degradation alters predator odour signatures and influences prey learning and survival
Chivers, D. P., McCormick, M. I., Fakan, E. P., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0562 · Cited by 8
Baeza, J. A., Umaña-Castro, R., & Mejía‐Ortíz, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Crustacean Biology · doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruz019 · Cited by 8
Hogan, J. D., Jack, K. M., Campos, F. A., Kalbitzer, U., & Fedigan, L. M. (2019) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23027 · Cited by 7
“…for determining extinction vulnerability and improving conservation efforts (Field, O’Connor, Tyre, & Possingham, 2007; Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca, & Kent, 2000), an issue for an ever‐ increasing proportion of extant wildlife species (Dirzo et al., 2014; Estrada et al., 2017).”
BackgroundChen, Q., & Chen, P. (2019) · Journal of Coastal Research · doi:10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00081.1 · Cited by 8
Southward Breeding Expansion of Tree Swallows in Alabama
Wright, H. C., Price, J. W., Trent, J. A., Soehren, E. C., & Rush, S. A. (2019) · Southeastern Naturalist · doi:10.1656/058.018.0404 · Cited by 8
“With invertebrate populations experiencing sharp declines worldwide (Dirzo et al. 2014), the presence of historically unseen species in southern latitudes of the United States may continue to increase as aerial insectivore species continue to expand into new regions in search of prey sources.”
BackgroundRecent increases in assemblage rarity are linked to increasing local immigration
Jones, F. A. M., Dornelas, M., & Magurran, A. E. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.192045 · Cited by 9
“Consequently, the populations of many species are decreasing [7], and low population sizes are a criterion for assessing extinction risk [8].”
BackgroundConservation status of the order Rodentia of Brazil: taxonomic and biogeographical patterns
Lacher, T. E., McCay, S. D., Bianconi, G. V., Wolf, L. K., Roach, N. S., & Percequillo, A. R. (2020) · Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais · doi:10.46357/bcnaturais.v15i3.234 · Cited by 8
Li, D., Aspöck, H., Aspöck, U., et al. (2021) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects12050451 · Cited by 8
“The global decline of insect species and their abundance is becoming drastic due to climate change and human-derived perturbations [1].”
BackgroundLocal Awareness and Interpretations of Species Extinction in a Rural Chinese Biodiversity Hotspot
Ma, H., Papworth, S., Ge, T., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2021.689561 · Cited by 8
“In the Anthropocene, human activities are driving the sixth mass extinction and pose the greatest threats to wildlife (Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWillig, M. R., & Presley, S. J. (2021) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13425 · Cited by 7
“…are declining in abundance, likely in response to a combination of biocides, habitat loss and fragmentation, and an increasingly warm world (Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallman et al., 2017; Rosenberg et al., 2019; Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019; Thomas, 2004; Wagner, 2020), thereby generating…”
BackgroundHow are Natura 2000 protected areas covering different components of avian diversity in Spain?
Morelli, F., Benedetti, Y., Floigl, K., et al. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108452 · Cited by 8
Birds not in flight: using camera traps to observe ground use of birds at a wind-energy facility
Puffer, S. R., Tennant, L. A., Lovich, J. E., Agha, M., Smith, A. L., Delaney, D. K., Arundel, T. R., Fleckenstein, L. J., Briggs, J. R., Walde, A. D., et al. (2021) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr21071 · Cited by 8
“As a result of these and other factors, large decreases in population sizes of animals have been documented worldwide, such as ,68% decrease for mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish in the past 50 years (see WWF 2020), including species that are still considered common or of ‘low concern’ from a conservation…”
BackgroundSchroeder, V. M., Robinson, W. D., Johnson, D. D., et al. (2022) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02010 · Cited by 8
Hurricane‐associated population decrease in a critically endangered long‐lived reptile
van den Burg, M. P., Madden, H., Wagensveld, T. P. V., et al. (2022) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13087 · Cited by 8
“However, as habitat occurrence and quality are continuously being reduced in the Anthropocene, equally are local species abundances (Dirzo et al., 2014; Otto, 2018), with habitat loss alone predicted to drive the extinction of nearly 2,000 terrestrial vertebrate species (Powers & Jetz, 2019).”
BackgroundThe sixth R: Revitalizing the natural phosphorus pump
Abraham, A. J., Roman, J., & Doughty, C. E. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155023 · Cited by 9
Examining diversity of terrestrial mammal communities across forest reserves in Sabah, Borneo
Bohnett, E., Goossens, B., Bakar, M. S. A., Abidin, T. R., Lim, H.-Y., Hulse, D. W., Ahmad, B., Hoctor, T., & Gardner, P. C. (2022) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-022-02423-8 · Cited by 10
Kuemmerle, T., Kästner, T., Meyfroidt, P., & Qin, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11105-2_15 · Cited by 10
Humid grassland fallows promote spider diversity in a traditionally managed landscape
Frenzel, T., Rischen, T., & Fischer, K. (2022) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2022.05.007 · Cited by 8
Estimating the carbon footprint of citizen science biodiversity monitoring
Gillings, S., & Harris, S. (2022) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10333 · Cited by 8
Bellaver, J. M. F., Lima‐Ribeiro, M. S., Hoffmann, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-022-00407-1 · Cited by 8
Krishnan, A., Osuri, A. M., & Krishnadas, M. (2022) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13137 · Cited by 8
“Size- selective defaunation of mammals leading to “rodentation” is ubiquitous in fragmented and disturbed forests globally (Bovendorp et al., 2019; Dirzo et al., 2014; Mendes et al., 2016; Young et al., 2016), and the resultant increase in seed predation, as seen in this study, could reduce…”
BackgroundInfluentialClimate change likely to increase co-occurrence of island endemic and invasive wildlife
Boone, W. W., & McCleery, R. A. (2022) · Climate Change Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.ecochg.2022.100061 · Cited by 8
Li, N., Yang, X., Ren, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1010352 · Cited by 8
“Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important drivers of the decline in species diversity (Dirzo et al., 2014; Haddad et al., 2015; Cao and Zhang, 2022), which may trigger cascading effects on ecological networks (Taubert et al.”
BackgroundAhmad, S., Khattak, R. H., Teng, L., Kaneez, K., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14121135 · Cited by 8
Orduña-Villaseñor, M., Valenzuela‐Galván, D., & Schondube, J. E. (2023) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2023.94.4850 · Cited by 8
On the end of evolution – Humankind and the annihilation of species
Glaubrecht, M. (2023) · Zoologica Scripta · doi:10.1111/zsc.12592 · Cited by 10
Long‐term trends in migrating Brassicogethes aeneus in the UK
Shortall, C. R., Cook, S. M., Mauchline, A. L., & Bell, J. R. (2023) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.7501 · Cited by 8
Cauwer, V. D., Becker, R. W., Gomes, A. L., Lages, F., SWANEPOEL, W., & Jaarsveld, E. V. (2023) · Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa · doi:10.1080/0035919x.2023.2211040 · Cited by 11
Savilaakso, S., Lausberg, N., Waeber, P. O., Hillgén, O., Isotalo, A., Kleinschroth, F., Djenontin, I. N. S., Lefeuvre, N. B., & García, C. (2023) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.10.003 · Cited by 13
Lack of Population Genetic Structuring in Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in a Fragmented Landscape
Figueiredo, M., Cervini, M., Rodrigues, F., Eduardo Eizirik, C., de Azevedo, F. C. C., Cullen, L., Crawshaw, P. G., & Galetti, P. M. (2015) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d7030295 · Cited by 8
“Reduced genetic variation, inbreeding, and fitness decrease are expected genetic consequences of population decline [4,5], and often accompany population fragmentation [3].”
BackgroundBoyer, S., Case, B. S., Lefort, M.-C., Waterhouse, B. R., & Wratten, S. D. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.7914.1 · Cited by 8
Anthropogenic disturbances infiltrate forest fragments
Ezcurra, E. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1604829113 · Cited by 8
Ferreguetti, Á. C., Pereira‐Ribeiro, J., Tomás, W. M., Bergallo, H. G., & Rocha, C. F. D. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2017-0153 · Cited by 9
“Poaching impact on vertebrate populations is imminent, and this tend to lead to a defaunation scenario that may result in unbalanced ecosystems (Dirzo et al. 2014; Young et al. 2016), and this impact may be even higher in populations of endemic and fragmented species (Hall et al. 2008), such as T.…”
BackgroundWhite-lipped Peccary Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795)
Beck, H., Keuroghlian, A., Reyna‐Hurtado, R., et al. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316941232.027 · Cited by 8
Schrauth, F. E., & Wink, M. (2018) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d10030097 · Cited by 10
“In Europe, invertebrate populations are associated with strong declines [5], especially concerning the insects [6,7].”
BackgroundWhiteside, M., & Herndon, J. M. (2018) · Asian Journal of Biology · doi:10.9734/ajob/2018/43268 · Cited by 19
Reforming accounting to support the shift towards a sustainable financial system
Chabrak, N. (2018) · Journal of Capital Markets Studies · doi:10.1108/jcms-05-2018-0015 · Cited by 8
Spalink, D., MacKay, R., & Sytsma, K. J. (2019) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15006 · Cited by 8
“…sixth great extinction, with total species loss in the recent Holocene expected to be of the same magnitude as all five previous mass extinctions (Dirzo et al., 2014; Doughty et al., 2016; Glavin, 2006; Leakey & Lewin, 1995; Pimm & Brooks, 2000; Vamosi, Magallón, Mayrose, Otto, & Sauquet, 2018).”
BackgroundGrossman, B. F., Hayward, M. W., & Gibb, H. (2019) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.02.003 · Cited by 8
García, C. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105612 · Cited by 8
Development and validation of protein biomarkers of health in grizzly bears
Wilson, A. E., Michaud, S. A., Jackson, A., Stenhouse, G. B., Coops, N. C., & Janz, D. M. (2020) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coaa056 · Cited by 8
Andresen, E., López-del-Toro, P., Franquesa‐Soler, M., et al. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208684 · Cited by 8
“Yet the decline in wildlife populations is rarely perceived by decision makers as a crucial driver of global change, but rather as merely a consequence of it [9].”
BackgroundThe Best Bang for the Bucks: Rethinking Global Investment in Biodiversity Conservation
Fontúrbel, F. E., Cordero, S., & Castaño‐Villa, G. J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12219252 · Cited by 8
Large herbivores regulate the spatial recruitment of a hyperdominant Neotropical palm
Valverde, J., Carvalho, C. D. S., Jordano, P., & Galetti, M. (2020) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12873 · Cited by 8
“One of the most affected animal groups are large mammalian herbivores (Dirzo et al., 2014; Jorge et al., 2013; Ripple et al., 2015) that play an important role in the regulation of plant populations through seed dispersal and predation, herbivory, and trampling of seedlings (Kurten & Carson, 2015;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationIncreasing woody cover facilitates competitive exclusion of a savanna specialist
Sovie, A. R., Conner, L. M., Brown, J. S., & McCleery, R. A. (2021) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108971 · Cited by 8
Nieminen, E., Kareksela, S., Halme, P., et al. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01530-0 · Cited by 8
Effective reassessments of freshwater fish species: a case study in a Mediterranean peninsula
Miqueleiz, I., Miranda, R., Ariño, A. H., & Cancellario, T. (2021) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-021-04644-4 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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